Imelda Marcos

Imelda Marcos

Imelda Marcos at the White House on September 14, 1966
First Lady of the Philippines
In office
December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986
President Ferdinand Marcos
Preceded by Eva Macapagal
Succeeded by Vacant (Ballsy Aquino-Cruz, de facto)
Governor of Metro Manila
In office
February 27, 1975 – February 25, 1986
President Ferdinand Marcos
Preceded by Office created
Succeeded by Jejomar Binay
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Leyte's First District
In office
June 30, 1995 – June 30, 1998
President Fidel V. Ramos
Preceded by Cirilo Roy Montejo
Succeeded by Alfred Romuáldez
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's Second District
Assumed office
June 30, 2010
President Benigno Aquino III
Preceded by Ferdinand Marcos, Jr.
Personal details
Born Imelda Remedios Visitación
Romuáldez y Trinidad
(1929-07-02) July 2, 1929
Manila, Philippine Islands
Nationality Filipino
Political party Nacionalista (1965–1978; 2009–present)
Other political
affiliations		 Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–2013)
Spouse(s) Ferdinand Marcos (m. 1954; d. 1989)
Children Imee
Ferdinand, Jr.
Irene
Aimee
Religion Roman Catholic

Musical career

Genres Kundiman
Instruments Vocals
Years active 1950–present

Imelda Romuáldez Marcos (née Imelda Remedios Visitación Romuáldez y Trinidad; July 2, 1929) is the widow of former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. She served as First Lady from 1965 to 1986. Popularly known as Imelda, she owned a collection of more than a thousand pairs of shoes. In the Philippines, she is a fashion and pop culture icon and is known as the "Steel Butterfly." Imelda has worked as a beauty queen, diplomat, entrepreneur, fashion designer, model, politician, singer, and socialite.

Imelda was born in Manila but later moved to Tacloban prior to World War II after the death of her mother during her childhood. She later returned to Manila in 1950 to pursue a career as a singer and as a beauty queen. In 1954, she married Ferdinand Marcos, who became President of the Philippines on November 9, 1965 and later declared martial law on September 21, 1972. As First Lady, Imelda built architecture in and around the metropolis of Manila while spending her time abroad in shopping sprees and state visits.

The assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1983 caused mass protests that eventually led to the People Power Revolution. Imelda's family were forced into exile, and Aquino's widow Corazon was installed into the presidency. After her husband's death, Imelda returned to the Philippines and was later elected to the House of Representatives as a congresswoman for Leyte in 1995 and for Ilocos Norte in 2010 and 2013. She remains one of the richest politicians in the country through her collection of clothing, artwork, and jewelry, along with the cash that she inherited from her husband in offshore bank accounts under the pseudonym "Jane Ryan."

Early life

Imelda was born on July 2, 1929 in Manila, Philippines to Remedios Trinidad (died 1938) and Vicente Romuáldez,[1][2][3] brother of Philippine Supreme Court Associate Justice Norberto Romuáldez.[1][2] Her paternal ancestors were from a land-owning family in Tolosa, Leyte with mixed Visayan and Spanish ancestry.[1] She has five other siblings: Benjamin (1930–2012),[4] Alita, Alfredo, Armando, and Concepcion who spent their childhood in San Miguel.[1] After their mother died in 1938, the family moved to Tacloban,[2] where they were raised by her servant Estrella Cumpas.[5] She claimed to have met Douglas MacArthur when he landed in Tacloban at the end of World War II.[6][7] She speaks Tagalog and English, the languages of Manila, as well as Waray, the language of Tacloban.[1] She is Roman Catholic.[8][3][9]

Imelda returned to Manila in 1950 at the request of her cousin Daniel, where she worked in a music store on Escolta street as a singer to attract customers.[1][2] She took voice lessons at the music conservatory of the University of Santo Tomas.[1][2] Imelda later joined a beauty pageant known as Miss Manila where she placed second but was named the Muse of Manila after contesting the results.[10][11] She briefly dated Benigno Aquino, Jr. in the early 1950s before she met her future husband.[2][1] On May 1, 1954, Imelda married Ferdinand Marcos, a Nacionalista Party congressman from Ilocos Norte.[12] The marriage resulted in four children:[13] Imee (born on November 12, 1955), Ferdinand Jr., aka Bongbong (born on September 13, 1957), and Irene (born on September 16, 1960), and an adopted girl named Aimee.[14][1][3] She is the aunt of politician Martin Romualdez.[15]

