Isoleucine

L-Isoleucine
Names
IUPAC name
Isoleucine
Other names
2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
Identifiers
73-32-5 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:58045 YesY
ChemSpider 6067 YesY
DrugBank DB00167 YesY
3311
Jmol interactive 3D Image
KEGG D00065 YesY
PubChem 791
UNII 04Y7590D77 YesY
Properties
C6H13NO2
Molar mass 131.18 g·mol−1
Supplementary data page
Refractive index (n),
Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic
data
 Phase behaviour
solid–liquid–gas
UV, IR, NMR, MS
YesY verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Isoleucine (abbreviated as Ile or I) encoded by the codons AUU, AUC, and AUA is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+
3 form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a hydrocarbon side chain, classifying it as a non-polar, uncharged(at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and must be ingested in our diet. Isoleucine is synthesized from pyruvate employing leucine biosynthesis enzymes in other organisms such as bacteria.[1]

Inability to break down isoleucine, along with other amino acids, is associated with the disease called Maple Syrup Urine Disease, which results in discoloration and a sweet smell in the patient's urine, which is where the name comes from. However in severe cases, MSUD can lead to damage to the brain cells and ultimately death.[2]

Metabolism

Biosynthesis

As an essential nutrient, it is not synthesized in the body, hence it must be ingested, usually as a component of proteins. In plants and microorganisms, it is synthesized via several steps, starting from pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoglutarate. Enzymes involved in this biosynthesis include:[3]

  1. Acetolactate synthase (also known as acetohydroxy acid synthase)
  2. Acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase
  3. Dihydroxyacid dehydratase
  4. Valine aminotransferase

Catabolism

Isoleucine is both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. After transamination with alpha-ketoglutarate the carbon skeleton can be converted into either Succinyl CoA, and fed into the TCA cycle for oxidation or converted into oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis (hence glucogenic). It can also be converted into Acetyl CoA and fed into the TCA cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate. In mammals Acetyl CoA cannot be converted back to carbohydrate but can be used in the synthesis of ketone bodies or fatty acids, hence ketogenic.

Biotin, sometimes referred to as Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H, is an absolute requirement for the full catabolism of isoleucine (as well as leucine). Without adequate biotin, the human body will be unable to fully break down isoleucine and leucine molecules.[4] This can lead to numerous physiological issues (related to muscle maintenance and protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism) as well as cognitive issues resulting from general metabolic pathway failure and the irritating effects of hydroxyisovalerate, a byproduct of incomplete isoleucine catabolism. Isovaleric acidemia is an example of a disorder caused by incomplete catabolism of leucine.

Nutritional Sources

Even though this amino acid is not produced in animals, it is stored in high quantities. Foods that have high amounts of isoleucine include eggs, soy protein, seaweed, turkey, chicken, lamb, cheese, and fish.[5]

Isomers of isoleucine

Forms of Isoleucine
Common name: isoleucine D-isoleucine L-isoleucine DL-isoleucine allo-D-isoleucine allo-L-isoleucine allo-DL-isoleucine
Synonyms: (R)-Isoleucine L(+)-Isoleucine (R*,R*)-isoleucine alloisoleucine
PubChem:CID 791 from PubChemCID 94206 from PubChem CID 6306 from PubChem CID 76551 from PubChem
EINECS number:207-139-8 206-269-2 200-798-2 216-143-9 216-142-3 221-464-2
CAS number:443-79-8 319-78-8 73-32-5 1509-35-9 1509-34-8 3107-04-8
 
L-isoleucine (2S,3S) and D-isoleucine (2R,3R)
 
L-allo-isoleucine (2S,3R) and D-allo-isoleucine (2R,3S)

Synthesis

Isoleucine can be synthesized in a multistep procedure starting from 2-bromobutane and diethylmalonate.[6] Synthetic isoleucine was originally reported in 1905.[7]

German chemist Felix Ehrlich discovered isoleucine in hemoglobin in 1903.

References

  1. ↑ Kisumi, M; Komatsubara, S; Chibata, I (Jul 1977). "Pathway for isoleucine formation form pyruvate by leucine biosynthetic enzymes in leucine-accumulating isoleucine revertants of Serratia marcescens.". J. Biochem. PMID 142769.
  2. ↑ "Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)". learn.genetics.utah.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  3. ↑ Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. "Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry" 3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York, 2000. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.
  4. ↑ "Biotin & Detoxification Needs in Cognitively Delayed Adult - Metametrix Learning Center". Metametrix.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  5. ↑ , List is in order of highest to lowest of per 200 Calorie serving of the food, not volume or weight.
  6. ↑ "dl-Isoleucine". Org. Synth. 1955.; Coll. Vol. 3, p. 495
  7. ↑ Bouveault and Locquin, Compt. rend., 141, 115 (1905).

External links

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