Kösem Sultan

Mahpeyker Kösem Sultan
كوسم سلطان
Naib-i-Sultanat of the Ottoman Empire
(first regency)
Regency 10 September 1623 – 18 May 1632
Predecessor None
Monarch Murad IV
(second regency)
Regency 8 August 1648 – 2 September 1651
Successor Turhan Hatice Sultan
Monarch Mehmed IV
Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Tenure 10 September 1623 – 2 September 1651
Predecessor Halime Sultan
Successor Turhan Hatice Sultan
Haseki Sultan
Tenure 26 November 1605 – 22 November 1617
Predecessor Safiye Sultan
Successor Ayşe Sultan
Born Anastasia
c. 1589–1590
Tinos[1]
(currently the territory of Greece)
Died 2 September 1651
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul
Spouse Sultan Ahmed I
Issue Sons:
Sultan Murad IV[2][3]
Şehzade Kasim[2][3]
Şehzade Suleiman[2]
Sultan Ibrahim[2][3]
Daughters:
Ayşe Sultan[2]
Fatma Sultan[2][4]
Gevherhan Sultan[2][4]
Hanzade Sultan[4]
Religion Islam, previously Orthodox Christianity

Kösem Sultan (Turkish pronunciation: [cøˈsem sulˈtan]) (c. 1590 – 2 September 1651) – also known as Mahpeyker Sultan[5] (Turkish pronunciation: [mahpejˈkeɾ sulˈtan]) – was one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history.[5][6][7][8] Favourite consort and later legal wife of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617), she achieved power and influenced the politics of the Ottoman Empire through her husband, then through her sons Murad IV (r. 1623–1640) and Ibrahim (r. 1640–1648), and finally through her minor grandson Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687). She was Valide Sultan[5] when her sons Murad IV and Ibrahim reigned as Ottoman sultans. She was a prominent figure during the Sultanate of Women. After her death, she was known by the names "Valide-i Maktule" (murdered mother), and "Valide-i Șehide" (martyred mother).[9]

Biography

Her husband, Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I.

Early life

Kösem was of Greek origin,[10][11][12][13] the daughter of a priest on the island of Tinos.[14][15] Her maiden name was Anastasia.[16] She was bought as a slave in Ottoman Bosnia by the Bosnian beylerbey,[15][17] and sent to Constantinople, the Ottoman capital, at the age of fifteen, to the harem of Sultan Ahmed I after cancelling her education in Constantinople. Upon her conversion to Islam, her name was changed to Mahpeyker (Moon-Shaped), and later by Sultan Ahmed I to Kösem.[13]The early death of Ahmed's mother, Handan Sultan, and the exile of his grandmother, Safiye Sultan to the Old Palace is one of the reasons that permitted the rise of Kösem who apparently couldn't rise in the harem as long as Handan Sultan was alive.

Venetian ambassador Contarini reported the beating of a woman who had irritated Kösem, ordered by the sultan, in 1612, which may be identified to Mahfiruz.[18] She also made efforts to keep her brother-in-law, Mustafa, safe from execution, and saw an obstacle in Mahfiruz who was lobbying in favor of her son.[18]

As a Haseki Sultan to Ahmed I, she had a long career as guardian of princes. It is possible that the significant modifications in the pattern of succession to the throne during Ahmed's thing owed something to her efforts. In 1612, the Venetian ambassador reported that she prevailed upon Ahmed to spare Mustafa, with the argument that Ahmed himself had been brought to the throne purely through an act of fate.

First reign

Kösem was appointed not only as Valide Sultan but also, as her son was a minor, as official regent (naib-i-sultanat) during his minority from her son's ascension on 10 September 1623 until 18 May 1632.[19] During most of the reign of Murad IV she essentially ruled through him and effectively ran the empire, attending meetings of the divan (cabinet) from behind a curtain, even after 1632, when she was no longer regent.

During the early years the Empire fell into anarchy; the Safavid Empire invaded Iraq almost immediately, Northern Anatolia erupted in revolts, and in 1631 the Janissaries stormed the palace and killed the Grand Vizier, among others. Murad feared suffering the same fate as his elder brother, Osman II, and decided to assert his power. He later tried to quell the corruption that had grown during the reigns of previous Sultans, and that had not been checked while his mother was ruling through proxy. His absolute rule started around 1632, when he took the authority and repressed all the tyrants, and he re-established the supremacy of Sultan.

