Intel 8080

Not to be confused with 8080 Intel.
Intel 8080

An Intel C8080A processor.
Produced April 1974 (1974)
Common manufacturer(s)
Max. CPU clock rate 2 MHz
Min. feature size 6 μm
Instruction set 8080
Predecessor Intel 8008
Successor Intel 8085
Intel 8086
Intel 8088
Package(s)
AMD clone AM9080.
NEC 8080AF (second source).

The Intel 8080 ("eighty-eighty") was the second 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel and was released in April 1974.[1] It was an extended and enhanced variant of the earlier 8008 design, although without binary compatibility. The initial specified clock frequency limit was 2 MHz, and with common instructions using 4, 5, 7, 10, or 11 cycles this meant that it operated at a typical speed of a few hundred thousand instructions per second.

The 8080 required two support chips to function in most applications, the i8224 clock generator/driver and the i8228 bus controller, and it was implemented in NMOS using non-saturated enhancement mode transistors as loads,[2] therefore demanding a +12 V and a −5 V voltage in addition to the main TTL compatible +5 V.

Although earlier microprocessors were used for calculators, cash registers, computer terminals, industrial robots,[3] and other applications, the 8080 became one of the first really widespread microprocessors. This was partly due to its simplifying NMOS implementation (making it TTL compatible), but also to its enhanced instruction set (over the 8008[4]) and its subsequent role as the original target CPU for CP/M,[5] the first de facto standard personal computer operating system.[6]

The 8080 was successful enough that compatibility at the assembly language level became a design requirement for the 8086 when design for it was started in 1976. This also means that the 8080 indirectly influenced the ubiquitous 32-bit and 64-bit x86 architectures of today.

Description

Programming model

i8080 microarchitecture.
Intel 8080 registers
15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 (bit position)
Main registers
A Flags AF (accumulator and flags)
B C BC
D E DE
H L HL (indirect address)
Index registers
SP Stack Pointer
Program counter
PC Program Counter
Status register
  S Z I H - P - C Flags

The Intel 8080 was the successor to the 8008. It used the same basic instruction set and register model as the 8008 (developed by Computer Terminal Corporation), even though it was not source code compatible nor binary compatible with its predecessor. Every instruction in the 8008 has an equivalent instruction in the 8080 (even though the actual opcodes differ between the two CPUs). The 8080 also added a few 16-bit operations to its instruction set as well. Whereas the 8008 required the use of the HL register pair to indirectly access its 14-bit memory space, the 8080 added addressing modes to allow direct access to its full 16-bit memory space. In addition, the internal 7-level push-down call stack of the 8008 was replaced by a dedicated 16-bit stack pointer (SP) register. The 8080's large 40-pin DIP packaging permitted it to provide a 16-bit address bus and an 8-bit data bus, allowing easy access to 64 KB of memory.

Registers

The processor has seven 8-bit registers (A, B, C, D, E, H, and L), where A is the primary 8-bit accumulator and the other six registers can be used as either individual 8-bit registers or as three 16-bit register pairs (BC, DE, and HL) depending on the particular instruction. Some instructions also enable the HL register pair to be used as a (limited) 16-bit accumulator, and a pseudo-register, M, can be used almost anywhere that any other register can be used, referring to the memory address pointed to by the HL pair. It also has a 16-bit stack pointer to memory (replacing the 8008's internal stack), and a 16-bit program counter.

Flags

The processor maintains internal flag bits (a status register) which indicates the results of arithmetic and logical instructions. The flags are:

The carry bit can be set, or complemented, by specific instructions. Conditional branch instructions test the various flag status bits. The flags can be copied as a group to the accumulator. The A accumulator and the flags together are called the AF register.

