Jat reservation agitation

A protest by Jats

The Jat Reservation Agitation was a series of protests in February 2016 by Jat people of North India, especially those in the state of Haryana, which "paralysed the State for 10 days."[1] The protesters sought inclusion of their caste in the Other Backward Class (OBC) category, which would make them eligible for affirmative action benefits. Besides Haryana, the protests also spread to the neighbouring states, such as Uttar Pradesh,[2][3] Rajasthan,[4][5] and also the National Capital Region.[6][7]

Police and onlookers describes the initial phase of the protests as "peaceful".[8] Starting on 12 February, the Jats organized non-violent protests for reservation by blocking railway lines and roads, while non-Jats opposed to their demands organized counter-protests. On 18 February, a group of non-Jats protesters clashed violently with a group of lawyers protesting against 2016 JNU sedition controversy, mistaking the lawyers for Jats. Later on, they also came into conflict with the Jat students.[8] On the same day, the police allegedly beat up some Jat students in Rohtak, while trying to open a blockade. Police also raided a Boys' hostel, and reportedly assaulted the Jat students, an occurrence which was "captured on camera and circulated over social media."[8] Following these incidents, several incidents of inter-caste violence took place across Haryana.

By 22 February, the protests were estimated to have caused a loss of ₹340 billion (US$5.1 billion) in northern India.[9] Railway Minister told in Lok Sabha "The total loss suffered by Railways on account of damage to property and cancellation of tickets during the agitation is about Rs 55.92 crore.[10] By 26 February, 30 people had been killed in the violence.[11]

The government of Haryana has approved the Haryana Backward Classes (Reservation in Services and Admission in Educational Institutions) Bill, which is about to come into effect after a "formal notification" from the law secretary. The enacted bill enlists the Jats of Hinduism, Sikhism and Islam faiths, Bishnois, Tyagis, and Rors in the recently sculpted Backward Classes (C) category, making them eligible for 10% reservation in class 3 and 4, and 6 % reservation in class 1 and 2 jobs.[12]

Background

The Jat people are a traditionally agricultural community in Northern India.[14] In 2016, the total Jat population in India was estimated to be around 82.5 million.[15] In Haryana, they form 29% of the state's population.[16] As of 2016, 7 out of state's 10 chief ministers had been Jats.[17] In Punjab, Rajasthan and Delhi, they constitute 25%, 15% and 10% of the total populace, respectively.[16] In Uttar Pradesh, the Jats form 8.6% of the population,[16] however, their concentration in Western Uttar Pradesh makes them an important vote bank in more than 50 assembly seats.[15]

The Central Government of India as well as the various State Governments categorize certain socially backward castes as Other Backward Classes (OBC). The castes listed in this category have been eligible for affirmative action benefits since 1991. Collectively, these castes have reserved quotas in government jobs, admissions to educational institutes, scholarships and other areas. The communities which are included in OBC are different in different states. The OBCs have 27% reservation; in addition, there are other classes which enjoy reservation benefits: the Scheduled Castes (15%) and the Scheduled Tribes (7.5%). In all, 49.5% of the seats are reserved for these three groups. Some state governments have tried to create additional reservation quotas, but the Supreme Court of India has ruled that the reservation cannot exceed 50%.[18]

Like many other castes, the Jats have sought to get themselves included in the OBC category in order to get the reservation benefits. Before the 2016 protests, they had already been given OBC status in 7 states: Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.[15] However, Jats were not included in the Central Government's list of OBC castes. Also, in Punjab and Haryana, the Jats did not enjoy any reservation benefits.[19] In Rajasthan, the Jats from Bharatpur and Dholpur districts were excluded from the OBC list, as the former kingdoms of Bharatpur and Dholpur had been ruled by Jats.[20]

Central OBC quota

According to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) guidelines, to be classified as OBC, a caste has to satisfy the following criteria:[21]

  1. Social: The caste should be considered as socially backward by other castes
  2. Educational: The caste's school non-enrollment rate should be at least 25% above the state average
  3. Economic: The assets of the average caste family should be at least 25% below the state average

In 1997, the NCBC reviewed a demand to include Jats from Delhi, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in the Central OBC list. It agreed to include the Rajasthan Jats (except those from the former Jat-ruled princely states of Bharatpur and Dholpur) in the Central OBC list. In a report dated 28 November 1997, it recommended against including other Jats in the OBC list, arguing that they were socially advanced. This recommendation was supplemented by an Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) report.[22] On 27 October 1999, the BJP-led NDA government implemented the recommendation to include the Rajasthan Jats (except those from Bharatpur and Dholpur) in the Central OBC list. Later, on 1 January 2000, the Bharatpur and Dholpur Jats were also included in the list.[20]

