John Septimus Roe

Statue of Roe, at the corner of Victoria Avenue and Adelaide Terrace, Perth

John Septimus Roe (8 May 1797 – 28 May 1878) was the first Surveyor-General of Western Australia. He was a renowned explorer, and a Member of Western Australia's Legislative and Executive Councils for nearly 40 years.

Early life

John Septimus Roe was born at Newbury, Berkshire on 8 May 1797. He was the seventh son of James Roe, the rector of Newbury. At ten, Roe was sent to Christ's Hospital School in London, to study for a career as a school teacher. There, he showed a great aptitude for mathematics, and was selected for training by the Mathematical School, which trained selected students for service in the Royal Navy. He was an outstanding student, and was apprenticed to the Navy at the age of 15.

Naval service

John Septimus Roe, 1824

John Septimus Roe entered the Naval service on 11 June 1813. His first appointment was as a midshipman on HMS Rippon, captained by Sir Christopher Cole. Over the next year, the Rippon was engaged in a blockade of the French coast. After the Napoleonic wars ended in 1814, the Rippon returned to England, and Roe was appointed as a midshipman to HMS Horatio under Captain Dillon on 17 August. Roe travelled with HMS Horatio' until January 1817. On 4 February 1817, the Admiralty appointed him to the surveying service in New South Wales, under the command of Captain Phillip Parker King; Roe sailed for New South Wales on the troopship Dick, arriving on 3 September 1817.

New South Wales survey service

Roe's first survey journey as assistant to King was the King expedition of 1817, a rough survey of the northern and north-west coast of Australia. The party sailed from Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) on board the Mermaid on 21 December 1817, sailing south then west along the south coast of Australia. While anchored at King George Sound in January 1818, Roe nearly drowned in the Kalgan River while trying to circumnavigate Oyster Harbour. Later, Roe was permitted to name a bay on the north west coast, which he named Nickol Bay in honour of a man who had been lost overboard. On the north coast, King named a point on the peninsula Mount Roe in Roe's honour. The Mermaid eventually returned down the west coast and back along the south coast to Sydney, arriving on 29 July.

At the end of December 1818, the Mermaid sailed to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) to survey the Derwent River and the eastern coast to Macquarie Harbour. It was a simple task, and they were back in Sydney by the middle of February 1819.

The next voyage, the King expedition of 1819, was expected to last eight or nine months. Their mission was to make a proper survey of the northern coast. After leaving Sydney on 8 May 1819, the Mermaid rounded Cape York and crossed the Gulf of Carpentaria. They then spent a substantial period exploring and surveying the coast and islands of Arnhem Land, before surveying Bathurst Island, then discovering and surveying Cambridge Gulf. They then continued their survey of the coast, past Cape Londonderry and westwards as far as the Bonaparte Archipelago. Again they crossed to Timor for provisions, then returned to Sydney.

Roe's next voyage, the King expedition of 1820, was again intended to survey along the north coast, but they ran into violent weather almost as soon as they left Sydney. Mermaid's bowsprit was lost, and she was forced to return to Sydney with three feet of water in the hold. After taking repairs, she left without incident, rounded Cape York and again headed west along the coast of Arnhem Land. At Goulburn Island, Roe was ambushed by natives and narrowly escaped with his life. Continuing west, Mermaid developed such a bad leak that King decided to careen her at a bay that was in consequence named Careening Bay. On completion of repairs, the Mermaid was still found to be leaking, so the decision was taken to return to Sydney along the west and south coasts. In York Sound, two rivers were discovered and traced, one of them being named Roe River in honour of Roe's father.

On return to Port Jackson, the Mermaid was found to be no longer seaworthy, and was replaced by the brig Bathurst. In May 1821, Roe sailed in the Bathurst on the King expedition of 1821. They sailed north up the coast, anchoring at Cairncross Island in bad weather on 30 June. When the sails were hauled in, the fore top-mast stay-sail halliards were accidentally let go, and Roe, who was at the masthead holding onto them, fell 50 feet (15 m) onto the deck. He was knocked unconscious, but was not badly hurt; he recovered quickly, but in later years would attribute to this accident the loss of sight in his right eye.

Despite the accident, the expedition proceeded to the west coast, which was surveyed as far as Roebuck Bay. At the end of August, they sailed for Mauritius. After three weeks there, they headed south to King George Sound. They then sailed north up the west coast, surveying as they went, before returning to Port Jackson. During this voyage, Roe was promoted to lieutenant.

Back in Sydney, Roe carried out a survey of Sydney Harbour. Despite the capsizing of his boat on 19 August 1822, with the loss of four lives, the survey was completed, to be published by the Admiralty in 1826. Shortly after completion of the survey, Roe returned to England on the Bathurst, arriving in June 1823.

