Juan Ponce Enrile

This article is about the Philippine senator. For his son, see Juan Ponce Enrile, Jr.. For the town, see Enrile, Cagayan.

Juan Ponce Enrile, Sr.


Senate Minority Floor Leader
Incumbent
Assumed office July 22, 2013
Preceded by	Alan Peter Cayetano
Succeeded by	Tito Sotto (Acting)
Senator of the Philippines
Incumbent
Assumed office June 30, 2004
In office June 30, 1995 – June 30, 2001
In office August 15, 1987 – June 30, 1992
26th President of the Senate of the Philippines
In office November 17, 2008 – June 5, 2013
President	Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2008–2010) Benigno S. Aquino III (2010–2013)
Preceded by	Manny Villar
Succeeded by	Franklin Drilon
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Cagayan's First District
In office June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1995
Preceded by	Domingo A. Tuazon
Succeeded by	Patricio T. Antonio
Mambabatas Pambansa (Assemblyman) from Cagayan
In office June 30, 1984 – March 25, 1986 Served with: Antonio C. Carag Alfonso R. Reyno, Jr.
Mambabatas Pambansa (Assemblyman) from Region II
In office June 12, 1978 – June 5, 1984
Minister of National Defense
In office January 4, 1972 – November 23, 1986
President	Ferdinand Marcos Corazon Aquino
Preceded by	Ferdinand Marcos
Succeeded by	Rafael Ileto
In office February 9, 1970 – August 27, 1971
President	Ferdinand Marcos
Preceded by	Ernesto Mata
Succeeded by	Ferdinand Marcos
Secretary of Justice
In office December 17, 1968 – February 7, 1970
President	Ferdinand Marcos
Preceded by	Claudio Teehankee, Sr.
Succeeded by	Felix Makasiar
Secretary of Finance (acting)
In office 1966–1968
President	Ferdinand Marcos
Preceded by	Eduardo Romualdez
Succeeded by	Eduardo Romualdez
Personal details
Born	Juanito Furagganan (1924-02-14) February 14, 1924 Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippine Islands
Nationality	Filipino
Political party	Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (2001–present)
Other political affiliations	Nacionalista (1965-1972; 1987-1995) KBL (1978–1986) Liberal (1995–2001) UNA (2012–2015)
Spouse(s)	Cristina Castañer
Children	Juan Ponce Enrile, Jr. Katrina Ponce Enrile
Residence	Gonzaga, Cagayan Dasmariñas Village, Makati City, Metro Manila
Alma mater	Ateneo de Manila University University of the Philippines College of Law Harvard Law School
Occupation	Lawyer
Profession	Politician
Religion	Roman Catholic formerly Aglipayan

Juan Ponce Enrile Sr. (born February 14, 1924) is a Filipino politician and lawyer. He was a protégé of President Ferdinand Marcos, and served as Justice Secretary and then Defense Minister under the Marcos regime. He later became one of the leaders (along with General Fidel V. Ramos) of the 1986 People Power Revolution that drove Marcos from power and into exile. Enrile has continued to be a prominent politician since then; he was Senate President from November 2008 until his resignation on June 5, 2013.

Early life and career

Enrile was born in Gonzaga, Cagayan, to Petra Furagganan, the stepdaughter of a poor fisherman. He was born out of wedlock—his father was the already married powerful regional politician and renowned lawyer Alfonso Ponce Enrile, and his second great-uncle was Mariano Ponce. As a young man, he was reunited with his father in the City of Manila and took his secondary education at the Saint James Academy in Malabon.

He graduated cum laude in 1949 with an Associate of Arts degree at the Ateneo de Manila University. Afterward, he attended the University of the Philippines College of Law and graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Laws degree. While in law school, he joined the Sigma Rho fraternity. Upon graduation, he was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu and Phi Kappa Phi international honor societies. He achieved the 11th highest score in the 1953 bar examinations with a 91.72% rating and a perfect score in mercantile law. As a scholar at the Harvard Law School, he earned a Master of Laws degree with specialized training in international tax law.

He taught law at the Far Eastern University and practiced law in his father's law firm before taking responsibility for then Senator Ferdinand Marcos's personal legal affairs in 1964, especially during the latter's term as Senate President. After Marcos was elected president in 1965, Enrile became part of his inner circle. From 1966 to 1968, he was the Undersecretary and sometime Acting Secretary of the Department of Finance. He concurrently became acting Insurance Commissioner and Commissioner of the Bureau of Customs. From 1968 to 1970, he was the Secretary of Justice.

