Imazaquin

Imazaquin
Names
Systematic IUPAC name
3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]- [1]
Identifiers
81335-37-7[1]
ChemSpider 49446
Jmol interactive 3D Image
PubChem 54739
Properties
C17H17N3O3
Molar mass 311.34 g·mol−1
Appearance Multiple appearances: colorless solid, tan solid, crystals from hexane and ethyl acetate, slightly pungent odor [2]
Density 1.35 g/cm3 [1]
Melting point 219 to 222 °C (426 to 432 °F; 492 to 495 K)[2]
Soluble in water at 25 °C: 60-120 ppm [2]
log P 1.474±0.662[1]
Vapor pressure 0.013 mPa @ 60 °C [2]
Acidity (pKa) 3.10±0.30 [1]
Hazards
Main hazards May be harmful if swallowed. Harmful in contact with skin.[3]
GHS pictograms
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Imazaquin is an imidazolinone herbicide that effectively controls a broad spectrum of weed species. It has the formula C17H17N3O3.

Imidazolinone herbicides

Imazaquin along with imazamethabenz-methyl, imazapyr, imazapic, imazethapyr, and imazamox all comprise the unique class of synthetic compounds termed the imidazolinone herbicides. The chemical structures of these chemicals all closely resemble one another, with the compounds containing an identical imidazolinone ring structure with a carboxylic acid group attached to the backbone.[4] They vary only in the attached ring structure. These six herbicides kill plants by inhibiting acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS). AHAS is the first enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid pathway that eventually ends in the synthesis of amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine.[5]

History

The imidazolinone herbicides were first discovered in the 1970s. The first U.S. patent was awarded in 1980 for imazamethabenz-methyl. Imazaquin, imazapyr, imazapic, and imazethpyr followed suit and received patents in 1989. Imazamox, the last of the six, received its U.S. patent in 1994.[4]

The discovery of the imidazolinone herbicides began with the synthesis of the initial lead molecule by an American Cyanamid Medical Division chemist during the 1950s. This initial lead molecule was that of phthalimide. Years later during a random screening, the molecule exhibited herbicidal activity. Although it was not known to researchers at the time, the original phthalimide was actually inhibiting the enzyme AHAS. A derivative of phthalimide showed promise when it exhibited some plant growth-regulant activity. Optimization ensued and the attempt to enable the production of field trial samples led to the formation of a tricyclic compound. The same reaction was performed on the original phthalimide, resulting in a compound that exhibited broad-spectrum herbicidal activity. Further exploration resulted in the formation of the first imidazolinone herbicide.[6]

Properties

Imazaquin has a water solubility of 60 mg/L[7] and its half-life in soil is 60 days. It is therefore categorized as a moderately persistent pesticide.[7]

When imazaquin is applied to crops its main interaction is with soil humic acids. It was found that the rate at which imazaquin aggregates on soil humic acids was most affected by the environmental pH. Imazaquin has shown greater adsorption at lower pHs. Adsorption is greatest at a pH nearest the pKa of the carboxylic group of imazaquin. At higher pHs, the hydrogen bonds and charge-transfer complexes that form during adsorption interactions are much weaker at higher pHs.[8]

The sorption coefficient is a means of specifying a pesticide's tendency to bind to soil particles. The greater the coefficient, the higher the sorption potential. A higher sorption coefficient means more hindrance of movement and possibly an increase in persistence as a result of protection from degradation. Imazaquin has a sorption coefficient of 20.[7]

Uses

Imazaquin is primarily used as a herbicide to control weed growth on lawns and turf fields. Due to the fact that it is highly effective and selective, it is one of the most commonly used herbicides.[9] It is classified as an imidazolinone herbicide that controls weed growth through the inhibition of specific amino acids that prove to be vital for plant growth. Imazaquin inhibits the acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) enzyme accountable for synthesis of the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. When applied, imazaquin halts weed growth which eventually kills the weed or causes the weed to die due to its incapability to compete with surrounding vegetation.

