Jean-Pierre Bemba

Jean-Pierre Bemba

Jean-Pierre Bemba, 2006
Born (1962-11-04) 4 November 1962[1]
Bokada, Équateur, DRC[1]
Nationality Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
Other names Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo[1]
Known for Former Vice President of the DRC;
Indicted by the ICC for war crimes and crimes against humanity[1]

Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (born 4 November 1962)[1] is a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He was one of four vice-presidents in the transitional government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 17 July 2003 to December 2006. Bemba also leads the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC), a rebel group turned political party. He received the second highest number of votes in the 2006 presidential election. In January 2007 he was elected to the Senate.

He was arrested near Brussels on 24 May 2008 on the basis of an arrest warrant issued by the International Criminal Court.[2] Although he was originally charged with three counts of crimes against humanity and five counts of war crimes,[3] in October 2010, the ICC reduced the charges to two counts of crimes against humanity and three counts of war crimes.[4] On 21 March 2016, he was convicted on these charges. He is however considered to be a hero by many Congolese and his conviction is seen as an international conspiracy to destabilize their country.[5]

Background

Bemba was born in Bokada, Nord-Ubangi District, Équateur province.[1] He is one of the richest men in the Congo, with an estimated fortune of several hundred million dollars. His businesses have included portable radios, aviation and private television stations. His father, Jeannot Bemba Saolona, was a businessman who was successful under Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko, and one of his sisters is married to Mobutu's son Nzanga, who was also a candidate in the 2006 presidential election.[6]

Involvement in the Central African Republic

In 2002, President Ange-Félix Patassé of the Central African Republic invited the MLC to come to his country and put down a coup attempt. Human rights activists accused MLC fighters of committing atrocities against civilians in the course of this conflict.

Presidential election

Bemba was one of 33 candidates who ran in the Congolese presidential election on 30 July 2006. His main campaign slogan — "One Hundred Percent Congolese" — was widely perceived as an attack on frontrunner President Joseph Kabila.[7]

During the campaign, after opponents claimed that he had eaten pygmies during fighting in 2002, Bemba responded to and denied allegations of cannibalism: "These are lies which have come from the highest levels of government...The pygmies are alive and well."[8]

Bemba received substantial support in the western, Lingala-speaking portion of the country, including the capital, Kinshasa.[9] Following the vote there was significant tension as to whether the results would give Kabila a majority of the vote, in which case there would not be a second round against Bemba, who was perceived as Kabila's main opponent.[10] However, according to results announced on 20 August, Kabila won 44% of the vote and Bemba won 20%,[9] and therefore the two faced each other in a second round, held on October 29. The electoral commission announced the official results on November 15, naming Kabila the winner with 58.05% of the vote; Bemba's supporters have alleged fraud.[11]

On November 27, 2006, the Supreme Court of the DRC rejected the fraud charges brought by Bemba, and confirmed Kabila as the new elected Congolese President.[12] A day later, Bemba said that he disagreed with the court's decision, but that "in the greater national interest and to preserve peace and to save the country from chaos and violence", he would participate in the system by leading the political opposition.[13][14] He did not attend Kabila's swearing-in ceremony on December 6. On December 8, the MLC announced that Bemba would run for a Senate seat from Kinshasa in the January 2007 senatorial election,[15] and he succeeded in winning a seat.[16]

March 2007 violence

A dispute over Bemba's personal guard led to an outbreak of fighting near Bemba's residence in Kinshasa on March 22, 2007.[17] Bemba's guard did not obey a March 15 deadline to register at a military base in order to be incorporated into the military, with a spokesperson for Bemba citing concerns about his security.[18] In the fighting, a number of people, including both soldiers and civilians, were reported killed. Bemba called for a ceasefire and negotiations and took refuge in the South African embassy.[19] As fighting continued on March 23, it was announced that a warrant for Bemba's arrest had been issued, accusing him of high treason.[20][21] Although Bemba enjoys immunity as a senator, the country's chief prosecutor said that he would ask parliament to remove it. Bemba blamed the government for the fighting, said that it sought to kill him, and said that he would not surrender.[21] Later on the same day, government forces were reported to have regained control of most of the city.[22] According to one estimate, up to 600 people were killed in the fighting.[23]

