Congress of the Philippines

Congress of the Philippines
Kongreso ng Pilipinas
16th Congress of the Philippines
Coat of arms or logo
Logo
Type
Type
Houses Senate
House of Representatives
Leadership
Structure
Seats 316 (list)
24 senators
292 representatives
Senate political groups
House of Representatives political groups
Joint committees
Joint committees are chaired by senators
Authority Article VI, Constitution of the Philippines
Elections
Senate last election
May 13, 2013
May 13, 2013
Meeting place
Senate:

Government Service Insurance System Building, Pasay

House of Representatives:

Batasang Pambansa Complex, Quezon City
Website
Senate of the Philippines
House of Representatives of the Philippines

The Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Kongreso ng Pilipinas) is the national legislature of the Philippines. It is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate (upper chamber), and the House of Representatives (lower chamber) although commonly in the Philippines the term congress refers to the latter.[1]

The Senate is composed of 24 senators [2] half of which are elected every three years. Each senator, therefore, serves a total of six years. The senators are elected by the whole electorate and do not represent any geographical district.

The House of Representatives is composed of a maximum of 250 congressmen. There are two types of congressmen: the district and the sectoral representatives. The district congressmen represent a particular geographical district of the country. All provinces in the country are composed of at least one congressional district. Several cities also have their own congressional districts, with some composed of two or more representatives.[3]

The sectoral congressmen represent the minority sectors of the population. This enables these minority groups to be represented in the Congress, when they would otherwise not be represented properly through district representation. Also known as party-list representatives, sectoral congressmen represent labor unions, rights groups, and other organizations.[4]

The Constitution provides that the Congress shall convene for its regular session every year beginning on the 4th Monday of July. A regular session can last until thirty days before the opening of its next regular session in the succeeding year. The President may, however, call special sessions which are usually held between regular legislative sessions to handle emergencies or urgent matters.[5]

History

Spanish era

When the Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule, the colony was not given representation to the Spanish Cortes. It was only in 1809 where the colony was made an integral part of Spain and was given representation in the Cortes. On March 19, 1812, the Constitution of Cadiz was approved, which led to the colony's first representatives at the Cortes in September 24, 1812 by Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto. However, with Napoleon I's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, his brother Joseph Bonaparte was removed from the Spanish throne, and the Cadiz Constitution was rejected by the Cortes on May 24, 1816 with a more conservative constitution that removed Philippine representation on the Cortes, among other things. Restoration of Philippine representation to the Cortes was one of the grievances by the Illustrados, the educated class during the late 19th century.[6]

Revolutionary era

The Illustrados' campaign transformed into the Philippine Revolution that aimed to overthrow Spanish rule. Proclaiming independence on June 12, 1898, President Emilio Aguinaldo then ordered the convening of a revolutionary congress at Malolos. The Malolos Congress, among other things, approved the 1899 Constitution of the Philippines. With the approval of the Treaty of Paris, the Spanish sold the Philippines to the United States. The revolutionaries, attempting to prevent American conquest, launched the Philippine–American War, but were defeated when Aguinaldo was captured on 1901.[7]

American era

When the Philippines was under American colonial rule, the legislative body was the Philippine Commission which existed from 1900 to 1907. The President of the United States appointed the members of the Philippine Commission. Furthermore, two Filipinos served as Resident Commissioners to the House of Representatives of the United States from 1907 to 1935, then only one from 1935 to 1946. The Resident Commissioners had a voice in the House, but did not have voting rights.[8]

The Philippine Bill of 1902 mandated the creation of a bicameral or a two-chamber Philippine Legislature with the Philippine Commission as the Upper House and the Philippine Assembly as the Lower House. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in 1907. Through the leadership of then Speaker Sergio Osmeña and then Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature.[9]

In 1916, the Jones Law changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished, and a new bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was established.[10]

Commonwealth and Second Republic era

The legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution, aside from instituting the Commonwealth which gave the Filipinos more role in government, established a unicameral National Assembly. But in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was created. Those elected in 1941 would not serve until 1945, as World War II intervened. The invading Japanese set up the Second Philippine Republic and convened its own National Assembly. With the Japanese defeat in 1945, the Commonwealth and its Congress was restored. The same set up will continue until the Americans granted independence on July 4, 1946.[11]