Imazaquin may be applied pre-plant incorporated, pre-plant surface, pre-emergence, or early post-emergence.[10]

Synthesis

The reaction starts with the NH2 group of the benzenamine adding to the second carbonyl group on diethyl 2-

Toxicity

Imazaquin is a relatively nontoxic, non-carcinogenic chemical causing none to minimal eye and skin irritation if contacted upon the dermis, ingested orally, or inhaled. It has a toxicity classification of III, which corresponds to only a slight toxicity. It is a relatively low toxicity pesticide that has the potential to find its way into food, drinking water, and residential areas. Although exposure to residential areas affects infants and children, there is no concern over its presence due to its low estimated aggregated risk which meets the FQPA safety standards. Inhalation, dermal, and oral exposure to imazaquin yielded relatively low Margin of Exposure values issued by the EPA deeming imazaquin as a minimal risk concern.[11]

Animals

A study conducted by Cornell University showed that imazaquin ingested by humans and animals was excreted within 48 hours, 94% through urine and 4% through feces. The LD50 for dogs, rats, rabbits, and female mice were each 1000 mg/kg, 5000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg, and 2363 mg/kg, respectively. Chronic toxicity studies were also conducted upon rabbits, rats, and beagle dogs. Chronic dermal exposure to imazaquin in rabbits during a 21 day time period yielded no effects upon the rabbits. A 90 day and one year study of ingestion of imazaquin in rats also yielded no effects as well. However, in the one year, dietary chronic imazaquin exposure to beagle dogs, the dogs exposed to the highest dose of imazaquin per day, 5000 ppm, experienced effects such as decreased body weight gain, skeletal myopathy, slight anemia, bone marrow hyperplasia, increased blood levels of SGOT, DSGPT and CPK, and increased liver weight. Imazaquin is also nontoxic to birds and fish when properly used. Imazaquin tested negative for mutagen effects, organ toxicity, and reproductive effects.[12]

Environment

Imazaquin is a non-volatile chemical leading to limited movement into soil that eventually breaks down within 4–6 months. The chemical breaks down microbially and is slowly reduced to carbon dioxide and metabolites. When present in soil, imazaquin is absorbed through the roots of plants where the chemical is either metabolized quickly with no effects or slowly metabolized or not metabolized at all which eventually will lead to the death of the plant. As for its breakdown in surface water, imazaquin has a hydrolytic half-life of 5.5 months at pH 9. At pH 3 and 5, it is stable to hydrolysis.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]". SciFinder. Retrieved 3/7/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 CID 54739 from PubChem
  3. ↑ "Imazaquin MSDS". SigmaAldrich. Retrieved 3/7/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  4. 1 2 Krieger, Robert; Frederick G. Hess; Jane E. Harris; Kimberly Pendino; Kathryn Ponnock (2001). "Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology". Imidazolinones 1: 1641–1642.
  5. ↑ Lamberth, Clemens (2012). Bioactive Heterocyclic Compound Classes: Agrochemicals. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 47–49. ISBN 9783527664436.
  6. ↑ Schirmer, Ulrich (2012). Modern Crop Protection Compounds: Herbicides, Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 88–91. ISBN 9783527329656.
  7. 1 2 3 Vogue, Peggy A. "OSU Extension Pesticide Properties Database". National Pesticide Information Center. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  8. ↑ Patrizia, Leone; Mara Gennari; Michele Negre; Valter Boero (2001). "Role of Ferrihydrite in Adsorption of Three Imidazolinone Herbicides". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 (3): 1315–1320. doi:10.1021/jf000913c.
  9. ↑ McCourt, J.A.; Pang, S. S.; King-Scott, J.; Guddat, L. W.; Duggleby, R. G. (2006). "Herbicide-binding sites revealed in the structure of plant acetohydroxyacid synthase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (3): 569–73. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..569M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508701103. PMC 1334660. PMID 16407096.
  10. ↑ Roberts, Terence (1998). Metabolic Pathways of Agrochemicals: Insecticides and fungicides. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 368. ISBN 9780854044948.
  11. ↑ Debra Edwards (December 2005). "Report of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Tolerance Reassessment Progress and Risk Management Decision (TRED) for Imazaquin" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  12. 1 2 "Imazaquin". June 1996. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)

External Links

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