Indian numbering system
The Indian numbering system is used in India as well as in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It is based on the Vedic numbering system in which numbers over 9,999 are written in two-digit groups (or a mix of two- and three-digit groups) rather than the three-digit groups used in most other parts of the world. In Pakistan, this system is used in Urdu and other regional language media, but not in English-language media.
The terms lakh (100,000 or 1,00,000 in the Indian system) and crore (10,000,000 or 1,00,00,000 in the Indian system)[1] are used in Indian English to express large numbers. For example, in India 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees, written as ₹1,50,000 or INR 1,50,000, while 30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees becomes 3 crore rupees, written as ₹3,00,00,000 with commas at the thousand, lakh, and crore levels, and 1,000,000,000 (one billion) rupees (one hundred crore rupees) is written ₹1,00,00,00,000.
Use of separators
The Indian numbering system uses separators differently from the international norm; in such numbers of at least one lakh (one hundred thousand), a comma divides every two rather than every three digits to the left of the last three, thus:
| Indian system | Western system |
|---|---|
| 5,05,000 | 505,000 |
| 12,12,12,123 | 121,212,123 |
| 7,00,00,00,000 | 7,000,000,000 |
This accords with the Indian numbering system, which has units for thousands, hundreds of thousands, tens of millions, etc.
Names of numbers
The table below follows the short scale usage of one billion being one thousand million. In India, following former British usage, the long scale was used, with one billion equivalent to one million million.
| Hindi / Urdu (transliteration) South Asian English |
Indian figure | Power notation |
International figure | Short scale Western (long scale Western) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| एक / ایک (ek) one |
1 | 100 | 1 | One |
| दस / دس (das) ten |
10 | 101 | 10 | Ten Scientific (SI prefix): deca- |
| सौ / سو (sau) one hundred |
100 | 102 | 100 | One hundred SI prefix: hecto- |
| सहस्र (sahasra) / हज़ार / ہزار (hazār) one thousand |
1,000 | 103 | 1,000 | One thousand SI prefix: kilo- |
| दस हज़ार / دس ہزار (das hazār) ten thousand |
10,000 | 104 | 10,000 | Ten thousand |
| लाख / لاکھ (lākh) one lakh (also lac) |
1,00,000 | 105 | 100,000 | One hundred thousand |
| अदन्त / ادنت (adant) / दस लाख / دس لاکھ (das lākh) ten lakh |
10,00,000 | 106 | 1,000,000 | One million SI prefix: mega- |
| करोड़ / کروڑ (karoṛ) one crore |
1,00,00,000 | 107 | 10,000,000 | Ten million |
| दस करोड़ / دس کروڑ (das karoṛ) ten crore |
10,00,00,000 | 108 | 100,000,000 | One hundred million |
| अरब / ارب (arab) / सौ करोड़ (sau karoṛ) one arab / one hundred crore |
1,00,00,00,000 | 109 | 1,000,000,000 | One billion (one milliard) SI prefix: giga- |
| एक हज़ार करोड़ (ek hazār karoṛ) / دس ارب (das arab) one thousand crore / ten arab |
10,00,00,00,000 | 1010 | 10,000,000,000 | Ten billion (ten milliard) |
| खरब / کھرب (kharab) ten thousand crore / one kharab / one hundred arab |
1,00,00,00,00,000 | 1011 | 100,000,000,000 | One hundred billion (one hundred milliard) |
| एक लाख करोड़ (ek lākh karoṛ) / دس کھرب (das kharab) one lakh crore / ten kharab / one thousand arab |
10,00,00,00,00,000 | 1012 | 1,000,000,000,000 | One trillion (one billion) SI prefix: tera- |
| नील / نیل (nīl) ten lakh crore / one neel / one hundred kharab / ten thousand arab |
1,00,00,00,00,00,000 | 1013 | 10,000,000,000,000 | Ten trillion (ten billion) |
| एक करोड़ करोड़ (ek karoṛ karoṛ) / دس نیل (das nīl) one crore crore / ten neel |
10,00,00,00,00,00,000 | 1014 | 100,000,000,000,000 | One hundred trillion (one hundred billion) |
| पद्म / پدم (padm) one padm / one hundred neel / ten crore crore |
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | 1015 | 1,000,000,000,000,000 | One quadrillion (one billiard) SI prefix: peta- |
| दस पद्म / دس پدم (das padm) ten padm / one hundred crore crore |
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | 1016 | 10,000,000,000,000,000 | Ten quadrillion (ten billiard) |
