Jigme Singye Wangchuck

Jigme Singye Wangchuck
King-Father of Bhutan
Reign 24 July 1972 – 9 December 2006
Coronation 2 June 1974
Predecessor Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Successor Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
Born (1955-11-11) 11 November 1955
Dechenchholing Palace,
Thimphu, Bhutan
Spouse Dorji Wangmo
Tshering Pem
Tshering Yangdon
Sangay Choden
Issue Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
Sonam Dechan Wangchuck
Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck
Kesang Choden Wangchuck
Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck
Khamsum Singye Wangchuck
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Euphelma Choden Wangchuck
Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck
House Wangchuck
Father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Mother Kesang Choden

Jigme Singye Wangchuck (born 11 November 1955) was the King of Bhutan (Druk Gyalpo) from 1972 until his abdication in favour of his eldest son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, in 2006. He is credited with many modern reforms in the country.

Early life

Jigme Singye Wangchuck was born at Dechencholing Palace, Thimphu on 11 November 1955, to King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck and Queen Ashi Kesang Choden Wangchuck.[1] The political officer of India stationed in Sikkim and the representative of the Sikkimese government came soon after to offer felicitations to the royal parents and to pay their respect to the newborn prince. At the age of four, sometime in 1959, the young Crown Prince received the offerings of good wishes and respects by the public, monks, and officials for the first time in Taschichho Dzong

The Crown Prince received western and traditional learning in various institutions. He began studying at Dechencholing Palace, when he was six-years old, in 1961. Soon afterwards, he went to study at St Joseph’s College Darjeeling. In 1964, he attended Heatherdown Prep School in England where he completed his studies in 1969. The next phase of his formal education took place at Namselling Palace in 1969. Finally, he attended Ugyen Wangchuck Academy at Satsham Choten in Paro, which was established in 1970, along with a class of selected students from all over Bhutan.

Responsibilities as the Crown Prince

In 1971, the King appointed the Crown Prince as the Chairman of Planning Commission, charged with the planning and co-ordination of the five year development plan.[2] The following year, on June 16, 1972, he was made the Tongsa Penlop bestowing on him directly the yellow scarf or namza. The 3rd Five-Year Plan,[3] which spanned the period 1971-77, was in progress when his father died. The Crown Prince was 16 at that time. The mantle of leadership, when Bhutan was at a crossroads both domestically and internationally, fell on him. 1972 to 1976 was the period of the 3rd FYP, and 1976 to 1981 was the period of 4th FYP.[4] As both King and the Chairman of the Planning Commission, the clearing house for the programmes and projects, Jigme Singye guided the planned activities first in broad terms and then increasingly in detail.

Royal Wedding

Royal Wedding of Wangchuck was held in the sacred Dechog Lhakhang in Punakha on 31 October, corresponding with the auspicious Descending Day of Lord Buddha. The four queens, Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck, Ashi Tshering Pem Wangchuck, Ashi Tshering Yangdon Wangchuck and Ashi Sangay Choden Wangchuck are daughters of Yab Ugyen Dorji, the descendant of both the mind and speech incarnations of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel and Yum Thuji Zam.[5]

Rural Development

In his Coronation Address on June 2, 1974 King Jigme Singye stressed the need "to attain self-reliance and preserve Bhutan’s sovereignty and independence." He also stressed that any development undertaking should be a genuine collaboration between the people and the government. During the 1970s, immediate aims for rural households unfolded in terms of intensive valley projects, cash crops cultivation, especially potatoes – irrigation, and resettlement. Enhancing the income and livelihood of the rural people were the main focus of the 3rd and 4th FYPs. Soon after he acceded to the throne, Jigme Singye launched the Tashigang and Tsirang Intensive Valley Development Projects in 1972. These projects were part of a larger vision of food self-sufficiency and income generation.