In July and September 2010, the Akhil Bhartiya Jat Arakshan Samiti organized protests in Delhi and Haryana seeking OBC status for Jats. One person was killed in this agitation. In 2011, the protesters blocked railway tracks in Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.[22] In March 2011, the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) amended rules to allow NCBC to reconsider its earlier rulings.[23] Subsequently, in July 2011, the NCBC suggested that the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) conduct a survey in 6 states to analyze the socio-economic status of Jats. The original plan involved a comprehensive survey, but this was later reduced to a sample survey, to be supplemented with data from the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (SECC).[22]

In February 2012, the Jats resumed their protests, during which one person was killed. In August 2013, the government constituted a special Group of Ministers (GoM) to "engage with representatives of the Jat community". On 19 December 2013, the Union Cabinet asked NCBC to expediate the process and make a decision based on existing material. It also requested that Bihar be included in the study. As a result, the NCBC dropped the sample survey plan, and the ICSSR then undertook a month-long literature survey.[22]

The ICSSR report concluded that:[24]

The NCBC, however, disagreed with the report's conclusion about the status of Jats in Haryana. The NCBC found that this conclusion was based on the Justice K.C. Gupta Commission Report, a 2012 report by the Haryana State Backward Commission. According to NCBC, this report was flawed because it based on a "very selective" survey conducted by the Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak. It compared Jats only to the forward castes such as Brahmins, Bania and Rajputs, but not backward castes such as Ahirs, Yadavs and Kurmis. Besides, the villages covered in the survey were not selected independently, but provided by the State Commission. The survey was led by a Jat academic, Professor K. S. Sangwan. Besides, the Vice-Chancellor of the university was also a Jat. In a public hearing conducted by NCBC, these two persons were accused of bias.[23]

Based on this analysis, on 26 February 2014, the NCBC unanimously ruled that the Jats in Haryana did not meet the OBC classification criteria.[22] However, the Cabinet rejected this advice arguing that NCBC had not taken into account "the ground realities".[21] On 4 March 2014, a day before the dates for the 2014 Indian general election were announced, the UPA government included Jats from 9 states in the central OBC quota: Haryana, Gujarat, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar.[15][21] In March 2015, the decision was rejected by the Supreme Court of India.[16] The Supreme Court also excluded the Bharatpur and Dholpur Jats of Rajasthan from the Central OBC list.[20]

Rajasthan OBC quota

Rajasthan was the first state to give the OBC status to the Jats.[20] On 3 November 1999, the Indian National Congress state government in Rajasthan, led by Ashok Gehlot, included Jats (except those from Bharatpur and Dholpur) in the Rajasthan state OBC list.[19]

A year later, on 10 January 2000, the state government extended the OBC quota to Jats from these two districts as well, bowing to political pressure. 15 years later, on 10 August 2015, the Rajasthan High Court quashed this decision.[20]

Haryana SBC quota

"The mostly non-Jat state BJP is eyeing the divide and its potential as a vote winner.... The agitation has pitted the Jat community against the remaining 35 non-Jat communities."

The Indian Express[25]

In 1991, the Gurnam Singh Commission report recommended including Jats of Haryana in the state's OBC list. However, the Bhajan Lal-led Congress State Government did not implement these recommendations. Two subsequent OBC commissions did not include Jats in their list of castes to be classified as OBC.[26]

In 2004, the Congress leader Bhupinder Singh Hooda promised the Jats of Haryana a reserved quota, while campaigning for the 2005 State Assembly elections. The Congress won the 2005 election, as well as the 2009 election in Haryana. A survey conducted in 2012 concluded that the condition of Jats in Haryana was indicative of an upper caste status. Nevertheless, before the 2014 election, the Hooda-led Congress government included Jats (including Sikh Jats) and three other castes (Ror, Tyagi and Bishnoi) in a new "Specially Backward Classes" (SBC) category, and granted them an additional 10% quota in government jobs and educational institutes.[16][27]

