Aurora Quezon

Aurora Quezón
First Lady of the Philippines
In office
November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944
Preceded by Hilaria Aguinaldo
Succeeded by Pacencia Laurel
Personal details
Born Aurora Antonia Aragón y Molina
(1888-02-19)February 19, 1888
Baler, Tayabas, Captaincy General of the Philippines (now Baler, Aurora, Philippines)
Died April 28, 1949(1949-04-28) (aged 61)
Bongabon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Resting place Quezon Memorial Circle
14°39′2″N 121°2′54″E / 14.65056°N 121.04833°E / 14.65056; 121.04833
Spouse(s) Manuel L. Quezón
Religion Roman Catholic

Aurora Antonia Aragón, viuda de Quezón (née Aragón y Molina; February 19, 1888 – April 28, 1949), usually known simply as Aurora Quezón, and sometimes as Aurora Aragón-Quezón, was the wife of Philippine President Manuel Luis Quezón and the First Lady of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. Though she is recognized as the second First Lady of the Philippines, she was actually the first spouse of a Philippine president to be called as such, the honorific being unknown during the presidency of Emilio Aguinaldo, and thus not applied at that time to his wife Hilaria. Much beloved by Filipinos, Quezón was known for involvement with humanitarian activities and served as the first Chairperson of the Philippine National Red Cross.

Five years after her husband's death, Quezón and her daughter "Baby" were assassinated while they were en route to open a hospital dedicated to her husband. The province of Aurora was named in her memory.

Early life

Doña Aurora Aragon-Quezon replica house (corner of San Luis & Rizal St., Poblacion, Baler, Aurora, owned by her father, Pedro Aragón..

Aurora was born on February 19, 1888 to Pedro Aragón and Zeneida Molina, in the town of Baler in Tayabas province.[1] During the Philippine Revolution, her father was imprisoned by the colonial authorities for being suspected as being a member of the Katipunan; he would die in captivity.[1] Among her tutors during her youth was her mother's sister, María Dolores Molina, who was the mother of her first cousin and future husband Manuel Luis Quezón. After her father's imprisonment, she was taken in by her aunt María Dolores and uncle Lucio, and she lived for a time under the same roof as her future spouse.[2] After Manuel's own parents had died, he would stay with the Aragón family whenever he was in Baler.[3]

After Pedro Aragón's death, his survivors, including daughter Aurora, had been cast into extreme poverty, surviving on subsistence farming.[4] This experience was said to have shaped young Aurora's lifelong attitude of according equal treatment to everybody, no matter their status in life.[4] The Aragón family later moved to Lucena where Manuel was then serving as the provincial fiscal of Tayabas.[5] Aurora, who had wanted to become a school teacher, enrolled at the Philippine Normal College in Manila at the expense of her future husband,[5] but had to stop her studies after two years due to her poor health.

Marriage and family

In 1907, Manuel Luis Quezón was elected to the Philippine Assembly. By 1916, he was elected to the Philippine Senate and as that chamber's President. Aurora often visited Manuel in Manila.[5] In December, 1918, they were married in Hong Kong. They had four children: María Aurora "Baby" (1919–1949); María Zeneida "Nini" (b. 1921); Luisa Corazón Paz (1924–1924); and Manuel Lucio, Jr. "Nonong" (1926–1998). Luisa would die in infancy.

The marriage lasted until President Quezón's death in 1944. It withstood despite Manuel's reputation as a libertine; the author Stanley Karnow described Mrs. Quezón as finding "solace in prayer and the Philippine law against divorce".[6] Still, Aurora has also been described as "a devoted wife and a strict but understanding mother".[7] Manuel Quezon himself publicly extolled his wife as "my friend, companion and partner".[8]

Political wife and First Lady

Within the first seventeen years of the marriage, Manuel Quezón emerged as a dominant figure in Philippine politics. His career reached its apex in 1935, when he was elected President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. During her husband's political life, Aurora Quezón stayed in the background, involving herself with women's organizations such as the National Federation of Women's Clubs, of which she was the honorary chairperson.

Time Magazine described Quezón as "dignified and portly".[9] The Quezons were the first presidential couple to reside in Malacañan Palace, but she spent as little time as possible there, preferring to stay in a "nipa house" in Malacañang Park or in her farm, Kaleidan, in Arayat, Pampanga. She nevertheless was an active First Lady, engaging herself in the campaign to give Filipino women the right of suffrage, which was achieved in 1937. She was particularly involved in managing the family's Arayat farm to demonstrate how social justice could be applied to landlord-tenant relationships in an agrarian setting. Quezón was involved in the Girl Scouts of the Philippines and the Associación de Damas Filipinas, a noted orphanage in Manila.[7] She was also the honorary president of another orphanage, the White Cross, located in San Juan.

President Quezón was re-elected in November 1941, but his presidency was immediately beset with crisis when Japan invaded the Philippines in the following month. Aurora accompanied her husband to Corregidor in December, 1941, where the President was sworn in by Chief Justice José Abad Santos for his second term on December 30, 1941. For the next two months, the Quezón family remained in Corregidor where, despite the difficult living conditions, Quezón was said to have maintained her poise and kept up with a daily mass.[10] In February 1942, they began their long journey via Australia to escape the Japanese, finally reaching the United States in June 1942.