On March 26, Kabila said that security could not be guaranteed through negotiation and referred to the importance of restoring order. He characterized the dispute as a military one and said that Bemba could not be above the law; he also claimed that Bemba's guards had tried to take over Kinshasa. Bemba warned of the potential for dictatorship and said that he might go into exile due to his security concerns.[24] According to Bemba, the fighting had started as a result of an assassination attempt against him by soldiers who had surrounded his house.[25] Hundreds of fighters loyal to Bemba, both in Kinshasa and the north of the country, reportedly surrendered following the fighting to be integrated into the army.[26]

Late in the month it was reported that Bemba planned to travel to Portugal for treatment of a broken leg; he had already received treatment for his leg there in previous months.[23] The Portuguese ambassador subsequently said on March 30 that Bemba was expected to go to Portugal for treatment, but was not going into exile there.[27] The Senate approved the trip, for a period of 60 days, on April 9; Bemba promised to avoid politics while in Portugal.[28][29] On April 11, Bemba left the South African embassy and was taken to the airport by U.N. MONUC forces, then flown out of the country to Portugal,[30] along with his wife and children.[29] On April 12, the attorney general, Tshimanga Mukeba, said that he had requested that the Senate remove Bemba's immunity.[31]

Following the outbreak of violence in March, Bemba's party, the MLC, said that it was being targeted by the government through arrests and intimidation, and that its headquarters was occupied by government forces.[32] On April 13, the party suspended its participation in the National Assembly due to what it described as insecurity.[33] The MLC ended its boycott on April 25.[34]

In the first half of June, it was reported that, despite the expiration of the 60 days he had been allowed by the Senate, Bemba would not return to DR Congo at that time due to concerns about his safety.[35] According to MLC executive secretary Thomas Luhaka, Bemba was medically in a condition to return and take part in politics again, and Luhaka called for a political solution that would facilitate his return. Without the Senate's permission to be absent, he would be subject to the automatic loss of his seat if absent from over a quarter of Senate sessions, unless the absences were justified.[36] On June 15, the Senate extended the period of Bemba's permitted absence until July 31, fulfilling a request from Bemba in a June 12 letter in which he asked for more time. In this letter he expressed a readiness to return and take part in politics, but also expressed concerns about his safety.[37][38]

Bemba met with Louis Michel, the European Commissioner for Development & Humanitarian Aid, on July 13. According to Michel, Bemba "intends to give the presidential majority the benefit of the doubt" and would not do or say anything "that could be taken as an attempt at destabilisation".[39] He did not return by the deadline on July 31, with a spokesman citing continued security concerns; the Senate was then in recess until September 15,[40] and Senate President Kengo wa Dondo said that Bemba would not be penalized for being away during this period because the Senate was not in session.[41] In a statement published on August 1, Bemba said that he wanted to return before September 15.[42]

It was announced on September 7 that Bemba had met with National Assembly President Vital Kamerhe in Portugal to discuss his potential return.[43] In November 2007, he visited Belgium and met with Belgian Foreign Minister Karel De Gucht on November 5.[44]

In a March 2008 interview, one year after the Kinshasa clashes, Bemba said that he was in "forced exile" and that it seemed the government was moving towards dictatorship.[45]

Arrest and trial

Poster announcing a protest in Brussels to support Bemba after his arrest.

In March 2003, Central African President Patassé was ousted, and the government that replaced him pressed charges against Patassé and Bemba in September 2004. International arrest warrants were issued, but because the new government was unable to have Bemba arrested, the matter was referred to the International Criminal Court (ICC). On May 22, 2007, ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo decided to open investigations into crimes committed in the Central African Republic.[46] This did not mean that Jean-Pierre Bemba was specifically targeted, but his indictment was a potential result of the investigation.

On 23 May 2008, a Pre-Trial Chamber of the ICC found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Bemba bore individual criminal responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the Central African Republic between 25 October 2002 and 15 March 2003, and issued a sealed warrant for his arrest.[1] He was charged with five counts of war crimes (murder, rape, torture, pillaging, and outrages upon personal dignity) and three counts of crimes against humanity (murder, rape and torture).[3]

On May 24, 2008, Bemba was arrested near Brussels.[2][47][48] He was surrendered to the ICC on 3 July 2008 and transferred to its detention centre in the Hague.[3] He was the first person arrested in connection with the ICC's investigation in the Central African Republic.[47] The Supreme Court of the Central African Republic had been unable to prosecute cases against Bemba and former CAR President Ange-Félix Patassé.[49]