Secretary of National Defense

Minister of National Defense Juan Ponce Enrile with President Ferdinand Marcos.

In 1970 Enrile was appointed Secretary of the Department of National Defense. He left his post in 1971 to run unsuccessfully for a Senate seat. He was appointed Defense Chief in 1972. One of Marcos' justifications for the declaration of martial law that year was terrorism. He cited the alleged ambush attack on Enrile's car on September 21, 1972. In 1973, under the new modified parliamentary system then in place under the country's new constitution, Enrile's title became Defense Minister. As Defense Minister, he presided over the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, making him one of the prime architects of Marcos' martial rule. As a requirement for his position as part of the cabinet under the parliamentary selection for assemblyman representing Cagayan Valley for the Interim Batasang Pambansa in 1978.

As the 1980s began, Marcos began to disregard Enrile's authority as defense minister when he changed the chain of command in the military. Under the new chain of command, the authority would evolve from him as president and commander-in-chief of the armed forces to his trusted military officer, General Fabian Ver, then the chief of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Meaning, Enrile was bypassed and officers with close ties with him were being removed from command positions or being demoted and sometimes, would be retired forcibly from military service.

After opposition leader Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. was assassinated on August 21, 1983, Enrile started to break away from the increasingly unpopular Marcos dictatorship. He began aligning himself with dissident elements in the army, particularly the Reform the Armed Forces Movement - which was then headed by his Aide-de-camp, Lt. Col. Gregorio Honasan. Officers from this group, with Enrile's support, launched a coup d'état against Marcos in February 1986. Marcos was alerted to the plot by then General Ver, and the conspirators took refuge in two military camps. From there, Ponce Enrile and then Lt. General Fidel Ramos, the head of the defunct Philippine Constabulary (was integrated with the INP to form the Philippine National Police) and concurrently vice-chief of staff of the armed forces, rallied opponents against Marcos in a citizens' revolt that became known as the People Power Revolution. At the same time, Enrile revealed details of the public deception he had perpetuated while serving in the Marcos government. This included being aware of fraudulent voting in the 1986 presidential election and faking an assassination attempt on his own life in 1972, which helped provide Marcos with the justification for declaring martial law.

Enrile served as Secretary of National Defense under Corazon Aquino, who had replaced Marcos as president, but he increasingly differed with Aquino, specifically on the administration's handling of insurgent leftist opposition. As a result, he was forced to resign as Defense Secretary in November 1986.

Congressional career

First Senate term

In May 1987 Enrile won a seat in the 1987 election as one of two opposition members in the country's 24-member Senate (the other being Joseph Estrada), finishing 24th. He was unable to be proclaimed until August, when the electoral protest filed by Augusto Sanchez was dismissed. He formally assumed office on August 15, 1987. In the same month, an attempted coup against Aquino escalated and led to the destruction of the Armed Forces General Headquarters (AFPGHQ) in Camp Aguinaldo in Quezon City. He was detained in Camp Aguinaldo over suspicion of planning the coup with Lt. Col. Gregorio Honasan, but was released days later for lack of evidence.

Member of the House of Representatives

In 1992, before his term in the Senate had ended, Enrile predicted that he might lose the senatorial election or win, but only serve three years in office. Under the transitory provisions of the 1987 Constitution, the 12 candidates who receive the greatest number of votes serve a six-year term, the next 12 only three years. He ran instead for the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He was elected and represented the First District of Cagayan.

Second to fourth senate terms

In 1995 Enrile ran in the senatorial race as an independent candidate for senator and was also a guest candidate under the Lakas–Laban coalition. He won as senator and held the position until 2001. During his term as senator, he ran as an independent candidate in the 1998 election for the position of President. He lost to then Vice President Joseph Estrada.

On January 13, 2001 he was one of those who voted against the opening of the second bank envelope. That vote led to the second EDSA People Power Revolution that eventually ousted President Estrada. From April 30 to May 1, 2001, together with Miriam Defensor Santiago, Gregorio Honasan, Panfilo Lacson and Vicente Sotto III, he led the EDSA III protests in support of Joseph Estrada.^[1]^[2] May 1, 2001, the protesters stormed Malacañang Palace.^[2] In May 2001 he was indicted by the military for the investigation of the unsuccessful siege of the Malacañan Palace by pro-Estrada forces. He was released a day later. He ran for reelection as part of the Puwersa ng Masa coalition. Due to the issues that haunted him over the failed siege, he lost the election.