Before the 2014 Indian general elections, BJP had a limited presence in the Haryana state, where the Jats play the dominant political role. In the 2014 general elections, BJP won 7 of the 10 Lok Sabha seats in Haryana. In October 2014, the BJP also won the 2014 Haryana state elections. The BJP rode on a strong anti-incumbency wave against the ruling Congress and the voters' disillusionment with INLD.[28] Both Congress and INLD were led by Jat leaders in Haryana.[29] In both these elections, the INLD got majority of the Jat vote. The BJP won only 19% of the Jat vote in the general elections, and only 17% of the Jat vote in the state assembly elections.[28] The consolidation of non-Jat votes was a factor in BJP's electoral victory.[28][30][31][32] 72% of the BJP's seats were from north and south Haryana, where non-Jats outnumber the Jats; the party won relatively few seats in the Jat-dominated central region.[33]

After coming to power, the BJP appointed Manohar Lal Khattar, a non-Jat, as the state's chief minister.[34] became the first non-Jat chief minister of the state in 18 years, since Bhajan Lal.[29] Anil Vij, his second most prominent colleague, was also a non-Jat. The new Director General of Police and the Chief Secretary were also non-Jats, as were many others in key positions.[34] BJP MP Raj Kumar Saini openly opposed the Jats' efforts to get included in the OBC category, despite party's warnings not to do so.[35][36] In September 2015, Hawa Singh Sangwan, a leader of the Jat reservation movement, called Khattar a "Pakistani," averring that "the Khattar [led] government did not understand the plight of actual natives of the state."[37] Sangwan was criticized by BJP, Congress and INLD leaders, but refused to apologize for his remarks.[38]

The Jats viewed their loss of political power as disenfranchisement.[28][34][39] Nevertheless, the BJP sees the Jats as vital for its electoral success in the forthcoming 2017 Uttar Pradesh elections.[40] In July 2015, when the SBC quota was rejected by the Punjab and Haryana High Court,[16] the BJP government filed a review petition against this decision in Supreme Court.[27]

In March 2015, days after the Supreme Court scrapped a proposal for Jat reservation, BJP leader Subramanian Swamy asked the government to bring an ordinance to provide quota for them.[41]

Protests

"Jat leaders from 12 states were present at the meeting held in Delhi [on 3 April 2016]. Awareness rallies will be held in different states including Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan to seek reservation for Jats."

The Indian Express[42]

In January 2016, Sarva Jat Khap Panchayat (council) of Jats made an elaborate plan for protests demanding reservation quota, down to the exact locations for organizing road and railway blockades.[29][43]

Haryana

Jat protesters arrested

The Jat agitation began in form of non-violent protests. During February 12–13, the Jats blocked the Delhi-Hisar railway line at Mayyar village in Hisar district. The protest was led by Hawa Singh Sangwan, a retired CRPF commandant and the Haryana chief of the All India Jat Arakshan Sangharsh Samiti. In 2012, Sangwan had organized a similar protest at the same site, as a result of which the Congress government gave community the SBC status. This time, Sangwan demanded a guarante of OBC status from prominent BJP leaders and action against the BJP leader Raj Kumar Saini for his comments against the Jat demands. He stated that the protest had been organized with an eye on the upcoming Uttar Pradesh elections. The protest was called off by the night of February 13, after BJP's Jat minister Om Prakash Dhankar assured that the state government will meet their demands by March 31.[30]

On 14 February, another faction of the community, led by khap leaders (from Rohtak, Jhajjar and Sonepat districts), organized a Jat Swabhiman ("self-respect") rally. The khap leaders advised the participants not to organize any more protests until 31 March. However, the majority of the attendees defied their advice, and demanded "immediate and concrete action". They blocked the Delhi-Fazilka National Highway - 10 in protest.[44] By 14 February, the protests had spread to Sonepat, Jhajjar and Bhiwani.[27] During 15–16 February, the Jats organized more non-violent protests and blockades.[30]

Beginning of violence

"Jats do need reservation
... no rape case will be spared
Jat agitation was peaceful
...Congress plotted bloodshed."

