Ngāti Kahungunu

Ngāti Kahungunu
Iwi of New Zealand

Rohe (region) Hawke’s Bay, Tararua and Wairārapa regions
Waka (canoe) Tākitimu
Population 61,626 (c. 2013)
Website http://www.kahungunu.iwi.nz

Ngāti Kahungunu is a Māori iwi located along the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The iwi is traditionally centred in the Hawke's Bay and Tararua and Wairārapa regions.

The tribe is organised into six geographical and administrative divisions: Wairoa, Te Whanganui-ā-Orotū, Heretaunga, Tamatea, Tāmaki-nui-a Rua and Wairarapa. It is the third largest iwi in New Zealand by population, with 61,626 people (9.2% of the Māori population) identifying as Ngāti Kahungunu in the 2013 census.[1]

Early history

The ancestor Kahungunu depicted with the canoe paddle of a navigator.

Pre-colonisation

Ngāti Kahungunu trace their origins to the Tākitimu canoe. According to Ngāti Kahungunu traditions, Tākitimu arrived in Aotearoa from Rarotonga around 1100-1200 AD as one of the waka in the great migration. Other waka included Tainui, Te Arawa, Tokomaru, Ārai Te Uru, Mataatua, Kurahaupo, Aotea, Ngātokimatawhaorua, and Horouta.[2] According to local legend, Tākitimu and its crew were completely tapu. Its crew comprised men only: high chiefs, chiefs, tohunga and elite warriors. No cooked food was eaten before or during the voyage. The captain of Tākitimu was Tamatea Arikinui, also known as Tamatea Pokai-Whenua. He left the waka at Turanga, travelling overland until he arrived at Ahuriri in the Hawke's Bay Region. The waka Tākitimu itself continued its voyage to the South Island under a new captain, Tahu Pōtiki. It is from Tahu Pōtiki that the South Island iwi of Ngāi Tahu takes its name.

According to one account, Kahungunu was the great-grandson of Tamatea and was born in present-day Kaitaia. Other accounts indicate a more direct link, including that Kahungunu was the son of Tamatea. In either case, it has been widely recounted that Kahungunu traveled extensively through the North Island during his early adulthood, eventually settling on the East Coast of the North Island. He married several times during his travels, and as a result there are many North Island hapū that trace their lineage directly back to Kahungunu. Many of his marriages were arranged for diplomatic purposes, uniting various iwi against their enemies, forming bonds and securing peace. At some point, Kahungunu arrived at Māhia Peninsula, where he pursued and married Rongomaiwahine, a woman from Nukutaurua who was a chief in her own right. She was famously beautiful, and according to legend had issued a challenge to Kahungunu, insulting his charismatic reputation and inviting him to prove himself worthy of her. Kahungunu accepted the challenge, and after numerous trials succeeded in obtaining Rongomaiwahine's consent to marry. The iwi Ngāti Kahungunu and Ngāti Rongomaiwahine both descend from this marriage.

The eldest son of Kahungunu and Rongomaiwahine was named Kahukuranui. His children included two sons, Rakaihikuroa and Rakaipaaka. Rakaihikuroa led a migration of his families and followers from Nukutaurua on the Māhia Peninsula to Heretaunga, the region known today as Hawke's Bay. Rakaipaaka remained in Nuhaka, where he remains the eponymous ancestor of the Ngāti Rakaipaaka hapū of that area. Accompanying Rakaihikuroa from Māhia to Heretaunga was a son from one of his first marriage, Taraia. Not long after their arrival in Heretaunga, Taraia succeeded Rakaihikuroa as the leader of their people, and he proved to be a proficient strategist in the struggle for dominance of the region, displacing the Whatumamoa, Rangitane, Ngāti Awa, and elements of the Ngāti Tara iwi, which lived in Petane, Te Whanganui-a-Orotu and Waiohiki. Within Taraia's lifetime, Heretaunga was brought under the control of his people, who became the first of the Ngāti Kahungunu in that area.

Over subsequent generations the descendants of Taraia split into various hapū. Allegiances shifted, and Māori geopolitics in the region was largely played out as an internal struggle for dominance among the hapū of Ngāti Kahungunu, with the exception of raids by Ngāti Porou and repeated attempts by Ngāti Raukawa to settle in Heretaunga. Over time, some Ngāti Kahungunu hapū settled in the Wairarapa region, finding a relatively peaceful existence there until the arrival of European settlers. Of the many hapū to emerge in Heretaunga, Ngāi Te Whatu-i-Apiti and Ngāi Te Upokoiri were two of the most dominant. The former were the people of the ancestor Te Whatu-i-Apiti, who was a great-great-grandson of Rakaihikuroa, descending from his second marriage. His descendants had a fierce rivalry with Ngāi Te Upokoiri, which was descended from Taraia through marriage to one of his grandsons.