In the 2004 election, he made a comeback bid for the Senate under the Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP) banner. He actively opposed the imposition of the Purchased Power Adjustment (PPA) on consumers' electric bills. Due to his exposé of the PPA and the Supreme Court decision in favour of a refund on electric bills, the public responded positively and elected him. He thus became a senator in three non-consecutive terms. He was reelected as senator in the 2010 elections. As of 2013, he is the oldest senator of the 15th Congress of the Philippines. Enrile is affiliated with the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP). Technically he belongs to an opposition party, but in the Senate, he stands as an independent and is part of the administration bloc. The minority bloc includes all of his party's members.

Senate Presidency

Election

On November 17, 2008, Senate President Manuel Villar resigned due to lack of support, and Enrile succeeded him the same day.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Enrile was nominated by Panfilo Lacson; 14 senators supported the nomination and five abstained.^[4] Enrile accepted the position, saying that "To lead the Senate with its great minds, strong advocacies, varying and independent political beliefs and leanings, is not an easy task. But it is precisely this variance in points of view and the battle of great ideas that provide the dynamism we need to craft legislation that takes into account and balances the competing interests involved – with the end in view of serving the greater good of the people to whom we owe our mandate."

Legislation

Under his leadership, the Senate passed vital pieces of legislation such as the CARP Extension, Anti-Torture Act, Expanded Senior Citizens Act, Anti-Child Pornography Act, National Heritage Conservation Act, Real Estate Investment Act, among many others. Institutional reforms were also implemented within the Senate to improve the daily conduct of business as well the welfare of its officers and employees.

Maguindanao martial law

The Senate also collaborated with the House of Representatives on two crucial issues which are now considered historical milestones. In December 2009, it used Proclamation No. 1959 of the previous administration, declaring a state of martial law and suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in the province of Maguindanao, while in May 2010, Congress convened to constitute itself as the national board to canvass the votes for president and vice president, and proclaim the winners.

Re-election as Senate President

with Hajime Ishii (left) on May 4, 2011

Enrile was re-elected to a fourth term in the 2010 Senate election. He will be 92 years old should he complete his present term in June 2016. On July 26, 2010, he was re-elected President of the Senate. Enrile committed himself to "discharge my duties and responsibilities with honor, with total devotion to our institution, and with fairness to all members. No partisan consideration will blur or color the treatment of any member of the Senate. We are all Senators elected by the people to serve them with dedication to their interest and well-being and devotion to our responsibilities." Furthermore, in his acceptance speech, he enjoined his colleagues to "uphold the independence and integrity of this Senate, without abandoning our duty to cooperate with the other departments of the government to achieve what is good for our people."

Corona's impeachment, various feuds, and controversies

In early 2012 Enrile was the presiding officer of the Impeachment of Chief Justice Renato Corona. He was one of the 20 Senators voting guilty for the impeachment. In September 2012 he started a feud with Antonio Trillanes IV when he asked Trillanes why he secretly visited Beijing to talk about the Philippines and the Spratly Islands dispute on Spratlys and the Scarborough Shoal. Trillanes said his visit in China was authorized by the Palace. He also alleged that Enrile was being pushed by former Pres. Gloria Arroyo to pass a bill splitting the province of Camarines Sur into two but Enrile denied the allegation.

In late 2012, Enrile also started a feud with Miriam Defensor Santiago when Santiago authored the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 with Pia Cayetano, which he opposed. In January 2013, Santiago exposed that Enrile allegedly gave PhP 1.6 million each to his fellow Senators, except for her, Pia Cayetano, Alan Peter Cayetano, and Trillanes, who were reportedly to have been only given PhP 250 thousand each. He admitted giving the said amount to the senators, saying it was part of the balance of the maintenance and other operating expenses (MOOE) funds allowed per senator. On January 21, 2013, because of the controversies involving him, he attempted to vacate his position as Senate President but his motion was rejected.