While in exile, Quezón devoted her time to the care of her ailing husband, who died in Saranac, New York from tuberculosis on August 1, 1944. She then moved to California to await their return to the Philippines. She and her daughters volunteered as nurses for the Red Cross.[7]

Postwar activity

When Mrs. Quezón returned to the Philippines she was voted a pension of 1,000 pesos a month by the Philippine Congress.[7] She returned the check, explaining: "I feel that on account of ... countless war widows and orphans ... I should waive collection of a pension . . . I cannot, in good conscience, receive ... Government assistance when so many of my less fortunate sisters and their children are not yet taken care of. . . I know [if I accepted] I would not be keeping faith with the memory of my beloved husband. . . ."[11] This act, it was said, "demonstrated why thousands of Filipinos regard her as a combination queen-mother and patron saint".[11] Quezón was offered a slot in the Liberal Party senatorial slate for the 1946 elections, which she declined. She however endorsed the presidential candidacy of Manuel Roxas,[12] who defeated her husband's vice-president and successor, Sergio Osmeña, to win the presidency.

In 1947, with the active support of Quezón, the Philippine National Red Cross was established as an independent Red Cross organization. She became the first Chairperson of the Philippine National Red Cross, holding the position until her death.[7] She also was named as honorary vice-president of the Philippine Tuberculosis Society.

She continued to be involved in civic work, such as the efforts to rebuild the Antipolo Church. She received honorary doctorates from the University of Santo Tomas, and from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. She was likewise bestowed the Ozanam Award from the Ateneo de Manila University, and the Pro Ecclessia et Pontifice Cross from Pope Pius XII.

Assassination

On the morning of April 28, 1949, Quezón left her home to travel to her husband's hometown of Baler to open the Quezon Memorial Hospital. She had been cautioned about this trip beforehand due to the frequent insurgency activities in Central Luzon of the Hukbalahap, the military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines. She shrugged off the threat, remarking on the morning of the trip, "[Hukbalahap Supremo] Taruc knows my white hair and he will not hurt me."[13] Nonetheless, a convoy of thirteen vehicles, including two military jeeps full of armed soldiers, accompanied Quezón.[14] Together with Quezon in her Buick sedan were her daughter "Baby", then a law student at the University of Santo Tomas, her son-in-law Felipe "Philip" Buencamino, Quezon City mayor Ponciano Bernardo and retired Armed Forces Chief of Staff Major General Rafael Jalandoni.

They traveled along the Baler-Bongabon Road connecting Baler with Nueva Ecija, which Quezón herself inaugurated in 1940.[15] At Quezón's request, her vehicle led the caravan, and it soon sped away from the military jeep immediately behind it.[14] As Quezón's vehicle traversed the mountain road, it was blocked by a group of armed men.[16] The men ignored the protestations from General Jalandoni and Mayor Bernardo that Quezón was in the vehicle, and machine-gun fire erupted from the side of the road and from the mountain slopes.[16][17] It was later estimated that between 100 and 200 armed men had participated in the attack.[13] Mrs. Quezón, her daughter, and Bernardo were killed instantly, while her son-in-law was mortally wounded.[16] The soldiers in the convoy arrived immediately at the scene and exchanged fire with the assailants,[16] who were able to seize the valuables of the victims before fleeing the scene.[17] In all, twelve members of the Quezon party and ten of the assailants were killed.[16]

Aurora Quezón is buried a few meters away from her husband inside the Quezon Memorial in Quezon City.

There was national and international condemnation of the massacre. United States President Harry Truman was shocked and simply declared, "It was awful."[18] A nine-day national mourning period was declared, and President Elpidio Quirino openly wept during the funeral.[17] Quezón was buried at Manila North Cemetery. The mourners included her two surviving children, Manuel, Jr., and Nini, who herself was widowed by the massacre. While no Philippine President has ever been assassinated, Aurora Quezón is one of three presidential spouses to have been murdered. (The other two were Alicia Syquia-Quirino and Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr., both of whom died before their spouses were elected president.)

It was widely believed that the Hukbalahap was responsible for the killings.[10][15][17][19] In preparation of the attack, the ambuscaders had blockaded the road and rounded up passengers from passing vehicles, and one of those passengers claimed seeing a former employee of his who had joined the Huk as among the armed men.[13] While General Jalandoni, who survived the attack, tagged the Huks as responsible, the Chief of the Philippine Constabulary laid blame instead on bandits.[20] President Quirino blamed the Huks and responded by calling for "a people's war on the dissidents".[21]