Independent era

Upon the inauguration of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946, Republic Act No. 6 was enacted providing that on the date of the proclamation of the Republic of the Philippines, the existing Congress would be known as the First Congress of the Republic. Successive Congresses were elected until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law on September 23, 1972. Marcos then ruled by decree.[12]

As early as 1970, Marcos had convened a constitutional convention to revise the 1935 constitution; in 1973, the Constitution was approved. It abolished the bicameral Congress and created a unicameral National Assembly, which would ultimately be known as the Batasang Pambansa in a semi-presidential system of government. The batasan elected a prime minister. The Batasang Pambansa first convened in 1978. [13]

Marcos was overthrown after the 1986 People Power Revolution; President Corazon Aquino then ruled by decree. Later that year she appointed a constitutional commission that drafted a new constitution. The Constitution was approved in a plebiscite the next year; it restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. It first convened in 1987.[14]

Summary

In operation Authority Legislature Type Upper house Lower house
1898–99 República Filipina controlled areas
Malolos Constitution Malolos Congress Unicameral Malolos Congress
U.S. controlled areas
War powers authority of the President of the United States Martial law
1900–02 República Filipina controlled areas
Malolos Constitution Malolos Congress Unicameral Malolos Congress
U.S. controlled areas
Appointment by the President of the United States Taft Commission Unicameral Philippine Commission
1902–07 Philippine Organic Act Philippine Commission Bicameral Philippine Commission
1907–16 Philippine Organic Act Philippine Legislature Bicameral Philippine Commission Philippine Assembly
1916–35 Philippine Autonomy Act Philippine Legislature Bicameral Senate House of Representatives
1935–41 1935 Constitution National Assembly Unicameral National Assembly
1943–44 1943 Constitution National Assembly Unicameral National Assembly
1945–46 Amendments to the 1935 Constitution Congress (Commonwealth) Bicameral Senate House of Representatives
1946–73 Congress Bicameral Senate House of Representatives
never convened 1973 Constitution National Assembly Unicameral National Assembly
1978–86 Amendments to the 1973 Constitution Batasang Pambansa Unicameral Batasang Pambansa
1987–present 1987 Constitution Congress Bicameral Senate House of Representatives

Powers

The powers of the Congress of the Philippines may be classified as:

General legislative

It consists of the enactment of laws intended as a rule of conduct to govern the relation between individuals (i.e., civil laws, commercial laws, etc.) or between individuals and the state (i.e., criminal law, political law, etc.) [15]

Implied

It is essential to the effective exercise of other powers expressly granted to the assembly.

Inherent

These are the powers which though not expressly given are nevertheless exercised by the Congress as they are necessary for its existence such as:

Specific legislative

It has reference to powers which the Constitution expressly and specifically directs to perform or execute.

Powers enjoyed by the Congress classifiable under this category are:

Executive

Powers of the Congress that are executive in nature are:

Supervisory

The Congress of the Philippines exercises considerable control and supervision over the administrative branch - e.g.:

Electoral

Considered as electoral power of the Congress of the Philippines are the Congress' power to:

Judicial

Constitutionally, each house has judicial powers:

Miscellaneous

The other powers of Congress mandated by the Constitution are as follows:

Lawmaking

Voting requirements

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The vote requirements in the Congress of the Philippines are as follows:

Requirement Senate House of Representatives Joint session All members
One-fifth N/A N/A
One-third N/A
  • Pass an articles of impeachment
N/A N/A
Majority (50% +1 member)
  • Election of the Senate President
  • Election of the Speaker
  • Revocation of martial law
  • Revocation of the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
  • Concurrence of a grant of amnesty
  • Submit to the electorate the question of calling a constitutional convention
  • Grant a tax exemption
  • Passage of laws
  • Election of the president in case of a tie vote.
  • Confirmation of an appointment of the president to a vice president
Two-thirds
  • Suspend or expel a member
  • Designation of the vice president as acting president
  • Override a presidential veto
  • Declaration of a state of war
  • Call a constitutional convention
  • Conviction of impeached officials
  • Concurrence on a treaty
N/A
Three-fourths N/A N/A N/A
  • Passage of amendments to, or revision of the constitution

In most cases, such as the approval of bills, only a majority of members present is needed; on some cases such as the election of presiding officers, a majority of all members, including vacant seats, is needed.