First Lady

Main article: Conjugal dictatorship

Imelda served as First Lady after Ferdinand Marcos was elected on November 9, 1965 as the 10th President of the Philippines.[16] Her role in the presidency was controversial because she was involved in altercations, including one with The Beatles when the band allegedly snubbed her invitation for a state dinner at the presidential palace,[17] and another with Dovie Beams for the actress' alleged relations with Ferdinand.[18][1][2] On September 23, 1972, Ferdinand declared martial law and rewrote the Constitution of the country.[19][20] As First Lady, she became "the other half of the conjugal dictatorship."[21][1] She stirred controversy after an assassination attempt against her occurred on December 7, 1972, when an assailant tried to stab her with a bolo knife but was shot by the police.[1] The motive appeared to have been her role in her husband's presidency but human rights dissidents believed it was staged by the government.[1][22]

Imelda orchestrated public events using national funds to bolster her and her husband's image.[1][23] She secured the Miss Universe 1974 pageant for Manila, which required the construction of the Folk Arts Theater in less than three months.[1] She organized the Kasaysayan ng Lahi, a festival showcasing Philippine history.[24] She also initiated social programs, such as the Green Revolution, which was intended to address hunger by encouraging the people to plant produce in household gardens, and created a national family-planning program.[1] During the early 1970s, she took control of the distribution of bread called nutribun, which actually came from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).[25][26]

Imelda was appointed in 1978 as a member of the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Congress) representing Region IV-A and was also appointed as Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary,[27] allowing her to tour the United States,[28] the Soviet Union,[29] Libya,[30] Yugoslavia,[31] Iraq,[32] and Cuba.[33] Throughout her travels, she became friends with Richard Nixon, Muammar Gaddafi,[34] Saddam Hussein, Fidel Castro, and Joseph Tito.[35] A Wikileaks diplomatic note "claims she was waiting for Spain's dictator Franco to die so she could fly to Madrid for the funeral."[36] She claimed her travels were needed to secure oil from Iraq and Libya, which she also said was instrumental in the signing of a peace treaty with the Moro National Liberation Front.[37][38][39]

Imelda held the position of Minister of Human Settlements,[1] allowing her to construct the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Philippine Heart Center, the Lung Center of the Philippines, the Philippine International Convention Center, the Coconut Palace, the Manila Film Center,[40] [1] and the Calauit Safari Park.[41] She purchased property in Manhattan in the 1980s, including the US$51 million Crown Building, the Woolworth Building in 40 Wall Street, and the US$60 million Herald Centre.[42] She refused to buy the Empire State Building because she felt it was "too ostentatious."[43][44]

Power struggle

Imelda Marcos on October 20, 1984 during the reenactment of General Douglas MacArthur's 1944 landing at Red Beach.

Imelda was instrumental in the 1980 exile of opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr., who had suffered a heart attack during his imprisonment.[45] Martial law in the Philippines was later lifted in 1981 but Ferdinand continued to be president.[1] While her husband began to suffer from lupus erythematosus, she effectively ruled in his place.[1] Aquino returned in 1983 but was assassinated at the Manila International Airport upon his arrival.[46] With accusations against her beginning to rise, Ferdinand created the Agrava Commission, a fact-finding committee, to investigate her, ultimately finding her not guilty.[47][48][49]

On February 7, 1986, snap elections were held between Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno Aquino Jr.[1] Despite her husband claiming to have won the elections, allegations of vote rigging led to mass protests that would be later known as the People Power Revolution.[1] On February 25, Imelda and her family fled to Hawaii.[1] After they left Malacañang Palace, she was found to have left behind 15 mink coats, 508 gowns, 1,000 handbags,[50] and pairs of shoes, the exact number of which varies with estimates of up to 7,500 pairs.[51] However, Time reported that the final tally was only 1,060.[50] The location where her shoes and jewelry were kept was later destroyed and the contents stolen and a painting of her was destroyed outside the Palace.[52][53][54]