Early 19th century

In 1807, the Musket Wars broke out as chiefs from the northern Ngāpuhi, now equipped with firearms, launched attacks on weaker tribes to the south. The ongoing conflict reached the east coast when, in 1822, a Ngāti Tuwharetoa war party led by Mananui Te Heuheu Tukino II crossed into Ngāti Kahungunu territory.[3] Armed with muskets, Te Heuheu had come to assist Ngāi Te Upokoiri in retaking their lost pā of Te Roto-a-Tara. Te Roto-a-Tara was a fortified island in Lake Roto-a-Tara near the present-day site of Te Aute in Heretaunga. The pā had historically been an important strategic asset of Ngāi Te Upokoiri, but it had recently been occupied by Tangiteruru, a Ngāti Porou chief who had invaded Heretaunga with the help of Ngāti Maru. After the arrival of Te Heuheu's war party, Tangiteruru abandoned the pā. However it was swiftly reoccupied by Te Pareihe, a young chief of Ngāi Te Whatu-i-Apiti. Te Heuheu laid siege to the pā but failed to capture it.[3] After his brother was killed in a skirmish at nearby Waimarama, Te Heuheu abandoned his siege of Roto-a-Tara and raided the pā at Waimarama instead. Following this, he returned to Ngāti Tuwharetoa to regroup and prepare for a second assault on Te Roto-a-Tara. Returning weeks later, Te Heuheu was joined by a Ngāti Raukawa war party led by Te Whatanui,[4] and together they devised a plan to assault the island fortress. They constructed a causeway enabling them to make the crossing from the shore of the lake to Te Roto-a-Tara pā. Te Pareihe commanded such a strong resistance in the ensuing battle that Te Heuheu and Te Whatanui were thrown back in total defeat, with the loss of over 500 chiefs. Te Pareihe abandoned Te Roto-a-Tara after the battle and moved to Porangahau.[5]

Although he had beaten back a superior force at Te Roto-a-Tara, Te Pareihe knew that the defence of Heretaunga was unsustainable without the advantage of firearms. He and fellow Ngāti Kahungunu chief Tiakitai forged an alliance with Te Wera Hauraki, a chief from Ngāpuhi who had settled on the Mahia Peninsula.[6] Together, their forces retook Te Roto-a-Tara pā from Ngāi Te Upokoiri, who had occupied the fortress island after Te Pareihe escaped to Porangahau. But when news reached the alliance that a huge coalition of Waikato and Tuwharetoa warriors were amassing to attack Heretaunga, Te Wera agreed to protect Te Pareihe and the Ngāti Kahungunu at his fortress settlement in Māhia. Hence, in late 1823, Te Pareihe led an exodus of Ngāti Kahungunu refugees from Heretaunga to Māhia, setting off from the beach at Waimarama. Some chiefs, such as Kurupo Te Moananui, Te Hapuku, and Tiakitai, remained in Heretaunga, but most joined the exodus.[7] By the late 1830s hostilities had ended and the Ngāti Kahungunu diaspora began returning to Heretaunga.

In 1840 a number of Ngāti Kahungunu chiefs were signatories to the Treaty of Waitangi.

Colonisation

The spread of European settlement eventually reached Ngāti Kahungunu territory, and led to the rapid acquisition of Māori land by The Crown during the 1850s and 60s. Chiefs from the Heretaunga area, such as Te Hapuku and Henare Tomoana lost significant areas of land in sales that have since been labelled "extortionate," and which later became matters of dispute and protest. The loss of land during this period led to the emergence of the Repudiation Movement, a coalition of Ngāti Kahungunu leaders who sought to halt the rapidity of land loss in the region, and to dispute past sales.[8]

In 1868 the Eastern Māori electorate was established in the New Zealand Parliament to provide parliamentary representation for Māori in the east of the North Island, an area encompassing Ngāti Kahungunu. The first representatives for the electorate were Ngāti Kahungunu chiefs Tareha Te Moananui (1868-1871), Karaitiana Takamoana (1871-1879), and Henare Tomoana (1879-1881).[9] The effectiveness of Māori parliamentary representation during this period was hampered by a lack of fluent English on the part of the elected Māori representatives, and by a lack of confidence in the European parliamentary system itself, which was seen as incapable of protecting Māori interests. As a result, the Kotahitanga movement emerged in the 1890s to advocate for the establishment of an independent Māori parliament. It convened parliamentary style meetings at Pāpāwai Marae in Wairārapa and at Waipatu in Heretaunga, where key issues of importance for Māori were debated. However by 1902 Te Kotahitanga had failed to gain recognition from the New Zealand Parliament and was therefore dissolved in favour of local Māori Councils, which were established in 1900.