Latest elections

Senate

In the Philippines, the most common way to illustrate the result in a Senate election is via a tally of candidates in descending order of votes. The twelve candidates with the highest number of votes are elected.

 Summary of the May 13, 2013 Philippine Senate election results per party
Party Popular vote Breakdown Seats
Total % Swing Entered Up Not up Gains Holds Losses Won End 15th 16th +/
Start %
UNA (United Nationalist Alliance)[s 1] 80,257,922 26.97% Increase 11.11% 8 1 2 1 2 0 3 3 5 21% Increase 2
Nacionalista (Nationalist Party) 45,531,389 15.30% Decrease 1.40% 3 3 2 0 3 0 3 5 5 21% Steady
Liberal (Liberal Party) 33,678,948 11.32% Decrease 15.02% 3 1 3 0 1 0 1 4 4 17% Steady
NPC (Nationalist People's Coalition) 30,204,220 10.15% Increase 5.63% 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 2 8% Steady
LDP (Struggle of Democratic Filipinos) 16,005,564 5.38% Increase 5.38% 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 4% Steady
PDP-Laban (Philippine Democratic Party – People's Power) 14,725,114 4.95% Increase 2.72% 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 4% Steady
Akbayan (Akbayan Citizens' Action Party) 10,944,843 3.68% Increase 3.68% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% Steady
Bangon Pilipinas (Rise Up, Philippines) 6,932,985 2.33% Increase 0.15% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% Steady
Makabayan (Patriotic Coalition of the People) 4,295,151 1.44% Increase 1.44% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% Steady
Ang Kapatiran (Alliance for the Common Good) 2,975,641 1.00% Increase 0.16% 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% Steady
DPP (Democratic Party of the Philippines) 2,500,967 0.84% Increase 0.84% 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% Steady
Social Justice Society 1,240,104 0.42% Increase 0.42% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% Steady
Lakas-CMD (People Power-Christian Muslim Democrats) Not participating 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 2 8% Decrease 1
PRP (People's Reform Party) Not participating 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 4% Steady
Independent 48,332,949 16.24% Increase 8.16% 5 2 0 0 2 0 2 3 3 13% Steady
Vacancy 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0% Decrease 1
Total votes 297,625,797 N/A 33 12 12 1 10 1 12 24 24 100% Steady
Turnout 40,144,207 75.77% Increase 1.43%
Registered voters 52,982,173 100% Increase 3.24%
  1. An electoral alliance of the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban) and of the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP), UNA has candidates from both parties, with all running under the UNA banner. However, one candidate is running under the PDP-Laban banner and is not included in these figures. Therefore, figures are as compared from the PMP's 2010 figures.

House of Representatives

A voter has two votes in the House of Representatives: one vote for a representative elected in the voter's congressional district (first-past-the-post), and one vote for a party in the party-list system (closed list), the so-called sectoral representatives; sectoral representatives shall comprise not more than 20% of the House of Representatives.

To determine the winning parties in the party-list election, a party must surpass the 2% election threshold of the national vote; usually, the party with the largest number of votes wins the maximum three seats, the rest two seats. If the number of seats of the parties that surpassed the 2% threshold is less than 20% of the total seats, the parties that won less than 2% of the vote gets one seat each until the 20% requirement is met.