Resignation

Amid accusations against him, including the alleged distribution of MOOE funds to senators, Enrile stepped down as Senate President after his privilege speech on June 5, 2013.^[7]

Controversy

Enrile Cash Gift

In January 2013, while sitting as the Senate President. Enrile was accused of using Senate funds called MOOE as Christmas gifts to members of the senate who do not oppose him.^[8]^[9]^[10] This led to his resignation as Senate president without sufficiently answering the controversy.^[11]

Pork barrel scam

Main article: Priority Development Assistance Fund scam

Enrile with Senators Jinggoy Estrada (left) and Bong Revilla (center) after Revilla's Privilege Speech at the Senate floor on June 9, 2014

In September 2013 Enrile was again involved in misappropriated funds, this time with regard to the PDAF or what is commonly called Pork Barrel fund. Twenty billion pesos worth of Priority Development Fund was illegally channeled through various bogus NGOs of Janet Napoles which most of it being used by the Senator.^[12]^[13]

Enrile, along with fellow senators Bong Revilla, and Jinggoy Estrada, were indicted for plunder and for the violation of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act before the Sandiganbayan on 6 June 2014 in connection to the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam. Alleged mastermind Janet Lim Napoles and Enrile’s former chief of staff Gigi Reyes were also charged. Enrile allegedly received Php172 million in kickbacks from public funds.^[14] He was detained on 3 July 2014 ^[15] and suspended from his Senate post ^[16] on 1 September 2014 for these charges, after his motions to post bail to lift the suspension order were denied ^[17]^[18]

Personal life

Enrile, or "Manong Johnny" as he is often called (manong is an Ilocano term of endearment for an older brother), is married to Cristina Castañer, a Hispanic mestiza who has been an Ambassadress to the Holy See. They have two children: Juan, Jr. and Katrina. Juan, Jr. or Jack is currently congressman for the 1st District of Cagayan and running for a Senate seat under UNA, while Katrina is currently CEO of Enrile's company Jaka Group, which owns the Philippine Match Company. Enrile has a half-sister, Armida Siguion-Reyna, who is a singer as well as a theatre and film actress.

Enrile has a rumored affair with his former long-time employee and chief of staff Jessica Lucila “Gigi” Reyes, 38 years his junior. The rumored affair came out after reports that Enrile’s wife, Cristina, walked out on him in January 1998 after charging him with adultery. The news made both local and international headlines.^[19] Gigi Reyes was regarded as “the door, if not the bridge” to Enrile, referring to the extent of closeness between the two. Enrile’s special fondness for Reyes was again called out by Sen. Alan Peter Cayetano, after Reyes accused Cayetano in a media interview of hypocrisy for supposedly receiving a “cash gift” from Enrile.^[20] The incident led to Reyes’s resignation from Enrile’s office, which Reyes said was also due to her difference in opinion on how Enrile responded to the issue of fund misuse. Enrile insisted the resignation was due to rumors of their illicit relationship.^[21] Reyes’s name was once again linked to Enrile’s name for being of signing documents that facilitated the release of Enrile’s PDAF to fake non-governmental organizations (NGOs) linked to Janet Lim Napoles, the woman said to be behind the PDAF scam.^[20]

Seeking clemency for those convicted of the Aquino assassination

On August 21, 2007, the 24th anniversary of Senator Aquino's death, Enrile stated that the case of the 14 soldiers incarcerated for 24 years for his assassination should be reviewed for clemency. Enrile paid for the legal services of the soldiers during their trial, and said the soldiers and their families had suffered enough. Fifteen soldiers of the Aviation Security Command had been sentenced to double life imprisonment for the double murder of Aquino and his alleged lone communist gunman, Rolando Galman, and one of them had since died. They were all acquitted in December 1985 by the Sandiganbayan's Manuel Pamaran, but when the entire proceedings were invalidated by the Supreme Court and the case retried, the Sandiganbayan's Regino C. Hermosisima, Jr. (promoted to Supreme Court Justice) convicted them again on September 28, 1990.^[22]

References

External links

Political offices
Preceded by Manny Villar	President of the Senate of the Philippines November 17, 2008 - June 5, 2013	Succeeded by Jinggoy Estrada
Preceded by Ernesto Mata Ferdinand Marcos	Philippine Secretary of National Defense February 9, 1970 – August 27, 1971 January 4, 1972 - November 23, 1986	Succeeded by Ferdinand E. Marcos Rafael M. Ileto
Preceded by Claudio Teehankee, Sr.	Philippine Secretary of Justice December 17, 1968 – February 7, 1970	Succeeded by Felix Makasiar

Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines

Minority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines

Recto Garcia Padilla Fernandez Padilla Roxas Ponce Enrile Tañada Angara Gonzales Maceda Guingona Pimentel Sotto Pimentel Cayetano Ponce Enrile Sotto (Acting)

Senatorial history of Juan Ponce Enrile

Senators of the 8th Congress of the Philippines (1987–92) 9th>

Senate President

Jovito Salonga (1987–92)
Neptali Gonzales (1992–93)