Encouraged by the achievements in the Tashigang and Tsirang Intensive Valley Projects, similar valley projects were replicated in Mongar and the newly created Shumar (Pemagatshel) districts. These projects were also sites of experimental and participatory decision making. It led to the formation of Dzongkhag Yargay Tshogchungs (DYTs), which brought the chimis, gups and officials to prepare plans together. By 1981, Tashigang and Tsirang had fully functional DYTs. In higher altitude areas a new initiative by Wangchuck in early 1970s consisted of diffusing potatoes as cash crops, first tested in royal pastureland of Longtoed and Longmed, which had been converted to potato farms. Beginning with the large-scale production in Khaling and Chapcha, potatoes become a key export crop, reaching 60,000 MT (metric tons), grown by over 10,725 households by 2006.

In southern Bhutan, the focus was on growing citrus fruits. For example, in 1977, the King encouraged the people of Dagana to start cardamom and orange plantations. Both of these cash crops are now major sources of rural income as 3,400 MT of cardamom, 55,558 MT of oranges and 7,400 MT of apples were produced in 2006 due to the initiatives taken first in 1970s.

Socio-economic Development

Jigme Singye Wangchuk in 2007 with Ellen Sauerbrey

A Kasho (royal decree) issued by King Jigme Singye in 1986 directed the Planning Commission[6] to ensure that "the basis for the evaluation of the achievements of the Sixth Plan is to see whether the people enjoy happiness and comfort".[7] The social and economic indicators point towards sub-ordinate goals, not ultimate goals which was to be measured from a holistic, GNH[8] point of view. Happiness and contentment became the ultimate yardstick of progress.

As a result of broad-based development, every man, woman and child’s life has been affected positively by the transformation of Bhutan. Data, which enables us to compare achievements over time start from 1985 onwards, some 14 years after the king's ascension to the throne.

There is a lack of systematic quantitative information about the social and economic situation of Bhutan for the 1970s. The baselines for historical comparison available today were first collected in 1985 – the year when time series data was collected. Some information that date back to 1974 indicate the low base of infrastructure that existed at that time. There were 11 ill-equipped hospitals, manned mostly by foreign doctors, and 45 basic health units in 1974, the year Jigme Singye's coronation was held.

Sparse networks of 1,332 km of roads had been built by 1974, compared to 4,544 by the end of his reign in 2006. In 1974, 24 wireless stations linked the rest of the country. Telephone connections, mostly for officials in Thimphu, were limited to 480 in 1974 compared to 31,526 in 2006.

There were 13,410 students enrolled in schools compared to 151,260 or so in 2006. By 2006, school enrolment touched 90%, literacy 60%, and both were so mainly due to a free education policy (more information at Education in Bhutan and Ministry of Education Website).

Health services, safe drinking water and better nutrition have led to a 66-year life-span and lower morbidity during this life span. One of the constraints in education and health was the lack of qualified people. In 1976, King Jigme Singye commanded the establishment of the Royal Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS) and the first batch of Health Assistants and Basic Health Workers passed out in 1986. There were 56 health establishments in 1974; by 2006 we had 715 resulting in 90% free primary health coverage. In 1985, we had nearly 50% health coverage. Infant mortality has fallen from 142 in 1985, to 60 in 2006. This was mainly due to the success of universal child immunisation and the supply of safe drinking water. There were 150 water supply schemes in 1985; this increased to 3,852 by 2006, giving 78% coverage of safe drinking water. Maternal mortality rate dropped from 7.7% in 1985 to 2.6% in 2006.[9]

Besides these human development indicators, material prosperity rose remarkably. The distance between Bhutan and the outside world shortened because of motor road and air services. Druk Air began to fly between Paro and Kolkata in 1983.[10] [11] Wangchuck visited Delhi in 1978 and during that visit he discussed the possibility of having air links with India to promote its trade and commerce. The discussion was fruitful and led to a Donier flight between Paro and Kolkata in 1983. By 2006, air services connected Bhutan to Kathmandu, Delhi, Kolkota, Bangkok, and Dhaka.[10]