Commands/instructions

As with many other 8-bit processors, all instructions are encoded in a single byte (including register-numbers, but excluding immediate data), for simplicity. Some of them are followed by one or two bytes of data, which can be an immediate operand, a memory address, or a port number. Like larger processors, it has automatic CALL and RET instructions for multi-level procedure calls and returns (which can even be conditionally executed, like jumps), and instructions to save and restore any 16-bit register-pair on the machine stack. There are also eight one-byte call instructions (RST) for subroutines located at the fixed addresses 00h, 08h, 10h, ..., and 38h. These were intended to be supplied by external hardware in order to invoke a corresponding interrupt-service routine, but were also often employed as fast system calls. The most sophisticated command is XTHL, which is used for exchanging the register pair HL with the value stored at the address indicated by the stack pointer.

8-bit instructions

Most 8-bit operations can only be performed on the 8-bit accumulator (the A register). For 8-bit operations with two operands, the other operand can be either an immediate value, another 8-bit register, or a memory byte addressed by the 16-bit register pair HL. Direct copying is supported between any two 8-bit registers and between any 8-bit register and an HL-addressed memory byte. Due to the regular encoding of the MOV instruction (using a quarter of available opcode space), there are redundant codes to copy a register into itself (MOV B,B, for instance), which were of little use, except for delays. However, what would have been a copy from the HL-addressed cell into itself (i.e., MOV M,M) is instead used to encode the halt (HLT) instruction, halting execution until an external reset or interrupt occurs.

16-bit operations

Although the 8080 is generally an 8-bit processor, it also has limited abilities to perform 16-bit operations: Any of the three 16-bit register pairs (BC, DE, or HL) or SP can be loaded with an immediate 16-bit value (using LXI), incremented or decremented (using INX and DCX), or added to HL (using DAD). The XCHG[7] instruction exchanges the values of the HL and DE register pairs. By adding HL to itself, it is possible to achieve the same result as a 16-bit arithmetical left shift with one instruction. The only 16-bit instructions that affect any flag are DAD H/D/B, which set the CY (carry) flag in order to allow for programmed 24-bit or 32-bit arithmetic (or larger), needed to implement floating point arithmetics, for instance.

Input/output scheme

Input output port space

The 8080 supported up to 256 input/output (I/O) ports, accessed via dedicated I/O instructions—taking port addresses as operands. This I/O mapping scheme was regarded as an advantage, as it freed up the processor's limited address space. Many CPU architectures instead use so-called memory mapped I/O, in which a common address space is used for both RAM and peripheral chips. This removes the need for dedicated I/O instructions, although a drawback in such designs may be that special hardware must be used to insert wait states as peripherals are often slower than memory. However, in some simple 8080 computers, I/O was indeed addressed as if they were memory cells, "memory mapped", leaving the I/O commands unused. I/O addressing could also sometimes employ the fact that the processor would output the same 8-bit port address to both the lower and the higher address byte (i.e. IN 05h would put the address 0505h on the 16-bit address bus). Similar I/O-port schemes were used in the backward compatible Zilog Z80 and Intel 8085 as well as the closely related x86 families of microprocessors.

Separate stack space

One of the bits in the processor state word (see below) indicates that the processor is accessing data from the stack. Using this signal, it is possible to implement a separate stack memory space. However, this feature was seldom used.

The internal state word

For more advanced systems, during one phase of its working loop, the processor set its "internal state byte" on the data bus. This byte contains flags which determine if the memory or I/O port is accessed, and whether it was necessary to handle an interrupt.

The interrupt system state (enabled or disabled) was also output on a separate pin. For simple systems, where the interrupts were not used, it is possible to find cases where this pin is used as an additional single-bit output port (the popular Radio86RK computer made in the Soviet Union, for instance).

Example code

The following 8080/8085 assembler source code is for a subroutine named memcpy that copies a block of data bytes of a given size from one location to another. The data block is copied one byte at a time, and the data movement and looping logic utilizes 16-bit operations.

