Trinidadian Creole

Trinidadian Creole
Native to Trinidad
Native speakers
1 million (2011)[1]
English Creole
  • Atlantic

    • Eastern
      • Southern
        • Trinidadian Creole
Language codes
ISO 639-3 trf
Glottolog trin1276[2]
Linguasphere 52-ABB-au

Trinidadian Creole is a creole language commonly spoken throughout Trinidad. It is distinct from Tobagonian Creole – particularly at the basilectal level[3] – and from other Lesser Antillean English creoles.

English is the country's official language (the local standard variety is Trinidadian English), but the main spoken languages are Trinidadian Creole and Tobagonian Creole. Both creoles contain elements from a variety of African languages. Trinidadian Creole is also influenced by French and French creole (patois).[4]

History

Like other Caribbean English-based creoles, Trinidadian Creole has a primarily English-derived vocabulary. Although the island also had a creole with a largely French and Antillean creole lexicon until the nineteenth century, when it was gradually replaced, due to influence from the British.[5]

Other languages on the island, such as Spanish, a number of African languages, Chinese (mainly Cantonese, with some Hakka, and now Mandarin) and Bhojpuri (which acted as a lingua franca amongst Indian immigrants)[6] have also influenced the language.

Phonological features

Although there is considerable variation, some generalizations can be made about the speech of Trinidad:

Usage

Both Trinidad and Tobago[10] feature creole continua between more conservative creole forms and forms much closer to Trinidadian English, with the former being more common in spontaneous speech and the latter in more formal speech.[11] Because of the social values attributed to linguistic forms, the more common varieties (that is, more creolized forms) carry little prestige.[12]

Example words and phrases

See also

Notes

  1. Trinidadian Creole at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Trinidadian Creole English". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  3. Youssef & James (2004:508, 514)
  4. Jo-Anne Sharon Ferreira. (A Brief Overview of) The Sociolinguistic History of Trinidad & Tobago. University of the West Indies. unb.br
  5. Youssef & James (2004:510–511)
  6. Youssef & James (2004:511)
  7. Amastae (1979:191)
  8. Youssef & James (2004:516)
  9. Youssef & James (2004:517)
  10. Minderhout (1977:168–169)
  11. Winford (1985:352–353)
  12. Winford (1985:353)
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 tobagowi.com dictionary of terms for Trinidad and Tobago
  14. 1 2 3 WiWords.com dictionary of the West Indies
  15. Winer & Boos (1993:46)

References

Further reading

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