Just four million units of electricity were generated in 1974, compared to 3.357 billion units by the end of his reign in 2006. In 1985, just around 10,000 households had electricity, and the number reached over 65,000 metre-point units by 2006. The connectivity of Bhutan increased in his reign through air services, internet, and surface transport. Internet reached Bhutan in 1999. The spread of faxes, telephones, satellite TVs, computers, and the Internet brought Bhutan into a transnational or globalized world. The national income of the country, as measured by GDP, was Nu 2.4 billion in 1985. This increased to Nu 36.9 billion in 2006, which was a 15-fold increase in 21 years. Bhutan’s per capita income reached US $1,500 in 2006 by the end of his reign. In purchasing power parity terms, Bhutan’s per capita income in 2006 was nearly US $4,085.[12] Tourism, Power and Industry

The king introduced an unconventional tourism policy of "high-value, low-volume".[13] Soon after the Coronation, in October 1974, the first group of 20 tourists entered the country through Phuntsholing, as there was no air service then. By 2006, the number of tourists, flown in by Druk Air and who paid royalty, reached 17,344.

One of the landmark developments, soon after his cronation, was the signing of the ambitious Chukha Hydropower Project in March 1974. Construction began in 1983 and the President of India, Ramaswamy Venkataraman and King Jigme Singye inaugurated the Chukha Hydropower Project on 21 October 1988, nearly 13 years after the first discussion on it took place, in 1974. Chukha improved the revenue situation and the financial capacity of the country.[14] In the industrial sphere, an early landmark project planned soon after his coronation was the development of a complete master plan for the construction of the Penden Cement Factory.[15] The actual construction started in 1979 and the company was in production by 1983. The Penden Cement Authority[15] produced about half a million MTs of cement every day, for instance in 2008. Manufacturing and mining spread, mostly in the southern towns.

Culture

The country strived to preserve major local languages, knowledge, beliefs, customs, skills, trades and institutions, and even species of crops and plants. Bhutanese society also remained cohesive because of promoting cultural identities under the Fourth King’s reign. Wangchuck emphasized the distinctive characters of Bhutanese cultures. Wangchuck stated that it is the "distinct identity of our county", and not the nation’s "wealth, weapons and armed forces", that is the vital instrument in securing the sovereignty of the nation. In the 34 years of Wangchuck’s reign, the ten traditional cultural sciences (rignas) received considerable priority. Wangchuck cherished the importance of both the intangible and tangible aspects of Bhutanese culture.

As an example of Wangchuck's support to classical Bhutanese culture he had Tango Shedra[16] built. Tango Shedra[16] became the apex of education according to classical system of cultural sciences, Rignas. Academic monks complete their long studies with bachelor's and master's degrees in Tango. In 2008, 163 candidates – with 14 master's degrees and 149 bachelor's degrees –from Tango Shedra and Sangngag Chokhor Shedra in Paro held their graduation ceremonies at Tango.

Zo rigpa was enhanced by Wangchuck when he opened the Kawajangsa Institution of Zorig (now known as National Institute for Zorig Chusum) in 1971. At first, this institute concentrated on traditional fine arts. A similar institution was opened in 1997 in Tashi Yangtse. The Folk Heritage Museum started by Her Majesty Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck in Kawajangsa, Thimphu in 2001, drew attention to the heritage of lay people’s sustainable products and their lifestyle. Likewise, in 2001, the first Textile Museum opened by Her Majesty Ashi Sangay Choden Wangchuck drew attention to the weaving skills of Bhutan. Skilled artisans – painters, statue-makers, carpenters and masons proliferated in Wangchuck’s reign not only because of these new institutions, but also by receiving on the job training in many new temples and dzongs constructed in the country.

The profile of indigenous medicine also became higher under Wangchuck’s reign. Indigenous medicine spread as a parallel health service due to support to Institute of Indigenous Medicine.[17]

There probably were only about 2,000 monks in the state supported monasteries in 1972 when his reign started. By 2006, the number of monks subsisting on state allowances had increased to little over 6,000. In parallel to the increase in the number of monks and nuns, the monastic infrastructure that included tutors, lamas, temples, gomdeys (meditation centres), and shedras (Buddhist colleges), increased in Wangchuck’s reign. Many new official dratshangs in district headquarters, which hitherto did not have any monastic body, were opened such as Tsirang, Gaylegphug, Tashi Yangtse, Samtse, Pema Gatshel, Chukha, Bumthang and Zhemgang. Numerous affiliate monasteries to each dzongkhag rabdey were also opened throughout the country.