Roe received his next commission on 2 February 1824. His instructions were to return to Australia on board the Tamar. The Tamar arrived in Sydney in July, and the following month was sent to help establish a settlement at Melville Island. The Melville Island settlement was officially established on 21 October, and shortly afterwards the Tamar sailed for Bombay, where she was refitted and reprovisioned. She then spent some time in surveying and naval duties between Ceylon, India and Rangoon. Britain was then at war with Burma, and Roe's services in the Burma War were later recognised when he was awarded the Burma Medal in 1827. After a number of other excursions, Tamar returned to England, arriving late in November.

Surveyor-General of Western Australia

John Septimus Roe, 1850s

Back in England, Roe spent some time recovering his health, which had been poor, and visiting his family. He also spent some time courting his future wife, Matilda Bennett. When the position of Surveyor-General of New South Wales became vacant, he expressed interest, but was informed it had already been filled. Shortly afterwards, however, he was offered the position of Surveyor-General of Western Australia, to be attached to an intended new settlement at the Swan River. Roe accepted on the condition that the position be a civilian appointment, as he was keen to leave the navy.

Having accepted the position, Roe had little time to set his affairs in order, as the official party would soon be leaving on the Parmelia. He then set about the purchase of equipment for his own requirements and for the surveying office. The Roes embarked upon the Parmelia on 3 February 1829.

Marriage and family

Roe proposed to Matilda Bennett and they married before leaving for Australia in February 1829. Matilda Roe's fondness for gardening is claimed to be the reason for the kink between St Georges Terrace and Adelaide Terrace, the main streets through Perth's central business district.^[1] Their home in Western Australia for many years was "Mandalay", Middle Swan, later the home of the art dealer and benefactor Claude Hotchin.^[2]

Roe and his wife had thirteen children.^[3] The fifth son, Frederick Mackie Roe, was second-in-command on Charles Cooke Hunt's 1866 expedition to Lake Lefroy in the Coolgardie region.

Establishing the Swan River Colony

Survey Map of the Swan River Colony circa 1830s

The Parmelia arrived at the Swan River on 1 June 1829. Roe immediately set about making preliminary surveys of the harbour, river and surrounding land. The sites of Perth and Fremantle were chosen on his recommendation, and he was responsible for laying out the towns. During this period, Roe had only a single assistant to help him. Because of the immediate need to survey the harbour and lay out the towns, no rural blocks were surveyed until September. The unexpected arrival of three shiploads of settlers in August, all of whom expected to take up land immediately, put Roe's department under extreme pressure. By April the following year 36 ships had brought settlers to the colony, and Roe's department had a massive backlog of blocks to survey. Roe later said of this period:

"I went there with the very first ship, with the first Governor, Captain Stirling. I had on my staff only one assistant surveyor, and what could be done with one assistant, with the whole of the townships to be fixed upon and surveyed, the country to be examined, the settlers located, the harbours to be surveyed, &c. &c.? It was perfectly impossible to do more than we did. Everything that could be done was done, but it was insufficient to place the people on their lands in time to prevent their sustaining very great losses."¹

Exploring Western Australia

John Septimus Roe conducted numerous exploring expeditions between 1829 and 1849:

• In June 1829, he explored the Swan and Canning River;
• In January 1830, he explored the country around Leschenault, the Collie, Ferguson and Preston Rivers, Cape Naturaliste and Geographe Bay;
• In November 1831, he explored the area around Albany, Doubtful Island Bay, Torbay, Wilsons Inlet, the Kalgan River and Kojonup;
• In 1832 he explored around the Hotham and Williams Rivers;
• In 1834, he explored to Pinjarra on the Murray River, then Bunbury, Kojonup, Albany and back to Perth; the Battle of Pinjarra occurred during this expedition;
• In 1835, he explored the area around Moorilup on the Kalgan River, then explored the Hay and Sleeman Rivers.
• In October and November 1835, he was part of the Great Southern Expedition, which explored the country between Perth and Albany by two different routes, with a view to deciding on a route for a road between the two towns;
• In October and November the following year, he explored the land 180 miles east and 100 miles north from Perth;
• In December 1837 he discovered and surveyed Peel Harbour and Warnbro Sound.
• In January 1838 he explored the coast between the Swan River and Cape Naturaliste;
• In June 1838 he explored from the Swan River to Bunbury via the Murray, Harvey, Collie and Preston Rivers, then returned along the base of the Roe and Darling Ranges;
• In May 1839 he passed through unexplored country on an expedition to rescue from starvation three men who had been part of George Grey's disastrous expedition to Shark Bay;
• In December the same year, he travelled overland with Governor Hutt to Albany and back, using new routes;
• In June 1847, he explored the country around and north of Champion Bay.
• From September 1848, he conducted a five-month-long expedition "from Avon River to Stirling Range, and thence eastward to Russell Range and Cape Pasley on the south coast, and 60 to 100 miles inland, returning by different routes on this occasion discovered coal on the Rivers Fitzgerald and Phillips."² Roe was seriously injured on this expedition, and undertook no additional ones.