20th century history

Political leadership

Students at Te Aute College in 1880.

At the outset of the 20th century, a new generation of Māori leaders were beginning to participate in the Ngāti Kahungunu political landscape. Te Aute College had opened in 1854 near Hastings, and in the 1880s and 90s it was attended by Apirana Ngata, Maui Pomare, Te Rangi Hīroa (Sir Peter Buck), and Paraire Tomoana. In 1897 they formed the Te Aute College Students' Association and became active participants in public life, often mediating between the Crown and hapū in matters of local land management. In 1909 the group was joined by James Carroll and became known as the Young Māori Party.[10]

First World War

When the First World War broke out in 1914, a number of Māori leaders responded by committing the support of their respective hapū and iwi. Alumni of the Young Māori Party, some of whom were now parliamentarians, were generally in favour of Māori enlistment and were involved in recruitment campaigns. Apirana Ngata and Maui Pomare were the most aggressive proponents of Māori enlistment, and in Ngāti Kahungunu they received the support of Paraire Tomoana, who was the son of the chief Henare Tomoana. Tomoana worked with Ngata to drive Māori recruitment campaigns both within Ngāti Kahungunu and throughout other areas of the North Island.

Many men from Ngāti Kahungunu were among the Māori who enlisted for war. They were organised into the New Zealand (Māori) Pioneer Battalion. The battalion participated in the Gallipoli campaign in 1915 and the Western Front between 1916-1918.[11] In January 1918 Paraire Tomoana published the words of E Pari Ra, a piece written for soldiers lost in battle. After the war this tune was adopted by the Royal New Zealand Navy as their official slow march. Other songs composed by Tomoana were Tahi nei taru kino, I runga o nga puke, Hoki hoki tonu mai, Hoea ra te waka nei, Pokarekare Ana, and the haka Tika tonu.[12] The songs have since become treasured anthems of Ngāti Kahungunu, and in some cases were adopted by other iwi due to their wartime popularity.

Second World War

Main article: Māori Battalion

After the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, many men from Ngāti Kahungunu again enlisted and fought overseas, primarily with the 28th (Māori) Battalion. Soldiers from the Ngāti Kahungunu region were generally organised into 'D' Company of the battalion, along with men from Waikato, Maniapoto, Wellington and the South Island. Additionally, 'D' Company also consisted of some soldiers from the Pacific Islands, and from the Chatham and Stewart Islands. The battalion fought in the Greek, North African and Italian campaigns, during which it earned a formidable reputation as an extremely effective fighting force. It was also the most decorated New Zealand battalion of the war. Following the end of hostilities, the battalion contributed a contingent of personnel to serve in Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force, before it was disbanded in January 1946.[13] Wiremu Te Tau Huata was a well known officer from Ngāti Kahungunu, having served as the Māori Battalion's military chaplain.[14]

Late 20th century

By 1946 only a small percentage of land in the Ngāti Kahungunu region had been retained by Māori, and the traditional agrarian communities at the core of Māori society were beginning to break down as returned servicemen found employment and settled in urban areas, such as Wairoa, Napier, Hastings, and Masterton. By the year 1966, 70% of Māori men (throughout New Zealand in general) were now working in urban employment centres, particularly freezing works, sawmills, the transport industry (including road maintenance), the construction industry, and various types of factory work.[15] In Hawke's Bay, thousands of Māori worked at the Whakatu and Tomoana freezing works sites, near Hastings. However the regional economy and well-being of the Māori community was profoundly impacted when both plants closed; Whakatu in 1986 and Tomoana in 1994.[16]

Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated

Organisational structure

In 1988, Te Rūnanganui o Ngāti Kahungunu Incorporated was established as a centralised organisation responsible for iwi development, but it went into receivership in 1994. The organisation re-emerged with a new constitution in 1996 under the name Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated (NKII). An election was held in 1997, resulting in the establishment of an elected board of trustees and a new mandate to govern iwi development.[17] Elections are held every three years, and all adults with a whakapapa link to a hapū of Ngāti Kahungunu are eligible to vote. The chairperson of the board of trustees usually represents the iwi in political affairs.

