Jalaluddin Haqqani

Jalaluddin Haqqani
جلال الدين حقاني

Jalaluddin Haqqani
Born c. 1939
Paktia Province, Afghanistan
Died c. 2014[1] (Alleged)[2]
Allegiance Haqqani network, Mujahideen
Years of service 1970's to present
Battles/wars

Soviet war in Afghanistan

War on Terror:

Relations Sirajuddin Haqqani (son)

Mawlawi Jalaluddin Haqqani (Pashto: جلال الدين حقاني‎) (1939 - 2014)[3] was the leader of the Haqqani network, an insurgent group fighting in guerilla warfare initially against US-led NATO forces, and the present government of Afghanistan they support. He distinguished himself as an internationally sponsored insurgent fighter in the 1980s during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, including Operation Magistral. By 2004, he was directing pro-Taliban militants to launch a holy war in Afghanistan. Within Pakistan, Jalaluddin had a cordial relation with Pakistan but he did not act against the TTP, earning controversy though Pakistan saw him as a strategic asset who could mediate between the various factions. Jalaluddin retains considerable local popularity on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, and he is the most experienced Islamist leader in the region.[4] Steve Coll, author of Ghost Wars, claims that Haqqani introduced suicide bombing in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region.[5][6]

Media reports emerged in late July 2015 that Haqqani had died the previous year.[7] These reports were denied by the Taliban and some members of the Haqqani family.[2][8]

Early life

Haqqani was born, the son of a wealthy landowner and trader, in 1939 in the village of Karezgay in the Zadran district of Paktia Province, Afghanistan, though the family later moved to Sultankhel.[9] He is an ethnic Pashtun from the Zadran tribe of Khost. He undertook advanced religious studies at the Dar-al-'Ulam Haqqaniya Deobandi seminary in 1964[10] and was graduated with a doctorate which entitled him to the status of mawlawi in Peshawar in 1970.[11] After King Zahir Shah's exile and President Daoud Khan rise to power in 1973, the political situation in Afghanistan was slowly beginning to change. A number of parties such as the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and others were seeking power. Haqqani was one of them, and after being suspected of plotting against the government he went into exile and based himself in and around Miranshah, Pakistan. From there he began to organise a rebellion against the government of Daoud Khan in 1975.[12] After the 1978 Marxist revolution by the PDPA, Haqqani joined the Hezb-i Islami of Mawlawi Mohammad Yunus Khalis.[4] It was during this time that Haqqani began to build a relationship with the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy network.[5]

Mujahideen commander

In the 1980s, Jalaluddin Haqqani was cultivated as a "unilateral" asset of the CIA and received tens of thousands of dollars in cash for his work in fighting the Soviet-led Afghan forces in Afghanistan, according to an account in The Bin Ladens, a 2008 book by Steve Coll. He reputedly attracted generous support from prosperous Arab countries compared to other resistance leaders.[13] At that time, Haqqani helped and protected Osama bin Laden, who was building his own militia to fight Soviet-backed Afghanistan.[14]

The influential U.S. Congressman Charlie Wilson, who helped to direct tens of millions of dollars to the Afghan resistance, was so taken by Haqqani that he referred to him as "goodness personified".[15] He was a key US and Pakistani ally in resisting the Soviet-backed Afghanistan. Some news media outlets report that Haqqani even received an invitation to, and perhaps even visited, President Ronald Reagan's White House,[16][17][18] although the photographs used to support the allegation of such a meeting have cast doubt that Haqqani ever visited the US.[19][20] (The pictures originally purporting to show this meeting are, in fact, of Mohammad Yunus Khalis.)[21][22][23]

During the rule of Najibullah in 1991, Haqqani captured the city of Khost, which became the first communist city to fall to the Afghan resistance.[11] After the fall of Kabul to the Mujahideen forces in 1992, he was appointed Justice Minister of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, and refrained from taking sides in the fratricidal conflict that broke out between Afghani factions during the 1990s, a neutrality that was to earn him respect.[24]

Relations with the Taliban

Haqqani was not originally a member of the Taliban. In 1995, just prior to the Taliban's occupation of Kabul, he switched his allegiance to them. In 1996-97, he served as a Taliban military commander north of Kabul, and was accused of ethnic cleansing against local Tajik populations.[25] During the Taliban government, he served as the Minister of Borders and Tribal Affairs and governor of Paktia Province.[26]

In October 2001, Haqqani was named the Taliban's military commander. He may have had a role in expediting the escape of Osama Bin Laden. Initially the Americans tried to woo him away from the Taliban. He refused their offers on the grounds that, as a Muslim, he was duty-bound to resist them, as "infidel invaders" just as he had the Soviets in earlier decades.[27] With his base in Khost under repeated American air attack, it is believed that in November or December of that year he crossed the Durand Line border into the Waziristan region of Pakistan. Four Guantanamo detainees -- Abib Sarajuddin, Khan Zaman, Gul Zaman and Mohammad Gul—were captured and held because American intelligence officials received a report that one of them had briefly hosted Haqqani shortly after the fall of the Taliban.[26][28][29][30] After the Karzai administration was formed in December 2001, in which many former warlords, mujahideen, and others took part, Interim-President Hamid Karzai decided to offer Haqqani a position in government but was rejected by Haqqani.[4]