By 2006, there were 13 shedras located in Tango, Dodeydrag, Khothokha, Sanga Choekhor, Gontey, Tshangkha, Tharpaling, Nimalung, Talo Nalanda, Sewla, Ngatsang, Drametse, and Bartsham with a total enrolment of some 700 monks. There were over 24 drubdeys or meditation places, stretching from Singye dzong in the east to Tagchu goenpa in Haa, enlisting 300 officially supported people who meditate on a long term basis in 2006. These numbers were rolled as new meditation to succeed old ones upon their completion. There were over 45 monastic lobdras, where teachers received official stipends and where gomchens (young lay priests) studied. By 2006, there were also 10 nunneries, started on an organized basis, located in Jashar goenpa in Pema Gatshel in the east to Kila Goenpa in Paro in the west.

Environmental Preservation

Wangchuck also enhanced the protection of natural resources such as forests and biodiversity. The emphasis Wangchuck gave to the preservation of nature was of prophetic importance to Bhutan. Wangchuck foresaw the potentially adverse impacts of both increased economic activity and increased population on the fragility of the mountain ecosystem. He raised the importance of preservation of environment during policy discussions, which resulted in vast areas of the country being devoted to parks and sanctuaries. The following list demonstrates it.

  1. 1974, Jigme Dorji National Park declared,
  2. 1974, Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary declared
  3. 1974, Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary declared
  4. 1985 Environmental Studies started in schools
  5. 1988 Bhutan identified as a global hotspot
  6. 1990, National Environment Commission established[18]
  7. 1992, Bhutan Trust Fund for Environment established[19]
  8. 1993, Toorsa Nature Reserve established
  9. 1993, Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park (known earlier as Jow Durshing National Park) established
  10. 1993, Thrumsengla National Park established
  11. 1993, Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary established
  12. 1993, Bomdeling Wildlife Sanctuary established
  13. 1995 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Convention on Biological Diversity signed
  14. 2000 Environment Assessment Act passed[20]
  15. 2003 The Bio-diversity Act of Bhutan, 2003 passed[21]
  16. 2005 Wangchuck and the people of Bhutan received the "Champions of the Earth" Award from UNEP.[22]

2003 Military Operation

The boundary with India was demarcated completely in the reign of King Jigme Singye. Discussion on the China-Bhutan boundary issues have been held since 1986 and the demarcation issues are about to be resolved with China.

The country overcame the militancy of the southern rebels in the 1990s. The king also resolved the Ulfa-Bodo militancy threat to national security and sovereignty. The well-armed militants from Assam and Bengal had illegally entered jungles of southern Bhutan and camped in some 30 locations while carrying out attacks back in Assam and Bengal. For many years the government of Bhutan appealed to the militants to leave the country. Having not heeded to peaceful and friendly gestures, Bhutan was left with no option but to evict them militarily. The king personally headed the military operation and flushed them out in three days.

The remarkable speed and surprise of the military operation planned and executed by King Jigme Singye across all the 30 camps brought an end to over 10 years of security threat to the country (also check Operation All Clear).

Judiciary

At the same time, the justice system received His Majesty’s increasing attention to make it fair, simple, and accessible at low cost. This required, as Wangchuck wrote in a Kasho in 1989,[23] a selection of capable and upright people with impeccable values as judges. He foresaw that integrity of judges is most important. In 1974, there were nine district courts and four sub-district courts compared to 20 district courts and many sub-district courts. The Annual National Judicial Conference was introduced to broaden legal education and standards in 1976: courts were established in dungkhags, along with financial and administrative reforms, and capacity building. The National Legal Course was introduced in 1995; the Penal Code to aid the judges in the proper interpretation of laws and effective adjudication came in 1995, followed by a somewhat Anglo-Saxon based Civil and Criminal Procedure Code in 2001. During Wangchuck’s 34-year reign, some 87 laws were enacted by the National Assembly.