In addition to the many expeditions undertaken by Roe, he inspired and directed others, including those of Robert Dale, Augustus and Francis Gregory, Robert Austin, Charles Hunt and John Forrest. For his broad influence on explorations, Roe has been described as the "father of Australian explorers".

Later life

John Septimus Roe, 1870

With the death of Matilda in 1871, Roe sought permission to retire. At 73 years of age, he had served the colony for more than 40 years.^[4] Already blind in one eye, he became increasingly infirm over the next five years. He died on 28 May 1878 and was honoured a public burial in East Perth Cemetery.

Legacy

Arguably the most significant legacy left by Roe was the setting aside of Kings Park. As early as December 1830, Roe responded to a request to cut timber below Mount Eliza with: "Mr. Mews to be informed that the neighbourhood of Mt. Eliza is reserved for public purposes". Although it is widely accepted that Roe's successors Malcolm Fraser and John Forrest were most instrumental in the establishment of Kings Park, Roe was clearly responsible for the initial setting aside of the park.

Roe was the founding president of the Swan River Mechanics' Institute, holding the position until his death. Both the Western Australian Museum and the State Library of Western Australia emerged from the Institute, Roe's large scientific collection forming the basis for the museum's collection. Jackson (1982) has argued that Roe can be regarded as the founder of both institutions.

During Roe's time in term in the Survey Office, he attempted to transcribe every journal of exploration in Western Australia. His Letterbook of Explorers' Journals survives to this day, as a result of which Western Australia has an exceptionally good record of its early explorations, nearly every significant journal being extant from 1827 until Roe's retirement in 1870.

In 1955 the State Library obtained on indefinite loan a large collection of log books, diaries and letters left by Roe. The collection constitutes one of the most important private collections ever to be lodged with the library.

John Septimus Roe was honored in numerous place names:

• The town of Roebourne, Western Australia;
• Mount Roe ;
• Roelands, a town near Bunbury;
• The Roe River;
• The Roe Range;
• The Roe Highway, a major highway in Perth;
• A poison weed found near Muntadgin, Western Australia was named Roe poison because Roe had found it near York;
• Roe Street, Perth;
• The electoral district of Roe in the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia;
• John Septimus Roe Anglican Community School in Mirrabooka;
• Caladenia roei, a species of Orchid published in Bentham's Flora Australiensis; and
• Haliotis roei, a species of Abalone shell from Western Australia and South Australia

Notes

1. Quote from Roe's evidence before the House of Commons Select Committee on Transportation, 22 March 1861.
2. Quote from Roe's personal list of explorations.

See also

• O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). " Roe, John Septimus".  A Naval Biographical Dictionary. John Murray. Wikisource. 

References

1. Anthea Cannon Illuminating tours need guiding lights in The West Australian 17 March 2007
2. "This and That". Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954) (Perth, WA: National Library of Australia). 4 November 1954. p. 25. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
3. http://www.valuingheritage.com.au/adoptagrave/Roe_John_Septimus.html
4. Biggs, Hazel (1997). Exploring in Western Australia. Western Australian Museum. pp. 25–27. ISBN 0-7309-8395-1.

• Jackson, Janice Lynne Burton (1982). Not an Idle Man: A Biography of John Septimus Roe, Western Australia's First Surveyor-General (1797-1878). Fremantle, Western Australia: Fremantle Arts Centre Press. ISBN 0-9592975-0-2.
• King, Phillip Parker (1827). Narrative of a Survey of the Inter-tropical and Western Coasts of Australia: Volume One. London: John Murray.
• King, Phillip Parker (1827). Narrative of a Survey of the Inter-tropical and Western Coasts of Australia: Volume Two. London: John Murray.
• Mercer, F. R. (1962). Amazing Career: The Life and Work of John Septimus Roe, First Surveyor-General of Western Australia. Perth, Western Australia: Paterson Brokensha.
• Shoobert, Joanne (ed) (2005). Western Australian Exploration: Volume One, December 1826–December 1835. Victoria Park, Western Australia: Hesperian Press. ISBN 0-85905-351-2.
• Cannon, Anthea (2007). Illuminating tours need guiding lights in The West Australian, 17 March 2007
• Letters of John Septimus Roe, 1807-1829, Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW Manuscript, oral history and pictures catalogue