Senators (1987–92)

Heherson Alvarez Edgardo Angara Agapito Aquino Joseph Estrada Juan Ponce Enrile Neptali Gonzales	Teofisto Guingona, Jr. Ernesto F. Herrera Sotero Laurel Jose Lina Jr. Ernesto Maceda Raul Manglapus^‡	Orlando S. Mercado Vicente Paterno John Henry Osmeña Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. Santanina Rasul Alberto Romulo	Rene Saguisag Jovito Salonga Leticia Ramos-Shahani Mamintal A.J. Tamano Wigberto Tañada Victor Ziga

Term ended June 30, 1992

^‡ — Appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs on October 15, 1987.

<9th

Senators of the 10th Congress of the Philippines (1995-1998) 11th>

Senate President

Neptali Gonzales (1995-1996, 1998)
Ernesto Maceda(1996-1998)

Senior Senators (1992-1998)		Junior Senators (1995-2001)

Heherson Alvarez Edgardo Angara Neptali Gonzales Ernesto Herrera Ernesto Maceda Orlando Mercado	Blas Ople Ramon Revilla, Sr. Alberto Romulo Leticia Ramos-Shahani Tito Sotto Freddie Webb	Nikki Coseteng Franklin Drilon Juan Ponce Enrile Marcelo Fernan^† Juan Flavier Gregorio Honasan	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Ramon Magsaysay, Jr. Sergio Osmeña III Raul Roco Miriam Defensor Santiago Francisco Tatad

Term ended June 30, 1998		Term ended June 30, 2001

^† — Position vacated when Fernan died in 1999.

<10th

Senators of the 11th Congress of the Philippines (1998-2001) 12th>

Senate President

Marcelo Fernan (1998-1999)^†
Blas Ople (1999-2000)
Franklin Drilon (2000)
Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. (2000-2001)

Senior Senators (1995-2001)		Junior Senators (1998-2004)

Nikki Coseteng Franklin Drilon Juan Ponce Enrile Marcelo Fernan^† Gregorio Honasan Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo	Ramon Magsaysay, Jr. Sergio Osmeña III Raul Roco Miriam Defensor Santiago Francisco Tatad	Teresa Aquino-Oreta Robert Barbers Rene Cayetano Teofisto Guingona, Jr. Gregorio Honasan Robert Jaworski	Loren Legarda Blas Ople John Henry Osmeña Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. Ramon Revilla, Sr. Tito Sotto

Term ended June 30, 2001		Term ended June 30, 2004

^† — Position vacated when Fernan died in 1999.
^# — Position vacated when Cayetano died in 2003.
^‡ — The appointment of Gloria Arroyo to Guingona to vice presidency made his position to the Senate vacant from January 20, 2001.
On May 14, 2001, Honasan was elected to fill in Guingona's unfinished term until 2004.
^‡‡ — Ople was appointed Foreign Affairs secretary in 2002.

<12th

Senators of the 13th Congress of the Philippines (2004-2007) 14th>

Senate President

Manny Villar (2006-2007) ^#
Franklin Drilon (2004-2006)

Senior Senators (2001-2007)		Junior Senators (2004-2010)

Edgardo Angara Joker Arroyo Franklin Drilon Loi Ejecito Juan Flavier Ping Lacson	Sergio Osmeña III Kiko Pangilinan Ramon Magsaysay, Jr. Ralph Recto Manny Villar	Rodolfo Biazon Lito Lapid Jinggoy Estrada Pia Cayetano Miriam Defensor Santiago Dick Gordon	Alfredo Lim ^### Jamby Madrigal Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. Juan Ponce Enrile Bong Revilla Mar Roxas

Term ended June 30, 2007		Term ended June 30, 2010

^# — Villar became the next Senate president during the 14th Congress.
^## — Position vacated when Noli de Castro was elected to the vice presidency.
^### — In 2007, Lim vacated his position prior to his election as the mayor of Manila.