In October 1988, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, together with eight associates (including Adnan Khashoggi, a Saudi Arabian businessman and weapons smuggler believed to have been involved with her husband's regime), were indicted by a federal grand jury in Manhattan on charges of racketeering, conspiracy, fraud and obstruction of justice.[55][56] Tobacco heiress Doris Duke posted $5 million bail for Imelda.[57][58] The Marcos couple's defense team was led by criminal defense attorney Gerry Spence.[59][60] Actor George Hamilton, an unindicted co-conspirator, testified at trial under a grant of immunity, acknowledging that he had received a $5.5-million loan from an associate of hers.[61] In July 1990, following a three-month trial, she was acquitted of all charges.[60] By that time, Ferdinand had died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989.[47][62][63]

Later years

Imelda Marcos in Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte on February 22, 2006 in the aftermath of a landslide

Imelda was allowed to return to the Philippines by Corazon Aquino on November 4, 1991.[64][65] The following year, she ran for president in the presidential elections on May 11, 1992, finishing 5th out of 7 candidates.[66] On May 8, 1995, she was elected as a congresswoman of Leyte, representing the first district, despite facing a disqualification lawsuit in which the Supreme Court ruled in her favor.[67] She sought the presidency again on May 11, 1998 but later withdrew to support the eventual winner Joseph Estrada and she finished 9th among 11 candidates.[68][69][70] In November 2006, she started her own business, a fashion label that included designing jewelry.[71] She was acquitted in one of her graft charges on March 10, 2008 by the Manila Regional Trial Court due to reasonable doubt.[72][73]

Imelda ran for the second district of Ilocos Norte in the elections on May 10, 2010 to replace her son,[74] Ferdinand Jr., who was running for Senate under the Nacionalista Party.[75][76] During her term, she held the position of Millennium Development Goals chairwoman in the Lower House.[77] In 2011, the Sandiganbayan's Fifth Division ordered her to return US$280,000 in government funds taken by her and her husband from the National Food Authority.[78][79] She filed her certificate of candidacy on October 3, 2012 in a bid to renew her term as Ilocos Norte's second district representative.[80][81][82][83] She won re-election on May 14, 2013.[84] On October 16, 2015, she filed as a candidate for her third and final term.[85][86]

Wealth

During her time as First Lady, Imelda was seen as a "symbol of excess" due of her expensive shopping sprees.[44][87] On one occasion, she spent $2,000 on chewing gum at the San Francisco International Airport and, on another, she forced a plane to do a U-turn mid-air just because she forgot to buy cheese in Rome.[44] Her collection of shoes,[88][89] including by Pierre Cardin, now lies partly in the National Museum of the Philippines and partly in a shoe museum in Marikina.[87][90] Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) damaged her ancestral home in Tacloban, which also serves as a museum,[91] although she still retains homes in Ilocos Norte and Makati, where she resides.[92]

Imelda allegedly owns Swiss bank accounts under the pseudonym "Jane Ryan."[93][94][95][96] Switzerland's federal tribunal ruled in December 1990 that cash in Swiss banks would only be returned to the Philippine government if a Philippine court convicted her in a "fair trial."[97][98][99] In March 2008, a judge in Manila in the Philippines acquitted her of 32 counts of illegal transfers of funds to Swiss bank accounts between 1968 and 1976, determining that the government had failed to prove its case.[100] In 2012, she declared her net worth to be US$22 million and she was listed as the second-richest Filipino politician behind boxer and politician Manny Pacquiao.[101][102][103] She claimed her fortune came from Yamashita's Gold, a semi-mythical treasure trove that is widely believed in the Philippines to be part of the Japanese loot in World War II.[104] Her property used to include jewels and a 175-piece art collection,[105] which included works by Michelangelo, Botticelli, Canaletto, Raphael,[106] as well as Monet’s L’Église et La Seine à Vétheuil (1881), Alfred Sisley’s Langland Bay (1887), and Albert Marquet’s Le Cyprès de Djenan Sidi Said (1946).[107][108]