Decentralization

At the end of the 4th FYP (1976-1981),[4] Wangchuck extensively reviewed the successes and challenges of the previous four years of development, which also included the physical inspection of the field projects. Wangchuck envisioned different planning system for the 5th FYP (1981–86)[24] emphasizing decentralization. New dzongdags were appointed in all the 18 districts, with responsibilities of managing public finances and co-ordinating district development plans, in their capacities as chairmen of DYTs. Dzongdags were delegated broad powers to make decisions at the local level in conjunction with gups and chimis. Wangchuck’s strengthening of the governmental sectors went hand in hand with strengthening local bodies like Dzongkhag Yargye Tshogchung (DYT) that Wangchuck founded in 1981, and the Gewog Yargye Tshogchung (GYT) he founded in 1991. He increasingly devolved authority on them.

High Level Visitors to Bhutan

There were many exchanges of visits at the highest level between India and Bhutan during the 34-years reign. Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi (1944-1991) visited Bhutan in 1985, when PM Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) was posthumously conferred the Order of the Druk Wangyel. Indian PM Narasimha Rao (1921-2004) visited Bhutan in 1993. In his 34 years of reign, the Fourth King visited Delhi as many as 17 times, and on average every second year: in 1975, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1989, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2005, and lastly in 2006. The relationship between India and Bhutan became close and warm under Wangchuck, and India has remained Bhutan’s main development partner.

Bhutan’s relationship with India was largely formalised with the 1949 Treaty of friendship. During his visit in July 2006, Wangchuck proposed to India to review and rewrite the 57-year-old treaty, to update it to present context. On 10th February 2007, the new ‘Treaty of Friendship’ was signed between Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and the Indian External Minister, Mr Pranab Mukerjee (born 1935).

During his reign, Wangchuck received many high level foreign visitors to Bhutan including various Prime Ministers of India; PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat in 1985; Prince Naruhito of Japan in 1987; Princess Galyani Vadhana of Thailand; the King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya of Nepal, and President Muhammad Ershad of Bangladesh in 1988; UN Secretary General, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar in 1989; SAARC Chairman, President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom of Maldives, and Prince Vajiralongkorn in 1991; SAARC Chairman President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka in 1992; SAARC Chairperson, Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia of Bangladesh, and King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden in 1994; Indian Foreign Minister, I.K. Gujral in 1996; Australian Deputy Prime Minister, Tim Fischer and the Prince and Princess Akishino of Japan visited Bhutan in 1997; Prince Charles of Wales and former Prime Minister of Japan, Toshiki Kaifu and SAARC Chairman, President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom of Maldives came to Bhutan in 1998.

Wangchuck’s State Visits Abroad

Bhutanese participation in international organisations at various levels increased. Personally, Wangchuck attended the non-aligned and SAARC summits until 1997, travelling to Colombo in 1976 for 8th Non-Aligned Summit; Havana in 1979 for 6th Non-Aligned Summit; New Delhi in 1983 for 5th SAARC Summit and 1995 for 8th SAARC Summit; Harare in 1986 for 8th Non-Aligned Summit; Kathmandu in 1987 for 3rd SAARC Summit; Islamabad in 1988 for 4th SAARC Summit; Belgrade in 1989 for 9th Non-Aligned Summit; Male in 1990 for 5th SAARC Summit, and Dhaka in 1993 for 7th SAARC Summit.

Diplomatic Expansion

Wangchuck emphasised a two-fold foreign policy for Bhutan: to deepen Bhutan’s relations with India and to create new bonds of friendship with fellow members of the UN. To diversify the sources of funding, Bhutan cultivated close relationships with the UN, ever since the visit of a UN Under-Secretary General in 1974. Relationships with other nations widened rapidly after 1974. The Coronation of 1974 brought a large numbers of foreign delegates. Representatives of some 18 nations attended the Coronation. Notably, Chinese representative also attended. Bhutan had supported China’s seat in the United Nations in 1971 soon after Bhutan became a member of the UN. In parallel to the increase in development assistance, the decade between 1980 and 1990 was a period of enhanced diplomacy for Bhutan. In this decade, under the guidance of Wangchuck, Bhutan established diplomatic relations with 17 out of the existing 53 countries, and became associated with 12 out of 20 organizations of the United Nations family.

