JÅkyÅ«
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JÅkyÅ« (承久), also called ShÅkyÅ«, was a Japanese era name (å¹´å·, nengÅ, lit. year name) after KempÅ and before JÅÅ. This period spanned the years from April 1219 through April 1222.[1] The reigning emperor was Juntoku-tennÅ (é †å¾³å¤©çš‡).[2]
Change of era
- 1219 JÅkyÅ« gannen (承久元年): The new era name was created because the previous era ended and a new one commenced in Kempo 3, on the 6th day of the 12th month of 1213.[3]
Events of the JÅkyÅ« era
- February 12, 1219 (JÅkyÅ« 1, 26th day of the 1st month): Shogun Sanetomo was assassinated on the steps of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gÅ« in Kamakura. The 40 years during which Minamoto no Yoritomo, Minamoto no Yoriie and Minamoto no Sanetomo were successive heads of the Kamakura shogunate was sometimes called "the period of the three shoguns."[4] A new shogun was not to be named for several years during which the Kamakura bureaucracy nevertheless continued to function without interruption.
- 1220 (JÅkyÅ« 2, 2nd month): The emperor visited the Iwashimizu Shrine and the Kamo Shrines.[5]
- May 13, 1221 (JÅkyÅ« 3, 20th day of the 4th month): In the 11th year of Juntoku-tennÅ 's reign (é †å¾³å¤©çš‡11å¹´), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by eldest son who was only 4 years old. Shortly thereafter, Emperor ChÅ«kyÅ is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[6] The reign of Emperor ChÅ«kyÅ spans a small number of months.
- July 29, 1221 (JÅkyÅ« 3, 9th day of the 7th month): In the 1st year of what is now considered to have been ChÅ«kyÅ-tennÅ 's reign (仲æå¤©çš‡1å¹´), he abruptly abdicated without designating an heir; and contemporary scholars then construed that the succession (senso)[7] was received by a grandson of former Emperor Go-Toba.[8]
- 1221 (JÅkyÅ« 3): The JÅkyÅ« War (JÅkyÅ« no ran) was an armed attempt by Emperor Go-Toba and his supporters, trying unsuccessfully to take power from the Kamakura bakufu.[1]
- January 14, 1222 (JÅkyÅ« 3, 1st day of the 12th month): Emperor Go-Horikawa acceded to the throne (sokui).[9]
Notes
- 1 2 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "JÅkyÅ«" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 431; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
- ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 230-238; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). GukanshÅ, pp. 341-343; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). JinnÅ ShÅtÅki. pp. 221-223.
- ↑ Brown, p. 341.
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 235. There is a scholarly discrepancy in the specific date of the assassination -- on the 26th day of the 1st month of the 1st year of JÅkyÅ« (Tuesday, February 12, 1219) according to Titsingh; Murray, p. 504; Brinkley, Frank. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era, p. 339; and Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). Sovereign and Subject, p. 140. Alternately, Sanetomo's death is recorded as January 27, 1219 according to Mass, Jeffrey P. (1995). Court and Bakufu in Japan: Essays in Kamakura History, p. 157; Kamiya, Michinori (2008). Fukaku Aruku - Kamakura Shiseki Sansaku. Vol. 1, pp. 17-23; Mutsu, Iso (2006). Kamakura: Fact and Legend, p. 103. Japanese Wikipedia identifies Sanetomo's death as February 13, 1219.
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 236.
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 236; Brown, p.343; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except JitÅ, YÅzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.
- ↑ Varley, p. 44.
- ↑ Brown, p. 344; Titsingh, p. 238.
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 95; Brown, p. 344; Varley, p. 44.
References
- Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida. (1979). The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'GukanshÅ', an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 5145872
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: JinnÅ ShÅtÅki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231049405; OCLC 6042764
External links
- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- New York Public Library Digital Gallery, early photograph of Shrine steps where Sanetomo was killed
Preceded by Kempo |
Era or nengÅ JÅkyÅ« 1219–1222 |
Succeeded by JÅÅ |
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