Abhimanyu Sindhu[45]

On 18 February, 35 Biradari Sangharsh Samiti, a group claiming to represent 35 non-Jat castes organized a protest against the blockades imposed by Jats. They attacked a group of lawyers who were protesting against the JNU row, mistaking them for Jat protesters. The lawyers, who were from several castes, were injured in the clash. The lawyers initially retreated, but subsequently, a larger group of lawyers beat up the Samiti protesters. Following this incident, violence erupted in the state.[46] The agitation turned into a clash between the Jats and the non-Jats.[30]

On the night of 18 February, when the police tried to open a blockade at Pandit Neki Ram Sharma Government College in Rohtak, some people threw stones at them. Following this, the police entered the hostels of Neki Ram College and Jat College, and allegedly beat them up. The police suprintendent claimed that the police only used a "mild cane-charge" after stones were pelted at the cops.[47] However, students and professors at Neki Ram College claimed that the police entered the hostels at dinner-time, brutally beat the students after asking them if they were Jats, and threw Dal over them.[30] The next day, Jat youth from nearby rural areas came to Rohtak in large numbers, and protested violently.[30][46] The protesters blocked several roads, set vehicles to fire and damaged business establishments. A mob of 5000 people, mainly college students, clashed with the police, pelting stones at the office of Inspector General of Police.[47]

Escalation

"It is quite painful that large scale of violence took place in the name of Jat agitation despite the fact that in many cases Jat community people were not involved. Above all, I regret that the violence claimed several lives in the state and we whole heartedly apologise to the people."

Hawa Singh Sangwan[48]

In Rohtak district, a mob set fire to vehicles, shops and a petrol pump at Kalanaur.[49]

From Rohtak, the violence spread to Jhajjar. On 20 February, the Jats allegedly burnt the shops belonging to Punjabis (Khatris) and Sainis. The security personnel deployed to control the violence opened fire, killing 3 Jat youths. The Punjabis and Sainis later retaliated by vandalizing the Chhotu Ram dharamshala of the Jats. On 21 February, the Jats attacked the Chhavani Mohalla, where they targeted shops, vehicles and houses belonging to Sainis, Nais and other backward castes. Besides the 3 Jat youths killed earlier, 2 Sainis, a Kumhar and a Halwai were killed in the resulting violence.[50] A statue of Rao Tula Ram was also vandalized, resulting in protests from Ahirs.[49]

The protesters blocked highways and other roads in Chandigarh, Karnal, Kaithal and Rewari districts.[49] Railway tracks in Panipat and Sonipat were damaged and uprooted at several places between New Delhi and Ambala.[51]

Violent incidents were reported at several places in the state:[49]

As the protesters shut down water canals, the protests also resulted in a severe water crisis in Gurgaon[49] as well as the neighbouring Delhi.[52]

By 22 February 12 people had been killed, and property worth more than ₹200 billion (US$3.0 billion) had been damaged.[53] On 23 February 2016, chief minister Manohar Lal Khattar was heckled by a mob during a press conference.[27]

The Army and paramilitary forces were deployed in large numbers to control the situation.[54] The Army rescued 29 foreign nationals, including 26 Japanese and three Swedish, who were stuck in the state because of protests.[55]

The Government pacified the Jats by setting up a committee to look into their demand, and indicating to lay out reservation for Jats, Sikh Jats, Rors, Tyagis and Bishnois by erecting a new "agrarian classes" category.[56]

Rajasthan

The protests also spread to the Bharatpur district of Rajasthan on 22 February. The Jats blocked railway tracks and the Jaipur-Agra national highway. They clashed with the police, and damaged state roadways buses. The State Government requested 28 companies of para-military forces from the Central Government.[19]

Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje of BJP appealed the Jats to maintain peace, and stated that her government had already constituted a commission to look into the Jats' demand for reservation.[19]

Reactions

Jats provided free food to those stuck because of the blockades

Several Jat leaders condemned the violence, and asked the community to maintain law and order. Some Jats provided free food and lodging to those stuck on highways because of the protests, like the Neelkanth Star Dhaba which provided free of cost food and stay to travellers[57] Sikh volunteers organized langar (free food) and provided free blankets to those stranded on the Delhi-Ambala highway.[58] Congress leader and All India Jat Mahasabha president Amarinder Singh demanded that Prime Minister Narendra Modi file a review petition against the Supreme Court judgment that quashed the inclusion of Jats from 9 states in the Central OBC list. At the same time, he condemned violence by Jats, and requested the community not to protest violently.[59]

Yeshpal Malik, the president of the Akhil Bhartiya Jat Arakshan Sangharsh Samiti ("All-India Jat Reservation Struggle Committee"), blamed the BJP and BJP-affiliated groups for inciting the violence. He accused the BJP leaders of hatching a conspiracy against the Jats, naming Rajkumar Saini in particular.[60]