The MLC denounced the arrest and requested that Parliament do likewise; it also asked that Parliament call on the Belgian government to respect Bemba's immunity as a Senator under Congolese law. MLC official Delly Sesanga accused ICC prosecutor Moreno-Ocampo of trying "to interfere with the internal businesses of Congo", describing such interference as "unacceptable"; Sesanga also said that, although the prosecution claimed Bemba was a flight risk, there had been no indication of that. More than 2,000 supporters of Bemba protested in Kinshasa on May 27, demanding that he be freed.[50]

Bemba's defense argued that the legal procedures applied to Bemba's case were irregular, but on July 1 a Belgian court rejected this argument, making it possible to transfer Bemba to the ICC. Bemba's lawyer Aime Kilolo Musamba said that Bemba had "no fear of the ICC" and was "totally sure of his innocence", but he also said that Bemba would seek the intervention of the United Nations Security Council in hopes that it would demand the suspension of his case because he had "done a lot of work for peace". Meanwhile, MLC official Fyfy Osambia argued that "the matter has been politicised" and that people "close to President Kabila" were responsible for the complaint against Bemba. He said that Bemba should be allowed to go before the ICC without being a prisoner.[51]

Following the Belgian court's ruling, Bemba was transferred to the ICC in The Hague on July 3. Musamba stressed that this was an opportunity to prove that Bemba was innocent.[52] In a hearing on July 4, Bemba made his first appearance at the ICC, and the beginning of a hearing dealing with confirmation of the charges against him was set for November 4. Geraldine Mattioli of Human Rights Watch said on this occasion that she hoped Bemba would additionally be tried for crimes committed in his own country.[53]

On 15 June 2009, an ICC Pre-Trial Chamber confirmed some of the charges against Bemba and committed him to trial.[54] However, the judges did not find that there was sufficient evidence to try him for torture and outrages upon personal dignity.[54] On 8 July 2009, Bemba was granted a temporary release to attend his father's funeral in Brussels.[55]

On 2 December 2009 the ICC ruled that Bemba was a flight risk and must remain in custody until his trial.[56]

The trial of Bemba began on 22 November 2010.[57][58]

On 21 March 2016, he was convicted on two counts of crimes against humanity and three counts of war crimes.[5] This marked the first time the International Criminal Court convicted someone of sexual violence, as they added rape to his conviction.[59]