Early in 2013, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists exposed her daughter Imee among people involved in offshore banking.[109][110][111] Imee was helping Imelda hide their wealth in the British Virgin Islands.[112][113] In October 17, 2013, the sale of two Claude Monet paintings,[114] L'Eglise de Vetheuil and Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas, became the subject of a legal case in New York against Vilma Bautista, a one-time aide to her.[115][116][117] Her secretary was sentenced in January 6, 2014.[118][119][120] On January 13, 2014, three collections of her jewelry:[121] the Malacanang collection, the Roumeliotes collection, and the Hawaii collection; along with paintings of Claude Monet were seized by the Philippine government.[122][123] In 2015, a rare pink diamond worth $5 million was discovered in her jewelry collection.[124][125] On February 16, 2016, the government of the Philippines announced that the three collections, valued at about $21 million, are to be auctioned off before the end of Benigno Aquino III's term on June 30, 2016.[126][127]

Legacy

Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos at Clark Air Base on March 14, 1979

Imelda is a fashion and pop culture icon in the Philippines.[128][129][130][71][131] She is also known by the nickname "Steel Butterfly."[47] In her home country, she is a patroness of the arts and culture.[132] Frank De Lima impersonated her on his 1988 album The Best of De Lima.[133] The second track on Mark Knopfler's album Golden Heart was inspired by her.[134] She was the subject of the 2003 documentary film Imelda,[135][136][137] which is about her life as a First Lady.[3][138] On March 23, 2012, Carlos Celdran performed his Living La Vida Imelda in Dubai.[139][140]