| शङ्ख / شنکھ (śaṅkh) one shankh / one hundred padm / one thousand crore crore / one lakh lakh crore |
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | 1017 | 100,000,000,000,000,000 | One hundred quadrillion (one hundred billiard) |
| गुलशन / گلشن (ten shankh / ten thousand crore crore | 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | 1018 | 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 | One quintillion (one trillion) SI prefix: exa- |
Vedic numbering systems
There are various systems of numeration found in various ancient Vedic literatures of India. The following table gives one such system used in the Valmiki Ramayana.[2]
| Sanskrit (transliteration) | Indian figure | Power notation |
Hindu figure | Short scale Western |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| एक (eka) | 1 | 100 | 1 | One |
| दश (daśa) | 10 | 101 | 10 | Ten |
| शत (śata) | 100 | 102 | 100 | One hundred |
| सहस्र (sahastra) | 1,000 | 103 | 1,000 | One thousand |
| अयुत (ayuta) | 10,000 | 104 | 10,000 | Ten thousand |
| लक्ष (lakṣa) | 1,00,000 | 105 | 1,00,000 | One hundred thousand |
| नियुत (niyuta) | 1,00,000 daśa | 106 | 10,00,000 | One million |
| कोटी (koṭi) |
1,00,000 śata | 107 | 1,00,00,000 | Ten million |
| शङ्कु (śaṅku) | 1,00,000 koṭi | 1012 | 10,00,00,00,00,000 | One trillion |
| महाशङ्कु (mahā-śaṅku) | 1,00,000 śaṅku | 1017 | 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | One hundred quadrillion |
| वृन्द (vṛnda) | 1,00,000 mahā-śaṅku | 1022 | 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | Ten sextillion |
| महावृन्द (mahā-vṛnda) | 1,00,000 vṛnda | 1027 | 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | One octillion |
| पद्म (padma) | 1,00,000 mahā-vṛnda | 1032 | 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | One hundred nonillion |
| महापद्म (mahā-padma) | 1,00,000 padma | 1037 | 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | Ten undecillion |
| खर्व (kharva) | 1,00,000 mahā-padma | 1042 | 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | One tredecillion |
| महाखर्व (mahā-kharva) | 1,00,000 kharva | 1047 | 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | One hundred quattuordecillion |
| समुद्र (samudra) | 1,00,000 mahā-kharva | 1052 | 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | Ten sexdecillion |
| ओघ (ogha) | 1,00,000 samudra | 1057 | 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00.00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | One octodecillion |
| महौघ (mahaugha) | 1,00,000 ogha | 1062 | 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 | One hundred novemdecillion |
Usage in different languages
- In Punjabi, a lakh is called lakkh (Shahmukhi: لکھ, Gurmukhi: ਲੱਖ) and a crore is called karoṛ (Shahmukhi: کروڑ, Gurmukhi: ਕਰੋੜ).
- In Bengali, a lakh is called লক্ষ lokkho (ardha-tatsama), or laakh (tadbhava) and a crore is called কোটি koti.
- In Gujarati, a lakh is called લાખ lākh and a crore is called કરોડ karod. A hundred crore is called અબજ abaj.
- In Kannada, a lakh is called ಲಕ್ಷ laksha and a crore is called ಕೋಟಿ koti.
- In Malayalam, a lakh is called ലക്ഷം laksham and a crore is called കോടി kodi.
- In Marathi, a lakh is called लाख lākh and a crore is called कोटी koti, and an arab (109) is called अब्ज abja.
- In Nepali, a lakh is called लाख lākh and a crore is called करोड karod.
- In Odia, a lakh is called ଲକ୍ଷ lakhya and a crore is called କୋଟି koti.
- In Sinhalese, a lakh is called ලක්ෂ laksha and a crore is called කෝටි koti.
- In Tamil, a lakh is called நூறாயிரம் nooRaayiram as well as இலட்சம் 'ilatcham and a crore is called கோடி kodi.
- In Telugu, a lakh is called లక్ష laksha and a crore is called కోటి koti.
- In Urdu, a lakh is called لاکھ lākh and a crore is called کروڑ karoṛ.
- Lakh has entered the Swahili language as "laki" and is in common use.
- In Burmese, crore is called ကုဋေ [ɡədè]. Lakh is used in Burmese English.
References
- ↑ "Knowing our Numbers". Department Of School Education And Literacy. National Repository of Open Educational Resources. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ↑ Valmiki Ramayana Yuddha Kanda