In accordance with the constitution of Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi Inc, the board of trustees consists of ten tangata whenua representatives:[18]

The board employs a General Manager and staff, which oversees the operational affairs of the iwi organisation. General Managers have included Labour member of parliament Meka Whaitiri. An asset holding company was also established in 2005 to manage the iwi's investment portfolio.[19] The company's directors include former rugby player Taine Randell.

Leadership

When Te Rūnanganui o Ngāti Kahungunu Incorporated was established in 1988, its first chairperson was Pita Sharples. By 1994 a rapid succession of other chairpeople had led the organisation, while severe disharmony between board members was increasingly hampering the board's effectiveness.[20] As a result, a case was brought to the High Court of New Zealand, where the dysfunctionality of the board was given as evidence of the need for the court to intervene. The court placed Te Rūnanganui o Ngāti Kahungunu Incorporated into receivership, and placed it under the jurisdiction of the Māori Land Court.[21][22]

After the creation of a new constitution, the period of receivership ended and in 1996 the organisation was renamed Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated. The first election for the new board took place in March 1997.

1997 election results

Position Candidate Taiwhenua Votes % Result
Chairperson[23]Ngahiwi TomoanaHeretaunga50120.5Elected
Tom GemmellWairarapa49920.4
Waipa Te RitoHeretaunga47919.6
John ScottWairoa35714.6
Bevan TaylorTe Whanganui-ā-Orotū28011.5
George Heiti HawkinsWairarapa2168.8
Wilhelmina HarakiHeretaunga602.4
Mare Reiharangi KupaTe Whanganui-ā-Orotu512.08
Total 2443
Deputy Chair[23]Toro WakaTe Whanganui-ā-Orotū56630.96Elected
Alayna WateneHeretaunga44924.5
Ruruarau Heitia HihaTe Whanganui-ā-Orotū40922.4
Albert WalkerWairoa21811.9
Edwin PerryWairarapa1397.6
Bill Te Huia HamiltonHeretaunga472.6
Total 1828

Radio Kahungunu

Radio Kahungunu is the official station of Ngāti Kahungunu. It began as Tairawhiti Polytechnic training station Te Toa Takitini 2XY, making two short-term broadcasts on 1431 AM in December 1988, and October and November 1989.[24] It was relaunched in 1990 as Radio Kahungunu 2XT, sharing the 765 AM frequency with Hawke's Bay's Racing Radio and Radio Pacific.[25] It began broadcasting full-time in late 1991, moved dedicated studios at Stortford Lodge in the late 1990s, and began an FM simulcast on 4 September 2000. It broadcasts from Hastings, and is available on 94.3 FM and 765 AM in Hawkes Bay.[26]

