June Shagaloff Alexander
| June Shagaloff Alexander | |
|---|---|
| Born |
June 14, 1928 New York City, New York, United States |
| Alma mater | New York University (B.A.) |
| Organization | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
| Movement | African-American Civil Rights Movement |
| Spouse(s) | Michael Alexander (m. 1970–92) |
| Children | David Alexander |
June Shagaloff Alexander (born June 14, 1928) is a U.S. civil rights activist.
Early life
June Shagaloff Alexander was born in 1928 in New York City. Her parents, Samuel Shagaloff and Gertrude Bellinson, emigrated to the United States from Russia in 1905. Their household was secular Jewish, and valued socialist ideals. Her father was a pharmacist who owned and managed a drugstore, first in Merrick and then in Baldwin, Long Island. As a child, she spent time at her father’s store and, in the summer, at nearby Jones Beach. Some people believed she was African-American and, at an early age, she experienced racial discrimination. These experiences left a lasting impression, and contributed to her civil rights activism as an adult. In 1946, she enrolled at the University of Cincinnati and at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, and graduated from New York University in 1950 with a degree in Sociology with honors.
Civil Rights Work
In 1950, June Shagaloff joined the NAACP Legal Department, later the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, headed by Thurgood Marshall, who hired her at the end of an undergraduate internship. Marshall, who would later become a Justice on the United States Supreme Court, believed that the success of litigation depended on its impact on families and their willingness to demand desegregation and send their children to desegregated schools. Consequently, he hired Shagaloff, one of two staff members of the department who was not a lawyer, to conduct social research and organize communities around issues of school desegregation. As one of her first assignments, in 1952 Marshall sent her to Cairo, Illinois to help the NAACP branch end school segregation. While she was in Cairo, she was arrested for conspiring to “endanger the health and life of certain children.”[1] Marshall immediately flew to Cairo and, after many hours at the jailhouse, negotiated her release.[2]
On another assignment, she helped develop the social research which was critical in the NAACP’s victory in the Supreme Courts’ 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which ended legal segregation in America. She aided psychologist Kenneth Clark in examining experiences of children in segregated schools and in the process of desegregating various institutions.[3] They found that children in segregated schools that offered similar material resources were nevertheless impacted negatively by the fact of segregation, including the development of lower esteem and motivation levels. This research led the Supreme Court to overcome the “Separate but Equal” doctrine that had been established in the 19th century by Plessy v. Ferguson. Clark and Shagaloff Alexander also found no evidence that gradual desegregation offered advantages over quick action, which led to the NAACP’s position that desegregation must be implemented quickly to be effective. Also in preparation for arguments in the Brown case, she researched congressional hearings on the Fourtheenth Amendment to discern the extent to which drafters intended equality to include education, working with historian John Hope Franklin. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the NAACP, ending legal segregation, on May 17, 1954. After the Brown decision, she continued her work at the NAACP on education issues and school desegregation.
In 1961, she became the first Education Director of the national NAACP, then headed by Roy Wilkins. Her work organizing local communities together with local chapters of the NAACP, fighting for desegregation, and mobilizing parents brought her to many towns and cities across the United States. Shagaloff directed the new national NAACP school desegregation program in the North and West, in scores of communities from Boston to San Francisco.[4] On occasions, she worked with various civil rights leaders, such as Martin Luther King,[5] tried to influence political leaders, such as Robert Kennedy, together with James Baldwin,[6] gave speeches, and wrote articles.[7] Shagaloff Alexander retired from the NAACP in 1972. In recent years, her work has been recognized in historical accounts of the civil rights movement, and she received awards honoring her work and its impact.[8]
Later Activities
June Shagaloff married Michael Alexander in 1970, and they have a son named David. In 1972, they moved to Israel, living in Ashkelon until 1983. Alexander helped found the Ashkelon chapter of Peace Now, and worked as a substitute English teacher. In 1983, she moved with her family to Amityville, NY, where she was active with the local NAACP chapter and then, in 1984, to West Nyack, New York. She has been active in the Clarkstown PTA and is a member of the Board of Directors of West Street Child Care Learning Center.
References
- ↑ Brown in Baltimore: School Desegregation and the Limits of Liberalism, by Howell S. Baum, Cornell University Press (2010).
- ↑ Freedom's sword: the NAACP and the struggle against racism in America, 1909-1969, By Gilbert Jonas, Routledge (2005).
- ↑ Social Scientists for Social Justice: Making the Case Against Segregation, by John P. Jackson, NYU Press (2001).
- ↑ NAACP Legal Defense Fund: Conversation with Veteran Organizer June Shagaloff (2014).
- ↑ Stanford MLK Project, Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Symbol of the movement, By Martin Luther King (Jr.), California University Press.
- ↑ Baldwin's Harlem: a Biography of James Baldwin, by Herb Boyd, Simon and Schuster (2008).
- ↑ Public School Desegregation - North and West, by June Shagaloff, The Crisis (1963).
- ↑ Rockland County Civil Rights Hall of Fame Press Release