                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
 
1000            
1000            
1000  78        
1001  B1        
1002  C8        
1003  1A        
1004  77        
1005  13        
1006  23        
1007  0B        
1008  C3 00 10  
100B            

; memcpy --
; Copy a block of memory from one location to another.
;
; Entry registers
;       BC - Number of bytes to copy
;       DE - Address of source data block
;       HL - Address of target data block
;
; Return registers
;       BC - Zero

            org     1000h       ;Origin at 1000h
memcpy      public
loop        mov     a,b         ;Test BC,
            ora     c           ;If BC = 0,
            rz                  ;Return
            ldax    d           ;Load A from (DE)
            mov     m,a         ;Store A into (HL)
            inx     d           ;Increment DE
            inx     h           ;Increment HL
            dcx     b           ;Decrement BC
            jmp     loop        ;Repeat the loop
            end

Pin usage

The address bus had its own 16 pins, and the data bus had eight pins that were possible to use without any multiplexing. Using the two additional pins (read and write signals), it was possible to assemble simple microprocessor devices very easily. Only the separate IO space, interrupts and DMA required additional chips to decode the processor pin signals. However, the processor load capacity was limited, and even simple computers frequently contained bus amplifiers.

The processor required three power sources (−5, +5 and +12 V) and two non-interlacing high-amplitude synchronization signals. However, at least the late Soviet version КР580ВМ80А was able to work with a single +5 V power source, the +12 V pin being connected to +5 V and the −5 V pin to ground. The processor consumed about 1.3 W of power.

The pin-out table, from the chip's accompanying documentation, described the pins as follows:

Pin number Signal Type Comment
1 A10 Output Address bus 10
2 GND - Ground
3 D4 Bidirectional Bidirectional data bus. The processor also transiently sets here the "processor state", providing information about what the processor is currently doing:
  • D0 reading interrupt command. In response to the interrupt signal, the processor was reading and executing a single arbitrary command with this flag raised. Normally the supporting chips provided the subroutine call command (CALL or RST), transferring control to the interrupt handling code.
  • D1 reading (low level means writing)
  • D2 accessing stack (probably a separate stack memory space was initially planned)
  • D3 doing nothing, has been halted by the HLT command
  • D4 writing data to an output port
  • D5 reading the first byte of an executable command
  • D6 reading data from an input port
  • D7 reading data from memory
4 D5
5 D6
6 D7
7 D3
8 D2
9 D1
10 D0
11 −5 V - The −5 V power supply. This must be the first power source connected and the last disconnected, otherwise the processor will be damaged.
12 R Input Reset. The signal forces execution of commands located at address 0000. The content of other processor registers is not modified. This is an inverting input (the active level being logical 0)
13 DMA Input Direct memory access request. The processor is requested to switch the data and address bus to the high impedance ("disconnected") state.
14 INT Input Interrupt request
15 CLC2 Input The second phase of the clock generator signal
16 ACK INT Output The processor had two commands for setting 0 or 1 level on this pin. The pin normally was supposed to be used for interrupt control. However, in simple computers it was sometimes used as a single bit output port for various purposes.
17 RD Output Read (the processor reads from memory or input port)
18 WR Output Write (the processor writes to memory or output port). This is an inverted output, the active level being logical zero.
19 S Output Active level indicates that the processor has put the "state word" on the data bus. The various bits of this state word provide additional information for supporting the separate address and memory spaces, interrupts, and direct memory access. This signal is required to pass through additional logic before it can be used to write the processor state word from the data bus into some external register.
20 5 V - The + 5 V power supply
21 ACK DMA Output Direct memory access confirmation. The processor switches data and address pins into the high impedance state, allowing another device to manipulate the bus
22 CLC1 Input The first phase of the clock generator signal
23 RDY Input Wait. With this signal it was possible to suspend the processor's work. It was also used to support the hardware-based step-by step debugging mode.
24 WAIT Output Wait (indicates that the processor is in the waiting state)
25 A0 Output Address bus
26 A1
27 A2
28 12 V - The +12 V power supply. This must be the last connected and first disconnected power source.
29 A3 Output The address bus; can switch into high impedance state on demand
30 A4
31 A5
32 A6
33 A7
34 A8
35 A9
36 A15
37 A12
38 A13
39 A14
40 A11

Support chips

A key factor in the success of the 8080 was the broad range of support chips available, providing serial communications, counter/timing, input/output, direct memory access, and programmable interrupt control amongst other functions.