British producer Fatboy Slim and musician David Byrne created a concept album about her life called Here Lies Love.[2][141] In the spring of 2013, The Public Theater in New York presented a staged musical version of the album starring Ruthie Ann Miles.[142][143] An open-ended run returned to The Public Theater on March 24, 2014.[144] A London production opened on September 30, 2014 at the Royal National Theatre.[145][146]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Diaz, Ramona. Imelda. Ramona Diaz-Independent Television Service, 2003.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Byrne, David, Fatboy Slim. Here Lies Love, Todomundo/Nonesuch. April 6, 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Imelda: The Words. Independent Lens, PBS.
  4. ↑ "Kokoy Romualdez, powerful younger brother of Imelda Marcos, dies at 81". GMA. February 2012.
  5. ↑ Rowan, Roy (March 29, 1979). "Orchid or Iron Butterfly, Imelda Marcos Is a Prime Mover in Manila". People Magazine. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
  6. ↑ FILM CLIPS / Also opening today. San Francisco Gate. June 11, 2004.
  7. ↑ 'Imelda': Don't Cry for Her. The Washington Post. July 16, 2004.
  8. ↑ "Former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos Attends Pope Francis' Mass". NBC News. January 17, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  9. ↑ Quah, John S. T. Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: an Impossible Dream?, Emerald Group Publishing, July 21, 2011, p. 111–112.
  10. ↑ Imelda Marcos (Filipino Public Figure). Encyclopædia Britannica.
  11. ↑ `I'm a magpie for beauty'. The Chicago Tribune. November 6, 2006.
  12. ↑ Staycation guide: Overnight stay in Quiapo. ABS-CBN News. January 6, 2014.
  13. ↑ "A dynasty on steroids". Sydney Morning Herald. November 24, 2012.
  14. ↑ All in the family in Philippine local politics. April 24, 2007.
  15. ↑ "Romualdez cousins supporting Binay in 2016?". Rappler. December 7, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  16. ↑ The best books on the Philippines: start your reading here. The Guardian. January 15, 2014
  17. ↑ "Beatles to avoid Philippines". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. Associated Press. July 8, 1966. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  18. ↑ Philandering dictator added Hollywood star to conquests. The Sun-Herald, July 4, 2004.
  19. ↑ Tarling, Nicholas, The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: From World War II to the Present, Volume 4, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England, 2000, p. 307. ISBN 0-521-66372-5
  20. ↑ "Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law". Country Studies: Philippines, United States Department of State.
  21. ↑ Pineda, DLS (February 22, 2014). "So you think you love Marcos?". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Waiting for the other shoe(s) to drop", Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 29 2016.
  23. ↑ "Ferdinand Marcos, Former Philippines Dictator, Forced Generals To Perform Drag Show, According To WikiLeaks". The Huffington Post. April 9, 2013.
  24. ↑ Kasaysayan ng Lahi [documentary video], Manila: National Media Production Board, 1974
  25. ↑ Masagana 99, Nutribun, and Imelda's 'edifice complex' of hospitals. GMA News. September 20, 2012.
  26. ↑ Nutrition and Related Services Provided to the Republic of the Philippines. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. September 1979.
  27. ↑ Walk in her shoes. Canoe.ca. December 1, 2004.
  28. ↑ Imelda. Deseret News. December 2, 2004.
  29. ↑ Short Reviews: Imelda. The Phoenix. August 6–12, 2004.
  30. ↑ Movie guide. Christian Science Monitor. June 18, 2004.
  31. ↑ Review: ‘Imelda’. Variety. March 17, 2004.
  32. ↑ A walk in the shoes of Imelda Marcos. The Boston Globe. August 6, 2004.
  33. ↑ Chronology of the Marcos Plunder. Asian Journal.
  34. ↑ For a Regal Pariah, Despite It All, the Shoe Is Never on the Other Foot. The New York Times. June 9, 2004.
  35. ↑ Get to know former First Lady Imelda Marcos on Powerhouse. Power House. GMA Network. July 8, 2013.
  36. ↑ The Following comments about Mrs. Marcos were made by Jack Anderson on the dates indicated on the Good Morning America broadcast on the ABC Television Network. Wikileaks. January 26, 1976.
  37. ↑ "Witness ties Imelda Marcos to Buildings." The Spokesman-Review. January 30, 1986.
  38. ↑ "Real Estate Agent Gives Evidence of Marcos Buys."The Bulletin. April 10, 1986.
  39. ↑ Reluctant Embarrass Mrs. Marcos if she insisted on attending inauguration. Wikileaks. December 23, 1976.
  40. ↑ "An insider's guide to Manila: where brutalism meets bamboo", The Guardian. March 14, 2016.
  41. ↑ At Philippine Safari Park, Serengeti on South China Sea. Bloomberg Businessweek. December 3, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Manila After Marcos: Managing a Frail economy; Marco's Mansion Suggests Luxury". The New York Times. February 28, 1986.
  43. ↑ "Bling Ring". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  44. 1 2 3 "5 Shopping Sprees So Wild, They Made History". New York Magazine. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  45. ↑ Imelda Marcos TalkAsia Transcript. CNN. January 24, 2007.
  46. ↑ "Filipino Women Protest Mrs. Marcos' Extravagance." The Telegraph-Herald. October 28, 1983.
  47. 1 2 3 The Steel Butterfly Still Soars. The New York Times. October 6, 2012.