The Bahujan Samaj Party president Mayawati extended full support to the demand of reservation by the Jat community and said the Bharatiya Janata Party government in Haryana should consider it sympathetically and implement it immediately.[61] Baba Ramdev supported Jat Reservation but appealed to the protesters to run the movement peacefully. He added that since he belongs to Haryana, he understands the sentiments of people from his home state.[62]

The BJP government announced formation of a committee chaired by M. Venkaiah Naidu to look into the Jats' demands for reservation.[54]

Kartar Singh, the Haryana chief of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh,[63] has opined to media that had he been the state's Chief Minister, he "would have ordered shooting of Jat protesters."[64]

Erstwhile Haryana cabinet member Ajay Yadav swears that the "Jats got the reservation at gunpoint," an outlook which has been affirmed as true by Hawa Singh Sangwan, who further added that "no revolution was possible without struggle .... people of several states like Telangana, Nagaland and Mizoram had to struggle a lot before coming into existence and if Jats did it to fight for their legitimate rights, they did no wrong in achieving it."[65]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Jats stage ‘jail bharo’ protest in Jind. The Hindu (New Delhi). Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  2. ↑ 'We are prepared to fight for our rights': Jat agitation spreads to UP. (Meerut) Hindustan Times. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  3. ↑ Jat agitation finds echo in western UP. The Times of India. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  4. ↑ Jat leaders in Rajasthan extend support to quota stir in Haryana (Jaipur). The Indian Express. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  5. ↑ Rajasthan’s Jat call off stir after government’s assurance (Bharatpur). Press Trust of India. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  6. ↑ Jat agitation spreads to Gurgaon as protesters block major roads. The Indian Express (New Delhi). Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  7. ↑ Jat samiti halts traffic in Faridabad (Faridabad). The Tribune. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 Jat quota stir: How violence started; a protest on JNU row, hostel raid by cops (New Delhi). The Indian Express. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "'Jat Quota Protests Cost Rs. 34,000 Crore Loss To Northern States'". NDTV. 22 February 2016.
  10. ↑ "Railways suffered Rs 55.92 cr loss due to Jat agitation: Suresh Prabhu". Retrieved 2016-03-30.
  11. ↑ "Haryana Jat Agitation Death Toll Rises To 30". NDTV. 26 February 2016.
  12. ↑ Jat reservation: Haryana govt set to notify new quota law. Hindustan Times (Chandigarh). Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  13. ↑ "मय्यड़ के बाद सांपला की महारैली में गरजेंगे जाट". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Retrieved 2016-02-27.
  14. ↑ Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, Andre (2012), Nomads in the Sedentary World, Routledge, p. 177, ISBN 978-1-136-12194-4, retrieved 15 August 2013
  15. 1 2 3 4 Saubhadra Chatterji (22 February 2016). "History repeats itself as yet another Central govt faces a Jat stir". Hindustan Times.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Why Jats are protesting in Haryana: All you need to know". India Today. 20 February 2016.
  17. ↑ Neerja Chowdhury (23 February 2016). "Jat stir: Bullies in victims’ clothing". Economic Times.
  18. ↑ "OBCs form 41% of population". Times of India. 20 February 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Sanjay Bohra (22 February 2016). "Jat reservation fire reaches Rajasthan". Deccan Chronicle.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Rajasthan was first state to extend OBC benefits to Jats in 1999". The Times of India. 23 February 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 "Editorial: From Hardik Patel to Jats". Financial Express. 23 February 2016.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 T. K. Rajalakshmi (4 April 2014). "Stooping for the spoils". Frontline.
  23. 1 2 Akshat Kaushal (18 March 2015). "How the UPA govt notified Jats under OBC breaking all norms". Business Standard.
  24. ↑ "SC upholds Centre's move to include Jats in OBC". The Pioneer. 10 April 2014.
  25. ↑ BJP eyes polarised Haryana, cautious on Saini. The Indian Express (Chandigarh). Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  26. ↑ Shekhar Iyer and Ashish Tripathi (25 February 2016). "Sidelining of Jats led to unrest". Deccan Herald.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Sandipan Sharma (23 February 2016). "Why Khattar was heckled: While Haryana burned during Jat stir, CM played fiddle". Firstpost.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Sandeep Shastri (22 February 2016). "The Jat revolt in Haryana: The costs of losing political power". IBNLive.