Physical implementation

The 8080 integrated circuit used non-saturated enhancement load nMOS gates, demanding extra voltages (for the load-gate bias). It was manufactured in a silicon gate process using a minimum feature size of 6 µm. A single layer of metal was used to interconnect the approximately 6,000 transistors[8] in the design, but the higher resistance polysilicon layer, which required higher voltage for some interconnects, was implemented with transistor gates. The die size was approximately 20 mm2.

The industrial impact

Applications and successors

The 8080 was used in many early microcomputers, such as the MITS Altair 8800 Computer, Processor Technology SOL-20 Terminal Computer and IMSAI 8080 Microcomputer, forming the basis for machines running the CP/M operating system (the later, almost fully compatible and more capable, Zilog Z80 processor would capitalize on this, with Z80 & CP/M becoming the dominant CPU & OS combination of the period circa 1976 to 1983 much as did the x86 & MS-DOS for the PC a decade later). Even in 1979 after introduction of the Z80 and 8085 processors, five manufacturers of the 8080 were selling an estimated 500,000 units per month at a price around $3 to $4 per unit.[9] The first single-board microcomputers, such as MYCRO-1 and the dyna-micro were based on the Intel 8080. One of the early uses of the 8080 was made in the late 1970s by Cubic-Western Data of San Diego, CA in its Automated Fare Collection Systems custom designed for mass transit systems around the world. An early industrial use of the 8080 was as the "brain" of the DatagraphiX Auto-COM (Computer Output Microfiche) line of products which took large amounts of user data from reel-to-reel tape and imaged it onto microfiche. The Auto-COM instruments also included an entire automated film cutting, processing, washing, and drying sub-system – quite a feat, both then and in the 21st century, to all be accomplished successfully with only an 8-bit microprocessor running at a clock speed of less than 1 MHz with a 64 KB memory limit. In addition, several early arcade video games were built around the 8080 microprocessor, including Space Invaders, one of the most popular arcade games ever made.

Shortly after the launch of the 8080, the Motorola 6800 competing design was introduced, and after that, the MOS Technology 6502 variation of the 6800. Zilog introduced the Z80, which had a compatible machine-language instruction set and initially used the same assembly language as the 8080, but for legal reasons, Zilog developed a syntactically-different (but code compatible) alternative assembly language for the Z80. At Intel, the 8080 was followed by the compatible and electrically more elegant 8085, and later by the assembly language compatible 16-bit 8086 and then the 8/16-bit 8088, which was selected by IBM for its new PC to be launched in 1981. Later NEC made a NEC V20 (an 8088 clone with Intel 80186 instruction set compatibility) which also supported an 8080 emulation mode. This was also supported by NEC's V30 (a similarly enhanced 8086 clone). Thus, the 8080, via its ISA, made a lasting impact on computer history.

In the Soviet Union, manufacturers cloned the 8080 microprocessor's layout geometry, even using an identical pin arrangement, and started to produce the clone under the name KP580ИK80 (later marked as KP580BM80). This processor was the base of the Radio86RK (Радио 86РК in Russian), probably the most popular amateur single-board computer in the Soviet Union. Radio86RK's predecessor was the Micro-80 (Микро-80 in Russian), and its successor the Orion-128 (Орион-128 in Russian) which had a graphical display. Both were built on the KP580 processor.

Another model compatible with Intel 8080A, named MMN8080, was produced at Microelectronica Bucharest in Romania.[10] There was also a compatible Polish CPU named MCY7880[11] and the Slovak-made Tesla MHB 8080A.