  48. ↑ "Sandiganbayan ruling on Ninoy assassination" (PDF). Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  49. ↑ "Creating a Fact-Finding Board with Plenary Powers to Investigate the Tragedy Which Occurred on August 21, 1983". Presidential Decree No. 1886. Malacanang Palace. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  50. 1 2 "Imeldarabilia: A Final Count". Time. February 23, 1987. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  51. ↑ "The day in numbers: $100". CNN. November 7, 2006.
  52. ↑ "The Yamashita Treasure was found by Roxas and stolen from Roxas by Marcos' men."
  53. ↑ Morrow, Lance (March 31, 1986). "Essay: The Shoes of Imelda Marcos". New York Times.
  54. ↑ No Apology, It Was a Godly Act – Imelda. October 14, 1998.
  55. ↑ Judge Delays Hearing for Marcos, Not Wife. The New York Times. October 28, 1988.
  56. ↑ Lubasch, Arnold (October 22, 1988). "Marcos and wife, 8 others : Charged by US with fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  57. ↑ Doris Duke Putting Up $5 Million Bail for Her Friend Imelda Marcos, Associated Press (November 2, 1988).
  58. ↑ Celestine Bohlen, Doris Duke Offers Mrs. Marcos's Bail, New York Times (November 3, 1988).
  59. ↑ Craig Wolff, The Marcos Verdict; Marcos Is Cleared of All Charges In Racketeering and Fraud Case. The New York Times. July 3, 1990.
  60. 1 2 "From the archive, 3 July 1990: Tears and cheers as Imelda cleared". The Guardian. July 2, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  61. ↑ William C. Rempel & Kristina M. Luz, Imelda Marcos Saved Mother, Hamilton Says, Los Angeles Times (May 16, 1990).
  62. ↑ Manila Journal;Queen of the Quirky, Imelda Marcos Holds Court. The New York Times. March 4, 1996.
  63. ↑ Imelda Marcos among Newsweek's greediest people. ABS-CBN News. April 5, 2009.
  64. ↑ Imelda Marcos Fast Facts. CNN. October 10, 2015.
  65. ↑ Imelda Marcos Has an $829 Billion Idea. Bloomberg Businessweek. October 24, 2013.
  66. ↑ "Anti-Corruption Campaigner and General Lead in Early Philippine Returns". The New York Times. May 13, 1992. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  67. ↑ Imelda Romualdez Marcos v. Crilo Roy Montejo. Republic of the Philippines: Supreme Court. September 18, 1995.
  68. ↑ "Faces of the week." BBC News. November 10, 2006.
  69. ↑ Imelda Marcos vs. Sandiganbayan, GR. No. 126995 [Supreme Court Resolution], dated October 6, 1998
  70. ↑ Imelda's crown jewels to go under the hammer BBC News, May 13, 2003
  71. 1 2 Imelda Marcos comes into fashion. BBC. November 7, 2006.
  72. ↑ Sandigan OKs Imelda bid for daily hearings on graft cases. GMA News. September 21, 2007.
  73. ↑ Imelda Marcos innocent of dollar salting. United Press International. May 10, 2008.
  74. ↑ "Imelda Marcos bids for seat as Philippine race begins." BBC News. March 26, 2010.
  75. ↑ An audience with the one and only Imelda Marcos. BBC. May 27, 2010.
  76. ↑ "INTREVIEW [sic] – Philippines' Marcos fights to get wealth back". Reuters. May 13, 2010.
  77. ↑ Imelda Marcos stays as MDG committee chair. ABS-CBN News. September 15, 2010.
  78. ↑ Unthinkable: Guess who came to Enrile book launch. Philippine Daily Inquirer. September 29, 2012.
  79. ↑ JPE writes his memoir, 'corrects' history. Rappler. September 28, 2012.
  80. ↑ Imelda seeks second term, files COC. ABS-CBN News. October 3, 2012.
  81. ↑ Arroyo detention ‘cruel, unjust,’ says Imelda Marcos. Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 23, 2014.
  82. ↑ Imelda Romualdez Marcos visits Gloria Macapagal Arroyo at hospital detention. GMA News. January 23, 2014
  83. ↑ Imelda describes Arroyo's situation 'inhumane'. ABS-CBN News. January 23, 2014
  84. ↑ Hranjski, Hrvoje; Gomez, Jim (May 14, 2013). "Ex-Philippine president wins mayoral race in Manila, Imelda Marcos gets 2nd congressional term". Fox News (Fox News Network, L.L.C.). Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  85. ↑ Geronimo, Jee (October 16, 2015). "3 generations of Marcoses run for local posts in Ilocos Norte". Rappler. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  86. ↑ Moss, Trefor (February 25, 2016). "New Marcos Campaign Roils the Philippines". Rappler. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  87. 1 2 Olivier, Amy. "Imelda Marcos' famous collection of 3,000 shoes partly destroyed by termites and floods after lying in storage in the Philippines for 26 years since she exiled". The Daily Mail. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
  88. ↑ Homage to Imelda's shoes. BBC News. February 16, 2001.
  89. ↑ "Global Corruption Report" (PDF). Transparency International. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  90. ↑ "Marcos Kin, Allies Still within Corridors of Power." Bulatlat. September 17–23, 2006.
  91. ↑ Yolanda destroys Imelda’s ancestral house in Leyte. GMA News. November 19, 2013.
  92. ↑ My afternoon with Imelda Marcos. Fortune. January 9, 2014.
  93. ↑ "Marcos' Wife Also Pleads 5th in Probe", Los Angeles Times. October 2. 1986.
  94. ↑ "Imelda Marcos Racketeering Case Goes to Trial". The Christian Science Monitor. March 19, 1990.
  95. ↑ "Some Are Smarter Than Others & The Collection of Jane Ryan and William Saunders: Pio Abad’s exploration of the Marcos horde", The Philippine Star. September 18, 2014.
  96. ↑ Witness Say Imelda Marcos Used Pseudonym to Open Account, The Daily News, April 19, 1990
  97. ↑ "Marcos convicted of graft in Manila". The New York Times. September 24, 1993. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  98. ↑ Gender Policies And Responses Towards Greater Women Empowerment In The Philippines. University of the Philippines.