In Wangchuck’s reign, diplomatic links were developed with many other nations such as Bangladesh in 1973; Kuwait in 1983; Nepal in 1983; The Maldives in 1984; Denmark in 1985; Norway in 1985; Sweden in 1985; Switzerland in 1985; Netherlands in 1985; Japan in 1986; Finland in 1986; South Korea in 1987; Sri Lanka in 1987; Austria in 1989; Thailand in 1991; Bahrain in 1992; Singapore in 2002; Australia in 2002 and Canada in 2003. Wangchuck cultivated bonds of friendship with other countries and strengthened Bhutan-international relationships and diversified its sources of development assistance.

Constitution of Bhutan

"Bhutan must move with the time to ensure that the nation not only overcomes all internal and external threats, but continues to prosper in an atmosphere of peace and stability," was the address of Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuck on 30 November 2001 during the launching ceremony of the drafting of the Constitution.

Under the Chairmanship of Lyonpo Sonam Tobgay, the Chief Justice and the guidance and inspiration of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo, the Constitution Drafting Committee endeavored to draft the sacred document. The constitution of more than 50 countries and other materials and resources were referred for the task.

The first draft of the Constitution was submitted to Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuck on 9 December 2002. Ensuing this, the king briefed the Lhengye Zhungtshog on 21 March 2005: "The adoption of the Constitution will provide the legal framework for a democratic, political system that is best suited for Bhutan and will establish a system of governance that will safeguard the security and sovereignty of the nation and ensure the well-being of the Bhutanese people for all times to come."

On 26 March 2005, the Draft Constitution was released and its website launched. After incorporating the comments of the public, the simplified draft Constitution was circulated on 18 August 2005. Further, in 2005 and 2006, the King also took the Constitution to all the 20 Dzongkhags for public consultations and for the refinement of the sacred document.

The Constitution development process was very rare in that it was initiated from the Throne. This brainchild of the Druk Gyalpo, the Constitution of Bhutan is a special gift to his people. The Constitution will empower the people with their Fundamental Rights. They are also made more responsible with their Fundamental Duties. It also provides the legal framework and systems to ensure sovereignty of the nation, unity, happiness and well-being of the people as well as unfettered justice to the people. Further, the Constitution ensures the preservation and promotion of spiritual and cultural heritage. Most important, the Bhutanese Constitution offers a framework for realizing a government that is representative and is in the best interest of its people.

The drafting of the Constitution for the kingdom of Bhutan is an exemplary stride towards democracy. In many countries the changes in the system of governments were brought externally through revolution and public strife. However, the Bhutanese are fortunate since the change came as a gift to the people of Bhutan from the Throne. The Constitution was offered to the people at a time when the country enjoyed unparalleled peace and stability with total harmony and unshakable fidelity between the King and the people.

Abdication

Wangchuck said after announcing his decision to abdicate "In taking note of the progress that our nation has made over the past thirty-four years, I would like to state that whatever we have achieved so far is due to the merit of the people of Bhutan."

Wives and children

1. HM Dorji Wangmo (20 December 1955, second daughter of Yab Ugen Dorji and Yum Thuiji Zam)

Name Birth Marriage Issue
Princess Ashi
Sonam Dechan Wangchuck (Photo) 		5 August 1981 5 April 2009 Dasho Phub W. Dorji[25][26]
Prince Dasho
Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck (Photo) 		6 July 1984

2. HM Tshering Pem (20 December 1957, third daughter)

Name Birth Marriage Issue
Princess Ashi
Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck (Photo) 		10 January 1980 13 October 2005 Dasho Sangay Wangchuk[25] son[25]
(ca. 09/2006)
Princess Ashi
Kesang Choden Wangchuck (Photo) 		23 January 1982 11 November 2008 Dasho Palden Yoeser Thinley[25][27]
Prince Dasho
Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck 		11 November 1994