Industry change

The 8080 also changed how computers were created. When the 8080 was introduced, computer systems were usually created by computer manufacturers such as Digital Equipment Corporation, Hewlett Packard, or IBM. A manufacturer would produce the entire computer, including processor, terminals, and system software such as compilers and operating system. The 8080 was actually designed for just about any application except a complete computer system. Hewlett Packard developed the HP 2640 series of smart terminals around the 8080. The HP 2647 was a terminal which ran BASIC on the 8080. Microsoft would market as its founding product the first popular programming language for the 8080, and would later acquire DOS for the IBM-PC.

The 8080 and 8085 gave rise to the 8086, which was designed as a source compatible (although not binary compatible) extension of the 8085. This design, in turn, later spawned the x86 family of chips, the basis for most CPUs in use today. Many of the 8080's core machine instructions and concepts, for example, registers named A, B, C and D, as well as many of the flags used to control conditional jumps, are still in use in the widespread x86 platform. 8080 Assembler code can still be directly translated into x86 instructions; all of its core elements are still present.

PCs based upon the 8086 design and its successors evolved into workstations and servers of 16, 32 and 64 bits, with advanced memory protection, segmentation, and multiprocessing features, blurring the difference between small and large computers (the 80286 and 80386's protected mode were important in doing so). The size of chips has grown so that the size and power of large x86 chips is not much different from high end architecture chips, and a common strategy to produce a very large computer is to network many x86 processors.

The basic architecture of the 8080 and its successors has replaced many proprietary mid-range and mainframe computers, and withstood challenges of technologies such as RISC. Most computer manufacturers have abandoned producing their own processors below the highest performance points. Though x86 may not be the most elegant, or theoretically most efficient design, the sheer market force of so many dollars going into refining a design has made the x86 family today, and will remain for some time, the dominant processor architecture, even bypassing Intel's attempts to replace it with incompatible architectures such as the iAPX 432 and Itanium.

History

Federico Faggin, the originator of the 8080 architecture in early 1972, proposed it to Intel's management and pushed for its implementation. He finally got the permission to develop it six months later. Faggin hired Masatoshi Shima from Japan who did the detailed design under his direction, using the design methodology for random logic with silicon gate that Faggin had created for the 4000 family. Stanley Mazor contributed a couple of instructions to the instruction set.

Patent

Cultural impact

See also

References

  1. ↑ Intel (April 15, 1974). "From CPU to software, the 8080 Microcomputer is here". Electronic News (New York: Fairchild Publications). pp. 44–45. Electronic News was a weekly trade newspaper. The same advertisement appeared in the May 2, 1974 issue of Electronics magazine.
  2. ↑ alternatively called pull-ups
  3. ↑ The 8008 (1972) was used for interpolation and control in ASEA's (now ABB) first line of general industrial robots, introduced October 1973.
  4. ↑ The enhancements were largely based on customer feedback and Federico Faggin and others listening to minicomputer-oriented professionals about certain problems and lack of features in the 8008 architecture. (Source: 8008 and 8080 oral histories.)
  5. ↑ Partly due to its usable instruction set and "sufficiently" minicomputer-like architecture, where the limited but useful 16-bit capabilities and the external, freely relocatable stack was amongst the most important aspects.
  6. ↑ The fact that the Z80 (and to some extent, the 8085) soon took over most of the CP/M market does not reduce this pivotal role of the 8080.
  7. ↑ ClassicCMP.org. None. Retrieved on October 23, 2011.
  8. ↑ Reichel-Orbital museum – CPU Collection. Museum.reichel-orbital.de. Retrieved on October 23, 2011.
  9. ↑ Sol Libes BYTE News... in BYTE, ISSN 0360-5280, Volume 4 No. 11, November 1979 pg. 82
  10. ↑ Soviet chips and their western analogs. CPU-world. Retrieved on October 23, 2011.
  11. ↑ MCY7880—a Polish-made clone of 8080. CPU World. Retrieved on October 23, 2011.
  12. ↑ CFA-harvard.edu. CFA-harvard.edu. Retrieved on October 23, 2011.

External links

This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

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