  99. ↑ The Political Economy of Corruption. July 1997.
  100. ↑ Imelda Marcos Acquitted, Again. The New York Times. March 11, 2008.
  101. ↑ Imelda Marcos claims net worth of US$22 million. Taipei Times. May 6, 2012.
  102. ↑ Imelda camp mum on Newsweek’s ‘greediest’ tag. GMA News. April 6, 2009.
  103. ↑ What happened to the Marcos fortune?. BBC News. January 24, 2013.
  104. ↑ Marcos widow claims wealth due to 'Yamashita treasure'. The Bulletin. February 3, 1993.
  105. ↑ Marcoses' Silver Sets Record At Auction. The New York Times. January 11, 1991.
  106. ↑ Marcoses' Raphael Sold To Italy for $1.65 Million. The New York Times. January 12, 1991.
  107. ↑ Buettner, Russ (November 20, 2012). "Imelda Marcos’s Ex-Aide Charged in ’80s Art Theft". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  108. ↑ Shoes, jewels, and Monets: recovering the ill-gotten wealth of Imelda Marcos. Foreign Policy. January 16, 2014.
  109. ↑ Philippines May Curb the Pursuit of Marcos’s Wealth. The New York Times. January 2, 2013.
  110. ↑ Suharto, Marcos and Mobutu head corruption table with $50bn scams. The Guardian. March 26, 2004.
  111. ↑ Ferdinand Marcos’ Daughter Tied to Offshore Trust in Caribbean. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. April 3, 2013.
  112. ↑ "Secret Files Expose Offshore’s Global Impact". ICIJ. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  113. ↑ "BIR chief ready to investigate Pinoys with offshore accounts". June 15, 2013.
  114. ↑ Onetime aide to Imelda Marcos sentenced to up to six year in prison after plotting to sell $32 million Claude Monet painting. The Daily Mail. January 14, 2014
  115. ↑ Ex-Imelda Marcos aide on trial in NYC for selling Monet work. Philippine Daily Inquirer. October 17, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.
  116. ↑ "Imelda Marcos’s Ex-Aide Charged in ’80s Art Theft." The New York Times. November 20, 2012.
  117. ↑ PCGG: Gov’t, not Marcos victims, owns Monet painting Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 21, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.
  118. ↑ Ex-Imelda Marcos secretary to be sentenced by NY court. GMA News. January 6, 2014.
  119. ↑ Aide to former Philippine First Lady sentenced to prison for trying to sell country's art. New York Daily News. January 14, 2014.
  120. ↑ Marcos jewels could be sold after court rules they were ‘ill-gotten’. The Japan Times. January 14, 2014.
  121. ↑ Imelda loses jewels in the Marcos crown. The Age. September 17, 2005.
  122. ↑ Show me the Monet: Philippines seeks return of Marcos paintings. Reuters. January 14, 2014
  123. ↑ Philippines Seeks Return of Marcos Paintings. Voice of America. January 14, 2014.
  124. ↑ "Philippines revalues jewellery seized from Imelda Marcos in 1986". The Guardian. November 24, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  125. ↑ Plucinska (November 25, 2015). "Rare 25-Carat Pink Diamond Discovered in Jewelry Once Owned by Imelda Marcos". Time magazine. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  126. ↑ Perry, Juliet (February 16, 2016). "Philippines to sell Imelda Marcos's 'ill-gotten' jewels, worth millions". CNN (Turner Broadcasting System). Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  127. ↑ "Philippines to sell jewellery confiscated from Imelda Marcos". The Telegraph. February 16, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  128. ↑ Reid, Robert H. (November 3, 1991). "A "Roller-Coaster" Life For One Of The World's Most Famous Women". Associated Press.
  129. ↑ "Former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos Attends Pope Francis' Mass". NBC News. January 17, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  130. ↑ "The Life of Imelda Marcos, in PowerPoint and Plastic." The New York Times. March 21, 2006.
  131. ↑ "Imelda Marcos: Style icon, for better and worse." Rappler. September 17, 2013.
  132. ↑ "Imelda Marcos and the ‘terno’ of her affections". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  133. ↑ De Lima, Frank. "Imelda." The Best of De Lima. Pocholinga Productions, 1988.
  134. ↑ Knopfler, Mark, Golden Heart. Warner Brothers Music. March 26, 1996.
  135. ↑ Director fights for Imelda movie. BBC News. July 7, 2004.
  136. ↑ "Imelda" – Documentary on Imelda Marcos Independent Lens
  137. ↑ Her Greatest Admirer: A documentary about Imelda Marcos reveals an extraordinary capacity for self-delusion. TIME, July 5, 2004
  138. ↑ The day I met Imelda Marcos. BBC News. October 31, 2000.
  139. ↑ Whaley, Floyd (October 12, 2012). "In Manila, ‘Livin’ La Vida Imelda!’". New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
  140. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Liam (March 7, 2005). "Walk the Talk". Time Magazine (Time Inc.). Retrieved September 16, 2010.
  141. ↑ The Imelda Marcos Story — As Told by David Byrne TIME. April 10, 2010.
  142. ↑ "David Byrne's "Here Lies Love" to Premiere at NYC's Public Theater in April 2013". Nonesuch Records. April 9, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  143. ↑ Soloski, Alex (October 6, 2009). "Imelda Marcus Gets the Ol' Song and Dance at Julia Miles Theater". The Village Voice. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  144. ↑ ‘Here Lies Love’ Will Return to the Public Theater. The New York Times. January 21, 2014.
  145. ↑ Full cast announced for National's Here Lies Love. July 25, 2014.
  146. ↑ David Byrne tells Imelda Marcos story as disco musical. BBC News. October 1, 2014.