<13th

Senators of the 14th Congress of the Philippines (2007-2010) 15th>

Senate President

Juan Ponce Enrile (2008-2010)
Manny Villar (2006-2008) ^#

Senior Senators (2004-2010)		Junior Senators (2007-2010)

Rodolfo Biazon Lito Lapid Jinggoy Estrada Pia Cayetano Miriam Defensor Santiago Dick Gordon	Jamby Madrigal Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. Juan Ponce Enrile Bong Revilla Mar Roxas	Edgardo Angara Benigno Aquino Joker Arroyo Alan Cayetano Chiz Escudero Gringo Honasan	Ping Lacson Loren Legarda Kiko Pangilinan Antonio Trillanes Manny Villar Migz Zubiri

Term ended June 30, 2010		Term ends June 30, 2013

^# — Villar was also the previous Senate president of the 13th Congress.
^## — Vacant due to election of Alfredo Lim as the mayor of Manila.

<14th

Senators of the 15th Congress of the Philippines (2010-2013) 16th>

Senate President

Juan Ponce Enrile (2010–2013) ^#
Jinggoy Estrada (2013) ^##

Senior Senators (2007–2013)		Junior Senators (2010–2016)

Edgardo Angara Joker Arroyo Alan Cayetano Chiz Esucdero Gringo Honasan Ping Lacson	Loren Legarda Kiko Pangilinan Koko Pimentel Antonio Trillanes Manny Villar	Pia Cayetano Franklin Drilon Jinggoy Estrada TG Guingona Lito Lapid Bongbong Marcos	Sergio Osmeña III Juan Ponce Enrile Ralph Recto Bong Revilla Miriam Defensor Santiago Tito Sotto

Term ends June 30, 2013		Term ends June 30, 2016

^# — Ponce Enrile was also the Senate president of the 14th Congress.
^##—Estrada is in acting capacity after Ponce Enrile takes his resignation.
^### —Zubiri resigned from office on August 3, 2011, replaced by Pimentel afterwards.
^#### — Vacant due to election of Benigno Aquino III to the presidency.

<15th

Senators of the 16th Congress of the Philippines (2013-2016) 17th>

Senate President
Franklin Drilon

Senior Senators (2010–2016)		Junior Senators (2013–2019)

Pia Cayetano Franklin Drilon Juan Ponce Enrile Jinggoy Estrada TG Guingona Lito Lapid	Bongbong Marcos Sergio Osmeña III Ralph Recto Bong Revilla Miriam Defensor Santiago Tito Sotto	Sonny Angara Bam Aquino Nancy Binay Alan Cayetano JV Ejercito Estrada Chiz Escudero	Gringo Honasan Loren Legarda Koko Pimentel Grace Poe Antonio Trillanes Cynthia Villar

Term ends June 30, 2016		Term ends June 30, 2019

Candidates in the Philippine presidential election, 1998

Presidential
candidates

Winner	Joseph Estrada (LAMMP)

Other candidates	Jose de Venecia, Jr. (Lakas) Raul Roco (Aksyon) Emilio Mario Osmeña (PROMDI) Alfredo Lim (Liberal) Renato de Villa (Reporma-LM) Miriam Defensor Santiago (PRP) Juan Ponce Enrile (Independent) Santiago Dumlao (Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago) Manuel Morato (Partido Bansang Marangal)

Vice presidential
candidates

Winner	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas)

Other candidates	Edgardo Angara (LDP) Oscar Orbos (Reporma-LM) Sergio Osmeña III (Liberal) Francisco Tatad (PRP) Ismael Sueño (PROMDI) Irene Santiago (Aksyon) Camilo Sabio (Partido Bansang Marangal) Reynaldo Pacheco (Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago)

Martial law in the Philippines and People Power Revolution

Batas militar sa Pilipinas

Background

Events

People

Regime	Ferdinand Marcos Imelda Marcos Fabian Ver Danding Cojuangco Cesar Virata Arturo Tolentino

Opposition	Ninoy Aquino Corazon Aquino Salvador Laurel Juan Ponce Enrile Fidel V. Ramos Gringo Honasan Jaime Cardinal Sin Claudio Teehankee Jovito Salonga Jose Diokno Diosdado Macapagal

Communists	Jose Maria Sison Bernabe Buscayno

Locations

Landmarks	Epifanio de los Santos Avenue Ortigas Center Camp Aguinaldo Camp Crame Club Filipino Malacañang Palace Hawaii

Areas	Makati Mandaluyong Pasig San Juan Quezon City

Aftermath

Events	Nepotism Operation Big Bird Mendiola massacre 1987 elections Coup d'état Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal Death of Ferdinand Marcos

Institutions	Aquino Presidency Presidential Commission on Good Government 1987 Constitution Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Philippine National Police Ramos Presidency

Literature

Bayan Ko
Dekada '70
- film

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 243452856 LCCN: n95931176 GND: 1046276948

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