In 2008, CIA officials confronted Pakistani officials with evidence of ties between Inter-Services Intelligence and Jalaluddin Haqqani[31] but the ISI denied the allegations.[32] A September 2008 airstrike which targeted Haqqani, resulted in the deaths of between ten and twenty-three people. The US missile strike hit the house of Haqqani in the village Dandi Darpa Khail in North Waziristan and a close-by seminary.[33][34] The madrasah, however, was closed and Haqqani had previously left the area.[34][35] Haqqani has been accused by the United States of involvement in the 2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul and the February 2009 Kabul raids.[36]

Role in the Taliban insurgency

Further information: Haqqani network and Taliban insurgency

The success of the mujahideen fighters in the two-year Waziristan Conflict against the Pakistani para-military forces pressured the government to agree to the 2006 Waziristan Accord. In the absence of political will to confront militants with regular Pakistan Army units, a cease-fire agreement (allowing Taliban fighters to operate with impunity in Waziristan as long as Pakistani law is followed and the Taliban do not launch raids into neighboring Afghanistan) was reached. The local Taliban, identified by some as the Islamic Emirate of Waziristan,[37] appear to have been strengthened by the cease-fire agreement, as well as the release of some fighters detained by the Pakistani government at the start of hostilities.

Haqqani was the commander, with son Sirajuddin, of the Haqqani network, which is believed to be based in Waziristan, Pakistan.[38] The network is made up of resistance forces waging a jihad against US-led NATO forces and the Islamic republic of Afghanistan. On 16 October 2011, "Operation Knife Edge" was launched by NATO and Afghan forces against the Haqqani network in south-eastern Afghanistan. Afghan Defense Minister, Abdul Rahim Wardak, explained that the operation will "help eliminate the insurgents before they struck in areas along the troubled frontier".[39] Both he and his son, Sirajuddin appear to have been the first Taliban to adopt the Iraqi tactic of using suicide bombers, and their network is accused of engaging in kidnappings, beheadings, the killing of women, and assassinations.[40] George Gittoes, the Australian maker of Pashto-language films at his Yellow House in Jalalabad says Haqqani, who has befriended him, would be ready to support Ashraf Ghani in future Afghan elections.[41]

