Iridoid

Chemical structure of iridomyrmecin

Iridoids are a class of secondary metabolites found in a wide variety of plants and in some animals. They are biosynthetically derived from 8-oxogeranial.^[1] Iridoids are typically found in plants as glycosides, most often bound to glucose.

The chemical structure is exemplified by iridomyrmecin, a defensive chemical produced by the Iridomyrmex genus, for which iridoids are named. Structurally, they are bicyclic cis-fused cyclopentane-pyrans. Cleavage of a bond in the cyclopentane ring gives rise to a subclass known as secoiridoids, such as oleuropein and amarogentin.

Occurrence

Aucubin and catalpol are two of the most common iridoids in the plant kingdom.

The iridoids produced by plants act primarily as a defense against herbivores or against infection by microorganisms. The Variable checkerspot butterfly also contains iridoids obtained through its diet which act as a defense against avian predators.^[2] To humans and other mammals, iridoids are often characterized by a deterrent bitter taste.

Aucubin and catalpol are two of the most common iridoids in the plant kingdom. Iridoids are prevalent in the plant subclass Asteridae, such as Ericaceae, Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Oleaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Valerianaceae, and Menyanthaceae.

Some iridoids are found in plants used in traditional herbal medicine and may be responsible for some of their supposed properties. Isolated and purified for laboratory studies, iridoids exhibit a range of bioactivities.^[3][4]

Biosynthesis

The iridoid ring scaffold is synthesized, in plants, by the enzyme iridoid synthase.^[5] In contrast with other monoterpene cyclases , iridoid synthase uses 8-oxogeranial as a substrate. The enzyme uses a two-step mechanism, with an initial NADPH-dependent reduction step followed by a cyclization step that occurs through either a Diels-Alder reaction or an intramolecular Michael addition.^[5]

References

1. Gene discovery in the biosynthesis of medicinal alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus
2. Bowers, M. Deane (March 1981). "Unpalatability as a Defense Strategy of Western Checkerspot Butterflies (Euphydryas scudder, Nymphalidae)". Evolution 35 (2): 367. doi:10.2307/2407845.
3. Dinda, Biswanath; Debnath, Sudhan; Harigaya, Yoshihiro (2007). "Naturally Occurring Iridoids. A Review, Part 1". CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 55 (2): 159–222. doi:10.1248/cpb.55.159.
4. Tundis, Rosa; Loizzo, Monica; Menichini, Federica; Statti, Giancarlo; Menichini, Francesco (1 April 2008). "Biological and Pharmacological Activities of Iridoids: Recent Developments". Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 8 (4): 399–420. doi:10.2174/138955708783955926.
5. Geu-Flores, F.; Sherden, N. H.; Courdavault, V.; Burlat, V.; Glenn, W. S.; Wu, C.; Nims, E.; Cui, Y.; O'Connor, S. E. (2012). "An alternative route to cyclic terpenes by reductive cyclization in iridoid biosynthesis". Nature 492 (7427): 138–142. doi:10.1038/nature11692. PMID 23172143.

Further reading

Moreno-Escobar, Jorge A.; Alvarez, Laura; Rodrıguez-Lopez, Veronica; Marquina Bahena, Silvia (2 March 2013). "Cytotoxic glucosydic iridoids from Veronica Americana". Elsevier 6 (4): 610–613. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2013.07.017.