Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi

Major General
Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
2nd Head of State of Nigeria
In office
16 January 1966 – 19 July 1966
Preceded by Nnamdi Azikiwe
Succeeded by Yakubu Gowon
General Officer Commanding, Nigerian Army
In office
1965 – January 1966
Preceded by Major General Sir Christopher Welby-Everard
Succeeded by Yakubu Gowon
Personal details
Born (1924-03-03)March 3, 1924
Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
Died July 29, 1966(1966-07-29) (aged 42)
Lalupon, Oyo Nigeria
Nationality Nigerian
Political party None (military)
Spouse(s) Victoria Aguyi-Ironsi
Religion Anglicanism
Military service
Allegiance  Nigeria
Service/branch Nigerian Army
Years of service 1942–1966
Rank Major General
Unit Commander, 2nd Brigade
Commands Force Commander, ONUC
Battles/wars World War II

Major General Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi-Ironsi (3 March 1924 – 29 July 1966) was a senior Nigerian military officer and second Nigerian Head of State. He seized power in the ensuing chaos following the January 15, 1966 military coup, serving as the Nigerian Head of State from 16 January 1966 until his murder on 29 July 1966 by a group of mutinous Northern army soldiers who revolted against his government in what was popularly called the July Counter Coup.

Early life

Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi-Ironsi was born to Mazi Ezeugo Aguiyi's on 3 March 1924, in Umuahia-Ibeku, present-day Abia State, Nigeria. When he was eight years old, Ironsi moved in with his older sister Anyamma, who was married to Theophilius Johnson, a Sierra Leonean diplomat in Umuahia. Ironsi subsequently took the last name of his brother-in-law, who became his father figure. At the age of 18, Ironsi joined the Nigerian Army against the wishes of his sister.[1]

Military career

Aguiyi-Ironsi enlisted in the Nigerian Army on 2 February 1942 and was admitted to and excelled in military training at Eaton Hall, England and also attended Royal Army Ordnance Corps before he was later commissioned as an infantry officer[2] with the rank of Lieutenant on 12 June 1949. He soon returned to Nigeria to serve as the aide-de-camp to John Macpherson, Governor General of Nigeria, and he was assigned as equerry to Queen Elizabeth II[3] during her visit to Nigeria in 1956, for which assignment he was sent to Buckingham Palace to train.[4] During the Congo Crisis of the 1960s, the United Nations Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjöld, appealed to the Nigerian government to send troops to Congo. Lieutenant Colonel Ironsi led the 5th battalion to the Kivu and Leopoldville provinces of Congo.[1] His unit proved integral to the peacekeeping effort, and he was soon appointed the Force Commander of the United Nations Operation in the Congo.[5]

Congo

In 1960 he led the Nigerian contingent in Congo. There he single-handedly negotiated the release of Austrian medical personnel and Nigerian troops when they were ambushed by Katangese rebels. For this he was awarded the 1st class Ritter-Kreuz Award. He also single-handedly confronted an angry mob in Leopoldville, disbanding them.[6] This and many other exploits earned him the name "Johnny Ironside", a corruption of his name "Ironsi" with reference to various British military historical parallels.

Ironsi returned from Congo in 1964 during the post-independence "Nigerianization" of the country's institutions of government. It was decided that the British General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the Nigerian Army, Major General Welby-Everard,[7] would step down to allow the government to appoint an indigenous GOC. Ironsi led the pack of candidates jostling for the coveted position. A consensus was reached by the ruling Northern People's Congress (NPC) and National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) coalition government, and Ironsi became General Officer Commanding of the Nigerian Army on 9 February 1965.[8]

Politics

Fall of the First Republic

On the 14 January 1966, Soldiers of mostly Igbo extraction led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, an Igbo from Okpanam near Asaba, present day Delta state, eradicated the uppermost echelon of politicians from the Northern and Western provinces.This and other factors effectively led to the Fall of the Republican Government. Though Ironsi, an Igbo, was purportedly slated for assassination, he effectively took control of Lagos, the Federal Capital Territory.[9] With President also an Igbo Nnamdi Azikiwe refusing to intervene and insure the continuity of civilian rule, Ironsi effectively at Gun point[10] forced the remaining members of Balewa's Government to resign, he then made the Senate president Nwafor Orizu, another Igbo who was serving as acting president in Azikiwe's absence, to officially surrender power to him, staging a coup of his own and ending the First Nigerian Republic.

194 days in office

Ironsi inherited a Nigeria deeply fractured by its ethnic and religious cleavages. The fact that none of the high-profile victims of the 1966 coup were of Igbo extraction, and also that the main beneficiaries of the coup were Igbo, led the Northern part of the country to believe that it was an Igbo conspiracy. Though Ironsi tried to dispel this notion by courting the aggrieved ethnic groups through political appointments and patronage, his failure to punish the coup plotters and the promulgation of the now infamous "Decree No. 34"—which abrogated the country's federal structure in exchange for a unitary one— crystallized this conspiracy theory.[11]

During his short regime Aguiyi-Ironsi promulgated a raft of decrees. Among them were the Constitution Suspension and Amendment Decree No.1, which suspended most articles of the Constitution (though he left intact those sections of the constitution that dealt with fundamental human rights, freedom of expression and conscience were left intact). The Circulation of Newspaper Decree No.2 which removed the restrictions on press freedom put in place by the preceding civilian administration.[12] According to Ndayo Uko, the Decree no.2 was to serve "as a kind gesture to the press.." to safeguard himself when he went on later to promulgate the Defamatory and Offensive Decree No.44 of 1966 which made it an "offense to display or pass on pictorial representation, sing songs, or play instruments the words of which are likely to provoke any section of the country."[12] He also as per the proposals of a single man committee[13] passed the controversial Unification Decree No. 34 aimed to unify Nigeria into a unitary state.

Supreme Military Council

OFFICE NAME TERM
Head of State Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi 1966
Chief of Staff, Nigerian Defence Forces Brigadier Babafemi Ogundipe 1966
Chief of Staff, Army Lt-Colonel Yakubu Gowon 1966
Military Governor of Eastern Region Lt-Colonel Chukwuemeka Ojukwu 1966
Military Governor of Western Region Lt-Colonel Adekunle Fajuyi 1966
Military Governor of Mid-west Region Lt-Colonel David Ejoor 1966
Military Governor of Northern Region Lt-Colonel Hassan Katsina 1966

Counter coup and assassination

On July 29, 1966, Ironsi spent the night at the Government House, Ibadan, as part of a nationwide tour. His host, Lieutenant Colonel Adekunle Fajuyi, Military Governor of Western Nigeria, alerted him to a possible mutiny within the army. Ironsi desperately tried to contact his Army Chief of Staff, Yakubu Gowon, but he was unreachable. In the early hours of the morning, the Government House, Ibadan, was surrounded by soldiers led by Theophilus Danjuma.[14] Danjuma arrested Ironsi and questioned him about his alleged complicity in the coup, which saw the demise of the Sardauna of Sokoto, Ahmadu Bello. The circumstances leading to Ironsi's death still remain a subject of much controversy in Nigeria. His body and that of Fajuyi were later discovered in a nearby forest.

Trivia

See also

References

Political offices
Preceded by
Nnamdi Azikiwe		 Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria
January 16, 1966 – July 29, 1966 		Succeeded by
Yakubu Gowon
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