Second reign

Kösem's other son, Ibrahim, lived in terror of being the next of his brothers to die by his brother's order. His life was only saved by the intercession of his mother Kösem Sultan.[20] After Murad's death, Ibrahim was left the sole surviving prince of the dynasty. Upon being asked by Grand Vizier Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasha to assume the Sultanate, Ibrahim suspected Murad was still alive and plotting to trap him. It took the combined persuasion of Kösem and the Grand Vizier, and personal examination of his brother's dead body, to make Ibrahim accept the throne. When Ibrahim succeeded his brother in 1640, he proved too mentally unstable to rule. This enabled Kösem to continue in power. Since Ibrahim was the only surviving male member of the Ottoman dynasty, he was encouraged by his mother to distract himself with harem girls. The distractions of the harem allowed Kösem to gain power and rule in his name, yet even she fell victim to the Sultan's disfavor and left the Imperial Palace.[21]

Ibrahim's behaviour sparked talks of deposing the sultan. In 1647, the Grand Vizier Salih Pasha, Kösem Sultan, and the şeyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi unsuccessfully plotted to depose the sultan and replace him with one of his sons. Salih Pasha was executed and Kösem Sultan was exiled from the harem.[22] The next year the Janissaries and members of the ulema revolted. On August 8, 1648, Ibrahim was dethroned, seized and imprisoned in Topkapı Palace.[21][23] Kösem gave consent to her son's fall, saying "In the end he will leave neither you nor me alive. We will lose control of the government. The whole society is in ruins. Have him removed from the throne immediately."[24] The new Grand Vizier, Ṣofu Meḥmed Pasha, petitioned the Sheikh ul-Islam for a fatwā sanctioning Ibrahim's execution. It was granted, with the message "if there are two Caliphs, kill one of them." Kösem also gave her consent. Two executioners were sent.[25] Ibrahim was strangled on August 18, 1648.

Eventually Kösem presented her seven-year-old grandson Mehmed IV to the divan with the words "Here he is!, see what you can do with him!" Thus, she declared herself regent for the second time, and ruled openly again between 1648 and 1651. At the head of the Ottoman Empire stood the child sultan, Mehmed IV. With Mehmed's ascendancy, the position of Valide Sultan ("mother of the reigning sultan") should have gone to his mother Turhan Hatice Sultan. However, Turhan was overlooked due to her youth and inexperience. Instead Kösem Sultan was reinstated to this high position. Kösem Sultan was a Valide (mother) under two sons, thus having the more experience of the two women.[26]

Death

It was Mehmed IV's mother, Turhan Hatice, who proved to be Kösem's nemesis. When she was about 12 years old, Turhan was sent to the Topkapı Palace as a gift, from the Khan of Crimea, to Kösem Sultan.[27][28] It was probably Kösem Sultan who gave Turhan Hatice to Ibrahim as a concubine. Turhan turned out to be too ambitious a woman to lose such a high position without a fight. In her struggle to become Valide Sultan, Turhan was supported by the chief black eunuch in her household and the grand vizier, while Kösem was supported by the Janissary Corps. Although, Kösem’s position as Valide was seen as the best for the government, the people resented the influence of the Janissaries on the government.[29]

In this power struggle, Kösem planned to dethrone Mehmed and replace him with another young grandson. According to one historian, this switching had more to do with replacing an ambitious daughter-in-law with one who was more easily controlled. The plan was unsuccessful as it was reported to Turhan by Melek Hatun, one of Kösem’s slaves, that Kösem was said to be plotting Mehmed's removal and replacement by another grandson with a more pliant mother.[29] Whether Turhan sanctioned it or not, Kösem Sultan was murdered three years after becoming regent for her young grandson. It is rumoured that Turhan ordered Kösem's assassination. Furthermore, some have speculated that Kösem was strangled with a curtain by the chief black eunuch of the harem, Tall Suleiman. The Ottoman renegade Bobovi, relying on an informant in the harem, states that Kösem was strangled with her own hair.[30]

After her death her body was taken from Topkapi to the Old Palace (Eski Sarayı) and then buried in the mausoleum of her husband Ahmed I.[31] Kösem was renowned for her charity work and for freeing her slaves after 3 years of service. When she died the people of Constantinople observed three days of mourning.

Issue

Kösem Sultan's sons who were Sultans of the Ottoman Empire. Left: Murad IV (ca. 1612–1640) Right: Ibrahim (ca. 1615–1648)