Luis Taruc, Supremo of the Hukbalahap, denied that his group was responsible for the crime,[20] though he also claimed that the Huk were conducting an investigation of their own if one of the group had breached ranks and participated in the killing.[17] Nonetheless, after Taruc's surrender in 1954, he was formally charged for the murder of Quezón and her party; these charges would be dropped before they could be heard on trial.[22] Throughout the 1950s, several other captured Huk members would be charged for participation in the assassination, with five of them being sentenced to death by a Cabanatuan City trial court.[21] Luis Taruc later wrote the killings were discussed as an agenda item at the Dec. 1949 to Jan. 1950 Politburo meeting,"...the accidental killing in a Huk ambush of Mrs. Quezon, widow of the late President Quezon, and her daughter. The majority took a characteristic Communist attitude toward this deplorable event. The victims had been 'class enemies', and that settled everything."[23]:75

On April 28, 2005, exactly fifty-six years after her death, the remains of Quezón were transferred from North Cemetery for interment in a black crypt beside her husband's sarcophagus at the Quezon Memorial in Quezon City.[24] The re-interment rites were attended by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and the Quezóns' sole surviving child, Zenaida "Nini" Quezón-Avanceña.[24]

Legacy

The Manila Provincial Road that traverses Quezon City to Manila was renamed Aurora Boulevard in her honor in 1951. In the same year Elpidio Quirino created the Aurora sub-province comprising Baler and surrounding areas in the adjacent Quezon Province. In 1978, Aurora became a separate province. Manuel and Aurora Quezón are the only spouses to have respective provinces in the Philippines named after them.[25] The first major building erected on Aurora Boulevard (also called Aurora Avenue), that is, the Aurora Tower at the Araneta Center in Cubao, was named after her. Her foremost legacy in the field of education was Mount Carmel College of Baler (formerly called Mount Carmel High School), a Catholic mission school founded in 1948 by American Carmelite missionaries who came to this town upon her invitation. The Concerned Women of the Philippines named the Aurora Aragon Quezón Peace Awards after her. Aurora A. Quezón elementary school at San Andres Malate, Manila is also named for her.

Notes

  1. 1 2 Filipinos in History, p. 117
  2. ↑ Filipinos in History, p. 117. "Quezón's mother took her under her wings. As a consequence, she became the favorite of Manuel's father. Living in the same roof, Manuel and his first cousin shared a joyful company."
  3. ↑ Manuel F. Martinez (2002). "Mission Possible:Assassinate Quezon – and Mrs. Quezon". Assassinations and Conspiracies: From Rajah Humabon to Imelda Marcos. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. p. 147. ISBN 971-27-1218-4.
  4. 1 2 Martinez, p. 138
  5. 1 2 3 Filipinos in History, p. 118
  6. ↑ Karnow, Stanley (1989). In Our File: America's Empire in the Philippines. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 233. ISBN 0-345-32816-7.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Filipinos in History, p. 119
  8. ↑ Martinez, p. 146
  9. ↑ "Prelude to Dictatorship?". Time Magazine. 1940-09-02. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  10. 1 2 Leon Ma. Guerrero (1953). "Mrs. Quezon". Family Info. We Filipinos (1953) & Manuel Luis Quezon III (2006). Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  11. 1 2 "The Letter". Time Magazine. 1946-01-14. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  12. ↑ "Mud & Cigars". Time Magazine. 1946-04-22. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  13. 1 2 3 Martinez, p. 149
  14. 1 2 Martinez, p. 148
  15. 1 2 "The Town Where Time Stands Still". Aurora, Philippines:News. BizNews Asia & Aurora.ph. December 2004. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Martinez, p. 150
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Murder in the Mountains". Time Magazine. 1949-05-09. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  18. ↑ Martinez, p. 151
  19. ↑ Major Lawrence M. Greenberg (July 1986). "Chapter IV: The Insurrection – Phase I (1946-1950)". The Hukbalahap Insurrection: A Case Study of a Successful Anti-Insurgency Operation in the Philippines, 1946–1955. Historical Analysis Series. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 62. Retrieved 2013-04-28. The Huk campaign that began in November 1948 reached its peak in April 1949, with the ambush of Senora Aurora Quezon, widow of the former Philippine president. Commander Alexander Viernes, alias Stalin, took two hundred men and laid an ambush along a small country road in the Sierra Madres mountains and waited for a motorcade carrying Sra. Quezon, her daughter, and several government officials. When the ambush ended, Senora Quezon, her daughter, the mayor of Quezon City, and numerous government troops lay dead alongside the road. Although Viernes claimed a great victory, people throughout the islands, including many in central Luzon, were outraged.
  20. 1 2 Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990). History of the Filipino People. Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. p. 233. ISBN 971-8711-06-6.
  21. 1 2 Martinez, p. 152
  22. ↑ "Guilty Your Honor". Time Magazine. 1954-09-06. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  23. ↑ Taruc, L., 1967, He Who Rides the Tiger, London: Geoffrey Chapman Ltd.
  24. 1 2 "Doña Aurora Quezon's remains transferred to QC Shrine". Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines (Republic of the Philippines). 2005-04-28. Archived from the original on 2009-04-06. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
  25. ↑ Martinez, p. 147

References

External links

Honorary titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Hilaria Aguinaldo		 First Lady of the Philippines
1935–1944 		Succeeded by
Pacencia Laurel
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