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Situation In The Central African Republic In The Case Of The Prosecutor V. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo — Under Seal Urgent Warrant Of Arrest For Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo" (PDF). International Criminal Court. May 23, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-31. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
  2. 1 2 International Criminal Court (24 May 2008). Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo arrested for crimes allegedly committed in the Central African Republic. Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
  3. 1 2 3 International Criminal Court (3 July 2008). Surrender of Jean-Pierre Bemba to the International Criminal Court. Retrieved on 3 July 2008.
  4. ↑ Staff (19 October 2010) "ICC to proceed with Bemba war crimes trial" BBC News
  5. 1 2 "Congo politician guilty in first ICC trial to focus on rape as a war crime". The Guardian. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  6. ↑ Kurt Wagner, "Run-off ballot in the Congo", World Socialist Web Site, 25 August 2006.
  7. ↑ "Vote Count Continues in Congo Election", Washington Post, 15 August 2006.
  8. ↑ Sam Savage (July 28, 2006). "Congo candidate calls for calm, denies cannibalism". Reuters.
  9. 1 2 "Frontrunners need alliances for 2nd round of presidential polls", IRIN, 22 August 2006.
  10. ↑ "Tension ahead of election results", IRIN, 18 August 2006.
  11. ↑ BBC News (2006-11-15). "Kabila named DR Congo poll winner". BBC News, 15 November 2006. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6151598.stm.
  12. ↑ "DRC: Supreme Court validates Kabila presidential victory", IRIN, November 28, 2006.
  13. ↑ "DRC: Bemba condemns poll ruling but ready to lead opposition", IRIN, November 28, 2006.
  14. ↑ "Bemba accepts DR Congo poll loss", BBC News, November 28, 2006.
  15. ↑ "Bemba to run for Senate", AFP (IOL), December 8, 2006.
  16. ↑ "Former DR Congo vice president wins seat in Senate", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), January 21, 2007.
  17. ↑ "Sustained gunfire reported in Congo's capital", Associated Press (IOL), March 22, 2007.
  18. ↑ Eddy Isango, "Congolese armies not backing down", Associated Press (IOL), March 17, 2007.
  19. ↑ "DR Congo rebel chief seeks refuge", BBC News, March 23, 2007.
  20. ↑ "Bemba: Wanted for high treason", Reuters (IOL), March 23, 2007.
  21. 1 2 "Warrant Issued for Former Warlord as Congo Fighting Continues", Associated Press (FOX News), March 23, 2007.
  22. ↑ "Army regains control of Kinshasa", BBC News, March 23, 2007.
  23. 1 2 "Congo's Bemba 'to go to Portugal'", BBC News, March 28, 2007.
  24. ↑ "Kabila defends use of force as clashes go on", AFP (IOL), March 26, 2007.
  25. ↑ "Failed Congo presidential candidate calls recent violence an assassination attempt", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), March 25, 2007.
  26. ↑ "Bemba fighters 'surrender'", Associated Press (IOL), March 28, 2007.
  27. ↑ "Portugal accepts Bemba but not for exile", Reuters (IOL), March 30, 2007.
  28. ↑ "Bemba 'free to leave' DR Congo", Al Jazeera, April 10, 2007.
  29. 1 2 "Bemba arrives in Portugal", AFP (IOL), April 12, 2007.
  30. ↑ "Bemba leaves DR Congo", Al Jazeera, April 11, 2007.
  31. ↑ "DRC seeks to lift Bemba's immunity", DPA (IOL), April 12, 2007.
  32. ↑ "DRC opposition party hits out at government", AFP (IOL), April 9, 2007.
  33. ↑ "Bemba's party concerned about security", Reuters (IOL), April 14, 2007.
  34. ↑ "RDCongo: retour à l'Assemblée des députés de Bemba, rencontre avec Kabila jeudi", AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), April 25, 2007.
  35. ↑ John James, "DR Congo's Bemba to stay abroad", BBC News, June 10, 2007.
  36. ↑ "We want Bemba back, say DRC opposition", AFP (IOL), June 11, 2007.
  37. ↑ "RDC: Jean-Pierre Bemba autorisé à prolonger son séjour au Portugal", AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), June 15, 2007 (French).
  38. ↑ "Senate extends to 31 July Bemba’s stay in Portugal", African Press Agency, June 16, 2007.
  39. ↑ "Bemba wants to return to DRC", AFP (IOL), July 14, 2007.
  40. ↑ Lubunga Bya'Ombe, "Bemba not ready to return to DRC", Reuters (IOL), August 1, 2007.
  41. ↑ "DR Congo: Bemba’s sick leave expires abroad, but no penalty as senator", African Press Agency, August 1, 2007.
  42. ↑ "Jean-Pierre Bemba souhaite revenir en RDC avant le 15 septembre", AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), August 1, 2007 (French).
  43. ↑ "Le président du parlement de RDCongo a rencontré Jean-Pierre Bemba au Portugal", AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), September 7, 2007 (French).
  44. ↑ "Jean-Pierre Bemba en visite « privée » en Belgique depuis plusieurs jours", afriquechos.ch, November 7, 2007 (French).
  45. ↑ "'DRC slipping into dictatorship'", Sapa-AFP (IOL), March 22, 2008.
  46. ↑ "HRW - Central African Republic: ICC Opens Investigation"
  47. 1 2 "Former Congo rebel leader arrested for war crimes", Xinhua, May 25, 2008.
  48. ↑ "Former DR Congo leader arrested", BBC World News, 24 May 2008.
  49. ↑ "Hague court probes CAR 'crimes'", BBC World News, 22 May 2007.
  50. ↑ "Uproar in DRC after Bemba is arrested", The Star (IOL), May 28, 2008, page 4.
  51. ↑ "Belgian court clears way for Bemba transfer to war crimes court", AFP, July 1, 2008.
  52. ↑ "Former DRC rebel arrives in The Hague to face war crimes charges", AFP, July 3, 2008.
  53. ↑ "DRC's Bemba appears at The Hague", Al Jazeera, July 4, 2008.
  54. 1 2 International Criminal Court (15 June 2009). Pre-Trial Chamber II commits Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo to trial. Retrieved on 12 July 2009.
  55. ↑ "Former Congo VP attends funeral ahead of war crimes trial". Agence France-Presse (8 July 2009). Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  56. ↑ rfi.fr
  57. ↑ allafrica.com
  58. ↑ networkedblogs.com
  59. ↑ Kevin Sieff (March 21, 2016). "In historic ruling, international court cites rape in war crimes conviction of ex-Congo official". Washington Post.

Further reading

External links

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