Personal life

Haqqani was fluent in Persian,[42] Arabic,[43] Urdu and his native Pashto language. He has at least seven sons:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Jalaluddin Haqqani is dead, say Taliban sources". Dawn. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Reports of Haqqani network founder's death, but family denies". Reuters. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  3. ↑ Vahid Brown, Don Rassler,Fountainhead of Jihad: The Haqqani Nexus, 1973-2012, Oxford University Press, 2013 p.28.
  4. 1 2 3 Syed Salaam Shahzad (5 May 2004). "Through the eyes of the Taliban". Asia Times. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  5. 1 2 Return of the Taliban, PBS Frontline, 3 October 2006
  6. ↑ A. Gopal, Who are the Taliban? in: Nation, Volume: 287 Issue: 21 (22 December 2008) p20
  7. ↑ "'Haqqani Network’s chief died a year ago'". Daily Times. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  8. ↑ "Taliban deny reports of Haqqani network founder's death". AFP. 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  9. ↑ Vahid Brown, Don Rassler, ibid. p.28
  10. ↑ Vahid Brown, Don Rassler pp.38,42.
  11. 1 2 Brian Glyn Williams, Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War, University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2012 p.142.
  12. ↑ "Questions Raised About Haqqani Network Ties with Pakistan". International Relations and Security Network. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  13. ↑ Ex-CIA allies leading Afghan fight vs. G.I.s, New York Daily News, 2 December 2005
  14. ↑ 'US attack on Taliban kills 23 in Pakistan', International Herald Tribune, 9 September 2008. Retrieved on 10 September 2008.
  15. ↑ 'Who are the Taliban?', Retrieved on 7 December 2008.
  16. ↑ "Haqqani was once a White House guest!". Indiavision news. 28 September 2011. Reports quoted Pakistan’s Interior Minister Rehman Mallik saying, “The network’s aging leader, Jalaluddin Haqqani, was a respected commander and key US and Pakistani ally in resisting the Soviet Union after its 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Haqqani even visited President Ronald Reagan at the White House.”
  17. ↑ Toosi, Nahal (29 December 2009). "Haqqani network challenges US-Pakistan relations". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  18. ↑ Handel, Sarah (3 October 2011). "Who Are The Haqqanis?". NPR (NPR). Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  19. ↑ Yusufzai, Rahimullah (30 September 2011). "Khalis, not Haqqani, was photographed with Reagan". The News International. Retrieved 24 October 2011. Haqqani then was much younger and had a thick black beard. The evidence suggests he had never been to the US. He certainly was a well-known mujahideen commander of the Hezb-e-Islami (Khalis) — a party led by Maulvi Yunis Khalis, and had a status equal to another famous commander Ahmad Shah Masood. But Haqqani does not figure among the Afghan mujahideen leaders known to have been invited to the White House in Washington and hosted by President Reagan.
  20. ↑ "Why Pakistan's media needs a code of conduct". BBC News. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. More recently, an image of a bearded man wearing a substantial white turban and a brown blazer standing next to former US President Ronald Reagan was reprinted in many Pakistani dailies as an image of Reagan with the notorious Afghan militant Jalaluddin Haqqani. But Haqqani has never visited the US. The picture, is in fact of an Afghan mujahideen commander called Younis Khalis.
  21. ↑ "Dawn’s $118 mistake". Pakistan Media Watch. 29 September 2011.
  22. ↑ "Jalaluddin Haqqani Never visited America". BBC Urdu. 28 September 2011.
  23. ↑ "Clarification: Younus Khalis, not Jalaluddin". Dawn. 1 October 2011.
  24. ↑ Brian Glyn Williams, Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War, University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2012 pp.142-3.
  25. ↑ Griffin, Michael. "US Post-Taleban Plans Hit Problems". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  26. 1 2 Summarized transcripts (.pdf), from Mohammad Gul's Combatant Status Review Tribunal - - mirror - pages 1-12
  27. ↑ Brian Glyn Williams, Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War, University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2012 p.143.
  28. ↑ John F. Burns (2 February 2002). "Villagers Say Errors by U.S. Causing Grief For Innocent". New York Times. Retrieved 7 January 2009. mirror
  29. ↑ Summarized transcripts (.pdf), from Abib Sarajuddin's Combatant Status Review Tribunal - pages 36-41
  30. ↑ Summarized transcripts (.pdf), from Gul Zaman's Combatant Status Review Tribunal - mirror - pages 39-53
  31. ↑ "C.I.A. Outlines Pakistan Links With Militants", by Mark Mazzetti and Eric Schmitt, July 30, 2008, New York Times
  32. ↑ "Pakistan denies 'malicious' report on CIA confrontation", July 30, 2008, Agence France Press
  33. ↑ Newhouse, Barry (8 September 2008). "Suspected US Missile Strike Hits Taliban Commander's House". Voice of America (Voice Of America). Retrieved 8 September 2008.
  34. 1 2 Shahzad, Syed Saleem (9 September 2008). "US's 'good' war hits Pakistan hard". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
  35. ↑ Perlez, J. & Shah, P.Z. 2008, 'US attack on Taliban kills 23 in Pakistan', International Herald Tribune, 9 September. Retrieved on 10 September 2008.
  36. ↑ "The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) - Nation - Embassy blast link to Kabul strike". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  37. ↑ Moreau, Ron; Zahid Hussain (2006). "Border Backlash". Newsweek international edition. MSNBC. Archived from the original on 2007-01-02. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
  38. ↑ Khan, Ismail (22 June 2006). "Forces, militants heading for truce". Dawn. Retrieved 29 September 2006.
  39. ↑ "Push launched against Haqqanis in border areas". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  40. ↑ Brian Glyn Williams, Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War, University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2012 p.144.
  41. ↑ 'Ice-cream boys of Afghanistan,'Late Night Live 28 May 2014.
  42. ↑ Special meeting between Haqqani and Abdul Ali Mazari mazari 1/6 on YouTube (video made before 1995).
  43. ↑ The Long Hunt for Osama, Atlantic Monthly, October 2004
  44. ↑ "Pakistani Officials Confirm Death of Key Militant". Time Magazine. AP. 30 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  45. ↑ Karen DeYoung (29 August 2012). "U.S. confirms killing of Haqqani leader in Pakistan". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  46. ↑ "Taliban confirm death of Badruddin Haqqani in drone strike last year". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  47. ↑ Khan, Zia (22 September 2011). "Who on earth are the Haqqanis?". The Express Tribune News Network. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  48. ↑ Roggio, Bill (22 July 2010). "US adds Haqqani Network, Taliban leaders to list of designated terrorists". The Long War Journal (Public Multimedia Inc.). Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  49. ↑ "Senior Haqqani Network leader killed near Islamabad". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  50. ↑ "Jalaluddin Haqqani's son killed in North Waziristan strike: Report". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  51. ↑ "Senior al Qaeda military commander killed in Predator strike". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  52. ↑ "Rewards for Justice - Wanted". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  53. ↑ "BBC News - Afghan forces arrest Haqqani militant network leaders". BBC News. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

External links


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