 Summary of the May 13, 2013 Philippine House of Representatives election results for representatives from congressional districts
Party/coalition Popular vote Breakdown Seats
Total % Swing Entered Up Gains Holds Losses Wins Elected %[hd 1] +/−[hd 2]
Liberal (Liberal Party) 10,557,265 38.31% Increase 18.38% 160 93 22 84 9 4 109 37.7% Increase 16
Bukidnon Paglaum (Hope for Bukidnon) 100,405 0.36% Increase 0.36% 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.3% Steady
Kusug Agusanon (Progressive Agusan) 71,436 0.26% Increase 0.26% 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.3% Steady
KKK (Struggle for Peace, Progress and Justice) 54,425 0.20% Increase 0.16% 2 [hd 3] 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
Akbayan (Akbayan Citizens' Action Party) 34,239 0.12% Increase 0.12% 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0.0% Increase 1
Liberal Party coalition 10,817,770 39.22% Increase 19.77% 165 95 22 85 9 4 112 38.6% Increase 17
UNA (United Nationalist Alliance) 3,140,381 9.31% Increase 9.31% 55 11 3 5 6 0 8 2.7% Decrease 3
PDP-Laban (Philippine Democratic Party – People's Power) 281,320 1.02% Increase 0.29% 13 [hd 4] 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
PMP (Force of the Filipino Masses) 144,030 0.52% Decrease 1.98% 11 [hd 5] 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
Template:KABAKA/meta/shortname (Partner of the Nation for Progress) 94,966 0.34% Increase 0.14% 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.3% Steady
Magdiwang (Magdiwang Party) 23,253 0.08% Decrease 0.06% 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.3% Increase 1
1-Cebu (One Cebu) 21,936 0.08% Increase 0.08% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
United Nationalist Alliance coalition 3,705,886 11.36% Increase 3.55% 82 12 3 7 6 0 10 3.4% Decrease 2
Kambilan (Shield and Fellowship of Kapampangans) 96,433 0.35% Increase 0.35% 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.3% Increase 1
Unang Sigaw (First Cry of Nueva Ecija–Party of Change) 94,952 0.35% Increase 0.34% 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.3% Increase 1
United Negros Alliance 91,467 0.34% Increase 0.34% 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.3% Steady
Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod (Party of the People of the City) 65,324 0.24% Increase 0.24% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
Sulong Zambales (Forward Zambales) 60,280 0.22% Increase 0.22% 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.0% Decrease 1
PPP (Party of Change for Palawan) 57,485 0.21% Increase 0.21% 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.3% Increase 1
BALANE (New Force of Nueva Ecija Party) 39,372 0.14% Increase 0.14% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
Tingog Leytenon (Positive Leyte) 34,025 0.12% Increase 0.13% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
AZAP (Forward Zamboanga Party) 15,881 0.06% Increase 0.06% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
Ompia (Ompia Party) 1,682 0.01% Increase 0.01% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
Unaffiliated local parties 556,901 2.02% Increase 1.84% 10 2 3 1 1 0 4 1.4% Increase 2
NPC (Nationalist People's Coalition) 4,800,907 17.36% Increase 1.40% 71 40 4 34 6 4 42 14.4% Increase 2
NUP (National Unity Party) 2,402,097 8.69% Increase 8.69% 34 30 0 24 6 0 24 8.2% Decrease 6
Nacionalista (Nationalist Party) 2,364,400 8.55% Decrease 2.79% 44 20 5 13 7 0 18 6.2% Decrease 2
Lakas (People Power-Christian Muslim Democrats) 1,472,464 5.33% Decrease 32.09% 24 18 0 13 5 1 14 4.8% Decrease 4
Aksyon (Democratic Action) 97,982 0.35% Decrease 0.09% 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
KBL (New Society Movement) 94,484 0.34% Decrease 0.12% 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.3% Steady
LDP (Struggle of the Democratic Filipinos) 90,070 0.33% Decrease 0.15% 4 1 1 1 0 0 2 0.7% Increase 1
CDP (Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines) 68,281 0.25% Increase 0.25% 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.3% Steady
Ang Kapatiran (Aliance for the Common Good) 19,019 0.07% Decrease 0.06% 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
PMM (Workers' and Farmers' Party) 10,396 0.04% Decrease 2.59% 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
PLM (Party of the Laboring Masses) 10,196 0.04% Increase 0.04% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
Makabayan (Patriotic Coalition of the People) 3,870 0.01% Increase 0.01% 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
DPP (Democratic Party of the Philippines) 1,071 0.00% Increase 0.00% 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% Steady
Independent 1,665,324 6.02% Decrease 0.93% 172 4 4 1 3 1 6 2.1% Increase 2
Vacancy 5 0 0 5 0 0.0% Decrease 5
Total 27,584,741 100% N/A 628 229 44 180 44 10 234 80.1% Increase 5
Valid votes 27,584,741 About 8.3 million votes are not included as they weren't included in the Transparency server. It is unknown which of those are valid or invalid votes.
Invalid votes 4,148,957
Turnout 40,144,207 75.77% Increase 1.43
Registered voters (without overseas voters) 52,014,648 100% Increase 2.54%
  1. Of all 292 House members, including party-list representatives.
  2. From last composition of the 15th Congress.
  3. All incumbent KKK representatives are co-nominated by the Liberal Party.
  4. All incumbent PDP-Laban representatives are running under the United Nationalist Alliance.
  5. All incumbent PMP representatives are running under the United Nationalist Alliance.