Bibliography

  • Aquino, Belinda, John F Doherty, Jovito Salonga. Cronies and Enemies: the Current Philippine Scene, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1982.
  • Bonner, Raymond. Waltzing with a Dictator: the Marcoses and the Making of American Policy, Times Books, New York, 1987, ISBN 0-8129-1326-4.
  • Burton, Sandra, Impossible Dream, Warner Books Inc, New York, 1989.
  • Ellison, Katherine. Imelda, Steel Butterfly of the Philippines, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-07-019335-5.
  • Francia, Beatriz. Imelda and the Clans: a Story of the Philippines, Solar Publishing Corporation, Manila, 1992.
  • Mijares, Primitivo. The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos, Union Square Publishing, Manila, 1976. ISBN 1-141-12147-6.
  • Pedrosa, Carmen Navarro. The Untold Story of Imelda Marcos, Manila: Bookmark, 1969, p. 3–4.
  • Polotan, Kerima. Imelda Romualdez Marcos, A Biography of the First Lady of the Philippines, The World Publishing Company, Ohio, 1970.
  • Romulo, Beth Day. Inside the Palace: The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, Putnam Publishing Group, New York, 1987, ISBN 0-399-13253-8.
  • Rotea, Hermie. Marcos' Lovey Dovie, Liberty Pub. Co., 1983, ISBN 0-918229-00-6.
  • Salonga, Jovito. Presidential Plunder: the Quest for Marcos Ill-Gotten Wealth, Regina Publishing Company, Manila, 2001.
  • Seagrave, Sterling. The Marcos Dynasty, Harper & Row, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-06-015815-8.
  • Serin, J.R., A.L. Elamil. D.C. Serion, et al. Ugnayan ng Pamhalaan at Mamamayan. Bede's Publishing House, Inc., Manila, 1979.
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Evangelina Macapagal		 First Lady of the Philippines
1965–1986 		Vacant
Title next held by
Amelita Ramos
Preceded by
None
as office created		 Governor of Manila
1975–1986 		Succeeded by
Jejomar Binay
as Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
House of Representatives of the Philippines
Preceded by
Cirilo Roy C. Montejo		 Member of the House of Representatives from Leyte's 1st district
1995–1998 		Succeeded by
Alfred S. Romualdez
Preceded by
Ferdinand Marcos, Jr.		 Member of the House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's 2nd district
2010–present 		Incumbent
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