  29. 1 2 3 Anand Kochukudy (24 February 2016). "Lost power, farm distress: what's really driving the #JatQuotaStir?". CatchNews.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Anumeha Yadav (1 March 2016). "Jat violence: What exactly happened in Haryana (and why)". Scroll.in.
  31. ↑ AM Jigeesh (19 October 2014). "By uniting non-Jat votes, BJP ends Cong-INLD bipolar politics in Haryana". The Hindu.
  32. ↑ Maninder Dabas (20 October 2014). "How polarisation of non-Jat votes brought BJP to shores in Haryana". DNA.
  33. ↑ Asit Jolly (24 February 2016). "Haryana CM Manohar Lal Khattar fails the test". India Today.
  34. 1 2 3 Shekhar Gupta (26 February 2016). "Clueless in Kaithal". Business Standard.
  35. ↑ "MP Raj Kumar Saini Anti-Jat Statement", Hindustan Times, 20 February 2016
  36. ↑ "Quota demand: Three more killed as Jats continue their rampage in Haryana". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  37. ↑ Haryana Jat leader calls CM Khattar an outsider who should resign. The Daily Mail. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  38. ↑ "Mining minister seeks apology from Jat leader". Tribune India. 24 February 2015.
  39. ↑ Subodh Ghildiyal (21 February 2016). "Waning political clout driving affluent Jats’ quota stir". The Times of India.
  40. ↑ Nistula Hebbar (21 February 2016). "Jat quota agitation threatens to cripple life across States". The Hindu.
  41. ↑ "Subramanian Swamy bats for Jat quota". Zee News. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  42. ↑ Jat quota: Rally in Delhi on May 10, to demand quota in other states and Centre. The Indian Express (Chandigarh). Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  43. ↑ Rajendra Khatry (22 February 2016). "Jat quota stir: Caught on the backfoot, here's how Haryana CM Khattar can resolve the issue".
  44. ↑ "Jat protest shifts to Sampla". The Tribune (Chandigarh). 15 February 2016.
  45. ↑ Jats do need reservation ... no rape case will be spared ... Jat agitation was peaceful - Congress plotted bloodshed. The Times of India. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  46. 1 2 "Jat agitation: How the violence started.", Indian Express, 25 February 2016
  47. 1 2 "Students go on rampage after police 'beating' them in college hostels". The Times of India. 20 February 2016.
  48. ↑ We apologise to the people for the damage: Jat leader Hawa Singh. India Today (New Delhi). Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 "Jat agitation: Arson, violence continue unchecked; hope from meeting with Home Minister". The Tribune (Chandigarh). 21 February 2016.
  50. ↑ Deeptiman Tiwary (24 February 2016). "Jat quota stir turns into inter-caste violence: 4 non-Jats killed, shops burnt as per owner caste". Indian Express.
  51. ↑ "Jat agitation: Centre announces panel on Jat demand for quota, Haryana to bring Bill for OBC status", The Indian Express, 22 February 2016
  52. ↑ Agencies (2016-02-21). "Haryana Jat Protests Spread, 10 Die In Violence, Airfare Shoots Up". NDTV.
  53. ↑ "Jat agitation: Govt blinks, says Haryana Jats will get OBC quota", Daily News and Analysis, 22 February 2016
  54. 1 2 "Rajnath meets Jat heads; panel under Naidu to look into quotas", The Hindu, 21 February 2016
  55. ↑ Jat reservation: Army rescues 29 foreign nationals
  56. ↑ "Hint of new quota slot to mollify Jats". The Telegraph (New Delhi). Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  57. ↑ Parveen Arora (23 February 2016). "Samaritan Jat brothers offer free food, lodging". The Tribune.
  58. ↑ Rajesh Moudgil (23 February 2016). "Jat stir: Sikh volunteers run 24-hour langar for stranded". Hindustan Times.
  59. ↑ "'Vajpayee's benefits to Raj upset community'". The Times of India. 21 February 2016.
  60. ↑ Pragya Singh (22 February 2016). "Haryana Violence Instigated By BJP?". Outlook.
  61. ↑ "Implement Jat demand immediately: Mayawati". The Hindu. 2016-02-22. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
  62. ↑ "Ramdev backs quota for Jats, wants national reservation policy". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  63. ↑ Bharat Parikrama Yatra to enter Haryana on September 24. The Organiser. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  64. ↑ Would have ordered shooting of Jat protesters: RSS leader. The Indian Express (Chandigarh). Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  65. ↑ Jats may resume stir after wheat harvest, hints Malik. The Tribune (Fatehabad). Retrieved 18 April 2016.

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