Seat

The Legislative Building during the 1930s.
Senate
House of Representatives
Congress Building
Japanese Schoolhouse
Ayuntamiento
Locations of the historical (blue) and current (red) seats of Congress in Metro Manila.

In what could be a unique setup, Congress' two houses meet at different places in Metro Manila, the seat of government: the Senate sits at a building shared with the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) at Pasay, while the House of Representatives sits at the Batasang Pambansa Complex.

The Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan served as a meeting place of unicameral congress of the First Philippine Republic.

After the Americans defeated the First Republic, American-instituted Philippine Legislature convened at the Ayuntamiento in Intramuros, Manila from 1907 to 1926, when it transferred to the Legislative Building just outside Intramuros. In the Legislative Building, the Senate occupied the upper floors while the House of Representatives used the lower floors.

Destroyed during the Battle of Manila of 1945, the Commonwealth Congress convened at the Old Japanese Schoolhouse at Sampaloc. Congress met at the school auditorium, with the Senate convening on evenings and the House of Representatives meeting every morning. Congress would return to the Legislative Building, which will be renamed as the Congress Building, on 1949 up to 1973 when President Marcos ruled by decree. Marcos built a new seat of a unicameral parliament at Quezon City, which would eventually be the Batasang Pambansa Complex. The parliament that will eventually be named as the Batasang Pambansa (National Legislature), first met at the Batasang Pambansa Complex on 1978.

With the overthrow of Marcos after the People Power Revolution, the bicameral Congress was restored. The House of Representatives inherited the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate returned to the Congress Building. On May 1997, the Senate moved to the newly constructed building owned by the GSIS on land reclaimed from Manila Bay at Pasay; the Congress Building was eventually transformed into the National Museum of the Philippines.

Congresses of the Philippines

Party control of Congress
Senate
The Senate, when it is in existence, is always composed of 24 senators, including vacancies. The 1935 constitution abolished the Senate, but a 1940 amendment restored bicameralism. The 1978 constitution, the Senate was abolished a new in favor of a unicameral parliament; it was restored with the approval of the 1987 constitution.
House of Representatives
The House of Representatives (National Assembly/Batasang Pambansa) originally had 98 members; the 1935 Constitution limited the membership to 120. The adoption of the 1973 Constitution raised the membership to 200, while the 1987 constitution allowed increases from the 250-seat limit by means of statutes.
Members of Congress often switch parties in favor of the ruling president after the election in what is locally known as the Padrino System or patronage politics; this phenomenon is more pronounced in the lower house, causing the president to automatically hold at least one chamber at any given time.

Timeline

See also

Sources

References

  1. "Article VI: THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT". Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  2. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  3. "Article VI: THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT". Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  4. "Article VI: THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT". Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  5. "Article VI: THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT". Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  6. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  7. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  8. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  9. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  10. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  11. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  12. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  13. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  14. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  15. "The Legislative Branch". Philippines Official Gazette. Philippines Official Gazette. Retrieved 31 May 2013.

External links

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