3. HM Tshering Yangdon (21 June 1959, fourth daughter)

Name Birth Marriage Issue
King Druk Gyalpo
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 		21 February 1980 13 October 2011 Jetsun Pema[25] Crown Prince Druk Gyalsey
Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck[28]
(5 February 2016 (age 3 months 2 days))
Princess Ashi
Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck (Photo) 		2 December 1981 29 Oct 2009 Dasho Tandin Namgyel[25][29]
Prince Dasho
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (Photo) 		14 April 1986 17 October 2013 Yetsho Lhamo[30]

4. HM Sangay Choden (11 May 1963, fifth daughter)

Name Birth Marriage Issue
Prince Dasho
Khamsum Singye Wangchuck (Photo) 		6 October 1985
Princess Ashi
Euphelma Choden Wangchuck (Photo) 		6 June 1993

Styles

Honours

National honours

Foreign honours

References

  1. ↑ dpal ‘brug zhib ‘jug lte ba (2008). ‘brug brgyd ‘zin gyi rgyal mchog bzhi pa mi dbang ‘jigs med seng ge dbang pyug mchog ge rtogs rtogs brjod bzhugs so (The Biography of the Fourth King of Bhutan). Thimphu: The Centre for Bhutan Studies. ISBN 978-99936-14-57-9.
  2. ↑ Gross National Happiness Commission, Thimphu, Bhutan
  3. ↑ Gross National Happiness Commission. "Third Five Year Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-12.
  4. 1 2 "Salient Features of 4th Plan" (PDF). Gross National Happiness Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
  5. ↑ Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck (Her Majesty the Queen Mother of Bhutan) (1999). Of Rainbows and Clouds, The Life of Yab Ugyen Dorji as told to her Daughter. London: Serindia Publications. ISBN 978-0906026496.
  6. ↑ Sonam Tobgay. "Gross National Happiness Commission". gnhc.gov.bt.
  7. ↑ Gross National Happiness Commission. "6th Five Year Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  8. ↑ http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com
  9. ↑ Ministry of Health. "Annual Health Bulletin 2006". Retrieved 2015-06-12.
  10. 1 2 Druk Air Website, Bhutan.
  11. ↑ "::: Drukair :::". drukair.com.bt.
  12. ↑ National Statistics Bureau. "National Accounts Statistics 2000-2006" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-12.
  13. ↑ "About TCB". tourism.gov.bt.
  14. ↑ Tshering Pamo. "About Chhukha Hydropower Plant". drukgreen.bt.
  15. 1 2 Penden Cement Authority Ltd., Gomtu, Bhutan.
  16. 1 2 Tango Shedra, Bhutan.
  17. ↑ National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Thimphu, Bhutan.
  18. ↑ http://www.nec.gov.bt/
  19. ↑ http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/
  20. ↑ Royal Government of Bhutan. "Environmental Assessment Act 2000" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-20..
  21. ↑ Royal Government of Bhutan. "The Biodiversity Act of Bhutan" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  22. ↑ United Nations Environment Programme, First-Ever UNEP ‘Champions of the Earth’ Presented to Seven Environmental Leaders
  23. ↑ Nishimizu, Mieko (2008). "Portrait of a Leader, Through the Looking-Glass of His Majestry’s Decrees" (PDF). Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
  24. ↑ Gross National Happiness Commission. "5th Five Year Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "bhutan4". royalark.net.
  26. ↑ Bhutan Majestic Travel, Wedding news
  27. ↑ Bhutan Majestic Travel, Wedding news
  28. ↑ "Bhutan's Queen Jetsun Pema gives birth to crown prince". BBC. February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  29. ↑ Bhutan Majestic Travel, Wedding news
  30. ↑ Royal Wedding

External References

External links

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Jigme Singye Wangchuck
House of Wangchuck
Born: 11 November 1955
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck		 King of Bhutan
1972–2006 		Succeeded by
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
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