Turkana Boy

Turkana Boy, Nariokotome Boy

Catalog number	KNM-WT 15000
Common name	Turkana Boy, Nariokotome Boy
Species	Tentatively assigned Homo ergaster
Age	1.6 mya
Place discovered	Lake Turkana, Kenya
Date discovered	1984
Discovered by	Kamoya Kimeu/Richard Leakey
Image is of a cast on display at the American Museum of Natural History

Turkana Boy, now called Nariokotome Boy, is the common name of Homo ergaster fossil KNM-WT 15000,^{[nb 1]} a nearly complete skeleton of a hominin youth who lived during the early Pleistocene. This specimen is the most complete early human skeleton ever found. It is believed to be between 1.5 and 1.6 million years old.

Estimates of his age at death range from seven to 18 years old; the most recent scientific review suggests eight years.^[1] It was initially suggested that he would have grown into a 185 centimetres (73 in) tall adult, but the most recent analysis argues for the much shorter stature of 163 centimetres (64 in). The reason for this shift has been research showing that his growth maturation differed from that of modern humans in that he would have had a briefer and smaller adolescent growth spurt.^[1]

The skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu, a member of a team led by Richard Leakey, at Nariokotome near Lake Turkana in Kenya.^[2][3]

Adolescence and maturity

The shape of the pelvis identifies the specimen as male. Estimates of the age at death depend on whether the maturity stage of the teeth or skeleton is used, and whether that maturity is compared to that of modern humans or to chimpanzees. A key factor is that, while modern humans have a marked adolescent growth spurt, chimpanzees do not. While initial research assumed a modern human type of growth, more recent evidence from other fossils suggests this was less present in early Homo. This affects the estimation of both his age and his likely stature as a fully grown adult.^[1]

• Anthropologists Alan Walker and Richard Leakey in 1993 estimated the boy to have been about 11–12 years old based on known rates of bone maturity.^{[4][nb 2]}
• Christopher Dean (M. C. Dean) of University College London, in a Nova special, stated that Turkana Boy was 8 years old at death.^[5][6] But Alan Walker and Richard Leakey said that dental dating often gives a younger age than a person's actual age.^{[7][nb 3]}
• Ronda Graves and colleagues in the most recent review of the problems involved concluded that he would "have grown an additional five to 14 cm before reaching adulthood" and that "if, at death, he was eight to ten years of age, [he would have been] 154 centimetres (61 in) tall, and growing faster than a modern human but slower than a chimpanzee. According to this scenario, KNM-WT 15000 would have attained an adult stature ranging between 159 centimetres (63 in) and 168 centimetres (66 in)." Moreover, that "according to our preferred models of growth and development, [his] growth in stature [would have been] completed by 12 years of age (4 years after death), so that the majority of growth has already occurred".^[1]

Morphology

Nariokotome Boy reconstruction

Forensic facial reconstruction

Steps of facial reconstruction

The specimen comprises 108 bones, making it the most complete early human skeleton discovered. The skeleton is about 160 centimetres (63 in) tall. In adulthood, Turkana Boy might have reached 185 centimetres (73 in) tall and massed 68 kilograms (150 lb). The pelvis is narrower than in Homo sapiens, which is most likely for more efficient upright walking. This further indicates a fully terrestrial bipedalism, which is unlike older hominin species that show a combined feature of bipedalism and tree climbing.^[8] The Boy was relatively tall, which increased his body surface area that would enhance heat dissipation and prevent heat stress under the hot sun.^[3][9]

The overall KNM-WT 15000 skeleton still had features (such as a low sloping forehead, strong brow ridges, and the absence of a chin) not seen in H. sapiens. However, there are significant defining characters, such as bigger brain size (880 cc). The arms and legs are slightly longer indicating effective bipedality. The nose is projecting like those of humans rather than the open flat nose seen in apes.^[10] Body hair may also have been thinner (most likely naked) and possibly with increased sweat glands to hasten cooling. The skin also was most probably much darker with abundant melanin, as it was necessary to cope with the direct tropical sun rays in the African savannah.^[11][12]

Vocal capabilities

The fossil skeleton and other fossil evidence, such as Acheulean stone tools, prompt the majority of scientists to conclude that Homo ergaster and Homo erectus – unlike their more primitive ancestors – became efficient hunters. The social structure would probably have become more complex with a larger brain volume; the Broca's area of the brain allows speech and is noted by a slight slant on the cranium. Turkana Boy's thoracic vertebrae are narrower than in Homo sapiens.^[13] This would have allowed him less motor control over the thoracic muscles that are used in modern humans to modify respiration to enable the sequencing upon single exhalations of complex vocalisations.^[14]