Sons

Daughters

In popular culture

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.dr.com.tr/kitap/kara-kralice-kosem/demet-altinyeleklioglu/edebiyat/roman/turkiye-roman/urunno=0000000413240
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000). International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties. Anmol Publications PVT. pp. 423–424. ISBN 81-261-0403-1. Through her beauty and intelligence, Kösem Walide was especially attractive to Ahmed I, and drew ahead of more senior wives in the palace. She bore the sultan four sons – Murad, Süleyman, Ibrahim and Kasim – and three daughters – 'Ayşe, Fatma and Djawharkhan. These daughters she subsequently used to consolidate her political influence by strategic marriages to different viziers.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Peirce, p.232
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Peirce, p.365
  5. 1 2 3 Douglas Arthur Howard, The official History of Turkey, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-30708-3, p. 195
  6. ↑ Bator, Robert, – Rothero, Chris (2000). Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 42. ISBN 0-8225-3217-4. When such a son became sultan, his slave mother would become the most powerful woman in the Ottoman Empire. The Macedonian slave Kösem earned this distinction
  7. ↑ Akbar, M. J. (2002). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 0-415-28470-8. His mother, Valide Kosem, said to be the most powerful woman in the history of the dynasty, ruled in his name.
  8. ↑ Westheimer, Ruth Karola, – Kaplan, Steven (2001). Power. University of Virginia: Madison Books. p. 19. ISBN 1-56833-230-0. Maypeyker Sultan, better known as Kösem Sultan, is remembered by the Turks as the most powerful woman of her time
  9. ↑ Necdet Sakaoğlu (2007). Famous Ottoman women. Avea. p. 129.
  10. ↑ al-Ayvansarayî, Hafiz Hüseyin ; Crane, Howard (2000). The garden of the mosques : Hafiz Hüseyin al-Ayvansarayî's guide to the Muslim monuments of Ottoman Istanbul. Brill. p. 21. ISBN 90-04-11242-1. Kosem Valide Mahpeyker, known also simply as Kosem Sultan (c. 1589–1651), consort of Sultan Ahmed I and mother of Murad IV and Ibrahim I. Greek by birth, she exercised a decisive influence in the Ottoman state
  11. ↑ "Kosem Sultan (Ottoman sultana) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  12. ↑ Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 597. ISBN 90-04-07026-5. Kosem [qv] Mahpeyker, a woman of Greek origin (Anastasia, 1585–1651)
  13. 1 2 Davis, Fanny (1970). The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul. Scribner. pp. 227–228. OCLC 636864790. Kosem was said to have been the daughter of a Greek priest of one of the Aegean islands, probably captured during one of the Ottoman-Venetian maritime campaigns. Her name was Anastasia but was changed after her conversion, no doubt on her admission to the palace, to Mâh-Peyker (Moon-Shaped), and later by Sultan Ahmet to Kosem
  14. ↑ Hogan, Christine (2006). The Veiled Lands: A Woman's Journey Into the Heart of the Islamic World. Macmillan Publishers Aus. p. 74. ISBN 9781405037013.
  15. 1 2 Freely, John (1996). Istanbul: the imperial city. Viking. p. 215. ISBN 0-14-024461-1. Then around 1608 Ahmet found a new favourite, a Greek girl named Anastasia, who had been captured on the island of Tinos and sent as a slave to the Harem, where she took the name of Kosem
  16. ↑ Sonyel, Salâhi Ramadan (1993). Minorities and the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. Turkish Historical Society Printing House. p. 61. ISBN 975-16-0544-X. Many of the women of the harem were non-Muslim, for example Kösem Sultan was born in 1590 as Anastasia. The Governor of Bosnia had sent her to the Sultan. She was the wife of Ahmet I (1603–17), and the mother of Murat IV (1623–40), and of Ibrahim I (1640–8)
  17. ↑ Amila Buturović, İrvin Cemil Schick (2007). Women in the Ottoman Balkans: gender, culture and history. I.B.Tauris. p. 23. ISBN 1-84511-505-8. Kösem, who was of Greek origin. Orphaned very young, she found herself at the age of fifteen in the harem of Sultan Ahmed I. line feed character in |quote= at position 33 (help)
  18. 1 2 Peirce 1993, p. 233.
  19. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060502150953/http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Turkey/turkey5.htm. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ↑ Baysun, M. Cavid. "Kösem Wālide or Kösem Sulṭān." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online, 2012. Accessed 10 July 2012
  21. 1 2 Baysun, "Kösem Wālide or Kösem Sulṭān"
  22. ↑ Börekçi, Günhan. "Ibrahim I." Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Ed. Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters. New York: Facts on File, 2009. p.263.
  23. ↑ Thys-Senocak,p.26
  24. ↑ Quioted in Thys-Senocak, p.26.
  25. ↑ Kohen, Eli. History of the Turkish Jews and Sephardim: Memories of a Past Golden Age. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2007. Page 142.
  26. ↑ Peirce, p.250
  27. ↑ Thys-Senocak, p. 17
  28. ↑ Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe, p. 35
  29. 1 2 Peirce, p.252
  30. ↑ Thys-Senocak, p. 28
  31. ↑ Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000). International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties. Anmol Publications PVT. p. 425. ISBN 81-261-0403-1. Kosem Walide…Her body was taken from Topkapi to the Eski Saray and then buried in the mausoleum of her husband Ahmad I.
  32. ↑ Turkish screenwriter tells Ottoman history through one woman's life
  33. ↑ IMDB, Mahpeyker - Kösem Sultan
Ottoman royalty
Preceded by
Safiye Sultan		 Haseki Sultan
26 November 1605 – 22 November 1617 		Succeeded by
Ayşe Sultan
Preceded by
Halime Sultan		 Valide Sultan
10 September 1623 – 3 September 1651 		Succeeded by
Turhan Hatice Sultan
Preceded by
None		 Naib-i-Sultanat
10 September 1623 – 18 May 1632 and
8 August 1648 – 3 September 1651 		Succeeded by
Turhan Hatice Sultan
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