Disease

It was suspected that Turkana Boy suffered from a congenital disorder, either of dwarfism or scoliosis. This was because the rib bones appeared asymmetrical to the spine and the reason was attributed to skeletal dysplasia.^[15] However, in 2013, a new study shows that, when the rib bones were carefully rearranged, it became symmetrical against the spine, and that an unusual structure of the vertebrae was characteristic of the early hominins. However, the fossil definitely showed lumbar disc herniation, an injury implicated with his death.^[16] He also had a diseased mandible.^[5]

See also

• List of human evolution fossils

Notes

1. KNM-WT 15000: Kenya National Museum; West Turkana; item 15000
2. Walker explains: "in KNM-WT 15000, his skeletal development can only be used to place an upper limit of about 14 years on his age at death. However, a less often recognized skeletal maturational event does generally occur prior to 14 years in modern males-- the union of the trochlea and capitulum (and also the lateral epicondyle) of the humerus, prior to their joint union with the humeral shaft.... That these elements were fused in KNM-WT 15000 (at least the capitulum and trochlea) suggests a skeletal age for him of somewhat more than 11 years.... In either event, 11 to 12 years would seem to be the best compromise figure to use for his chronological age at death." (Walker & Leakey, 1993, p. 235)
3. "Just as in the case of human dental age (above), estimates based on tooth formation give slightly younger ages than those based on emergence." (Walker & Leakey, 1993, p. 207)

Footnotes

1. Graves RR, Lupo AC, McCarthy RC, Wescott DJ, Cunningham DL (2010). "Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000?". J Hum Evol 59 (5): 542–554. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.06.007. PMID 20846707.
2. Brown F, Harris J, Leakey R, Walker A (1985). "Early Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya". Nature 316 (6031): 788–792. doi:10.1038/316788a0. PMID 3929141.
3. Stefoff R (2009). First Humans. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 87–88. ISBN 9780761441847.
4. Walker, Alan; Richard Leakey (1993). The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Netherlands: Springer. p. 235. ISBN 3-540-56301-6.
5. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/beta/evolution/becoming-human-part-2.html, at 38:00 minutes on countdown
6. Lewin, p. 164
7. Walker, Alan; Richard Leakey (1993). The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Netherlands: Springer. p. 207. ISBN 3-540-56301-6.
8. Bilsborough A (16 June 1997). "The 1.5-million-year-old". timeshighereducation.co.uk. TSL Education Ltd. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
9. BBC. "Leaving home - 2 million years ago". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
10. The National Museums of Kenya. "KNM-WT-15000(Homo-Erectus) "Turkana boy or Nariokotome boy" - big boy" (PDF). museums.or.ke. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
11. Lloyd C (2009). What on Earth Happened? ... In Brief: The Planet, Life and People from the Big Bang to the Present Day. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 9781408805978.
12. Tattersall I (2008). The World from Beginnings to 4000 BCE. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780195167122.
13. MacLarnon AM (1993). "The vertebrate canal". In Walker A, Leakey R. The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Harvard University Press. pp. 359–390. ISBN 9780674600751.
14. MacLarnon AM, Hewitt GP. (1999) The evolution of human speech: the role of enhanced breathing control. Am J Phys Anthropol. 109(3):341-63. PMID 10407464
15. Ghose T (19 March 2013). "Best-Preserved Human Ancestor Didn't Have Bone Disorder". livescience.com. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
16. Schiess R, Haeusler M (2013). "No skeletal dysplasia in the Nariokotome boy KNM-WT 15000 (Homo erectus)—A reassessment of congenital pathologies of the vertebral column". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 150 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22211.

References

• Leakey, Richard (1994). The Origin of Humankind. ISBN 0-465-03135-8.
• Leakey, Richard. Origins Reconsidered. ISBN 0-385-41264-9.
• Barraclough, G. (1989). Stone, N. (ed.), ed. Atlas of World History (3rd ed.). Times Books Limited. ISBN 0-7230-0304-1.
• Walker, Alan; Shipman, Pat. Wisdom of the Bones. ISBN 0-679-74783-4. – Good popular level presentation
• Alan Walker and Richard Leakey (eds.) (ed.). Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. ISBN 0-674-60075-4. – Technical papers
• Mckie, Robin (2000). Dawn of Man. BBC. ISBN 0-7894-6262-1.
• Wheeler, P.E. (1984). "The Evolution of Bipedality and Loss of Functional Body Hair in Hominids". Journal of Human Evolution 13 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(84)80079-2.
• Lewin, Roger (2004). Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction 5th Edition. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-0378-7.

External links

• Media related to Turkana Boy at Wikimedia Commons