Notable people

Name Image Birth Death Known for
Bennett, ManuManu Bennett Oct 10, 1969 Film and television actor known for roles in Spartacus and The Hobbit
Carroll, JamesJames Carroll Aug 20, 1857 Oct 18, 1926 Member of Parliament for the Eastern Maori and Waiapu electorates, first Māori to hold the cabinet position of Minister of Native Affairs.
Carroll, TuriTuri Carroll Aug 24, 1890 Nov 11, 1975 Tribal leader, politician and soldier.
Christy, Hirini WhaangaHirini Whaanga Christy Aug 16, 1883 Jul 1, 1955 Religious leader, member of the seventy of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Cooper, William TurakiutaWilliam Turakiuta Cooper 1886 Aug 4, 1949 Tribal leader and husband of Dame Whina Cooper.
Donnelly, AiriniAirini Donnelly 1855 Jun 7, 1909 Tribal leader and controversial landowner.
Goddard, LowellLowell Goddard Nov 25, 1948 First Māori Justice of the High Court of New Zealand, former Chair of Independent Police Conduct Authority, appointed head of the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse in England and Wales in February 2015.[27]
Hemi, JackJack Hemi Aug 23, 1914 Jun 1, 1996 Sportsman who played for the New Zealand Māori rugby league team and the Māori All Blacks.
Himona, Richard TahuoraRichard Tahuora Himona Sep 7, 1905 Aug 7, 1984 Tribal leader and local politician.
Hine-i-paketia, Hine-i-paketia 1870 Tribal leader and prolific seller of Māori land.
Horomia, ParekuraParekura Horomia Nov 9, 1950 Apr 29, 2013 Member of Parliament for the Ikaroa-Rāwhiti electorate, Minister of Māori Affairs in the Fifth Labour Government from 2000 until 2008.[28]
Huata, Hemi PititiHemi Pititi Huata 1867 Oct 13, 1954 Tribal and religious leader.
Huata, Donna AwatereDonna Awatere Huata 1949 Member of Parliament for the ACT Party from 1996 until 2003, high profile convicted faudster.[29]
Huata, Wiremu Te TauWiremu Te Tau Huata Sep 23, 1917 Dec 20, 1991 Tribal and religious leader, musical composer who wrote Tūtira Mai Ngā Iwi.
Huata, TamaTama Huata Apr 15, 1950 Feb 11, 2015 Performing arts leader.
Hutana, IhaiaIhaia Hutana 1844 Nov 9, 1938 Tribal leader and editor of Huia Tangata Kotahi, a newspaper supportive of the Kotahitanga Māori parliament movement, published from 1893 until 1895.
Ihaka, RossRoss Ihaka 1954 Academic and co-creator of the R Programming Language.
Jackson, MoanaMoana Jackson Prominent Māori lawyer, activist and academic.
Jackson, SydSyd Jackson 1939 Sep 3, 2007 Māori activist, and trade union leader.
Jury, Hoani Te WhatahoroHoani Te Whatahoro Jury Feb 4, 1841 Sep 26, 1923 Scholar and prolific writer, religious leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Jury, Te Aitu-o-te-rangiTe Aitu-o-te-rangi Jury 1854 Tribal leader and prominent landowner.
Kaiwhata, PaoraPaora Kaiwhata May 19, 1892 Tribal leader.
Karaitiana, Rangi Ruru WanangaRangi Ruru Wananga Karaitiana Mar 4, 1909 Dec 15, 1970 Songwriter, composer of Blue Smoke made famous by Pixie Williams.
Kawepo, Renata Tama-ki-HikurangiRenata Tama-ki-Hikurangi Kawepo Apr 14, 1888 Prominent Ngāti Kahungunu chief and military leader in the East Cape War and Te Kooti's War.
Maaka, Golan HaberfieldGolan Haberfield Maaka Apr 4, 1904 May 17, 1978 Leader in Māori health, one of the first Māori General Practitioners.
Mahupuku, Hamuera TamahauHamuera Tamahau Mahupuku Sep 25, 1840 Jan 14, 1904 Tribal leader and major runholder. Founder of the newspaper Te Puke ki Hikurangi.
Mahupuku, MaataMaata Mahupuku Apr 10, 1890 Jan 14, 1904 Prolific writer and diarist, friend and confidant of Katharine Mansfield.
Maika, PurakauPurakau Maika Apr 10, 1890 Jan 14, 1904 Tribal leader and editor of the newspaper Te Puke ki Hikurangi.
Manuel, EmarinaEmarina Manuel Aug 21, 1915 Aug 16, 1996 Tribal leader and community welfare activist.
Mapu, James WaitaringaJames Waitaringa Mapu Mar 4, 1894 Aug 8, 1985 Soldier, international athlete and tribal leader.
Matua, HenareHenare Matua 1838 1894 Tribal leader and politician.
Meha, StuartStuart Meha Dec 29, 1878 Nov 7, 1963 Religious leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, known for the first translation of the Book of Mormon into Māori.
Moore, Rina WinifredRina Winifred Moore Apr 6, 1923 1975 First woman Māori to practice medicine as a General Practitioner.
Tamaki, NireahaNireaha Tamaki 1837 1911 Tribal leader known for his role in the 1894 legal case Nireaha Tamaki v. Baker in which the Court of Appeals denied that it could review land transactions between the Crown and Māori. The ruling was quashed when Tamaki appealed the case to the Privy Council in 1900.
Te Potangaroa, PaoraPaora Te Potangaroa 1881 Māori religious leader from Wairarapa.
Ropiha, Tipi TainuiTipi Tainui Ropiha 1895 1978 Soldier, senior public servant and contributor to Te Ao Hou magazine.
Sharples, PitaPita Sharples Jul 20, 1941 Academic and politician, Member of Parliament for the Tāmaki Makaurau electorate, Minister of Māori Affairs in the Fifth National Government from 2008 until 2014. Former Chairman of Te Rūnanganui o Ngāti Kahungunu Incorporated.
Smith, MataiMatai Smith May 2, 1977 Television personality known for hosting Good Morning between 2007 and 2012, and Homai Te Pakipaki.
Tamati, Te MatengaTe Matenga Tamati 1914 Tribal religious leader.
Takamoana, KaraitianaKaraitiana Takamoana Feb 24, 1879 Prominent chief and Member of Parliament for the Eastern Maori electorate.
Tareahi, RawiriRawiri Tareahi 1820 Tribal leader.
Tawhao, Ngatuere TawhirimateaNgatuere Tawhirimatea Tawhao Nov 29, 1890 Prominent tribal leader from Wairarapa.
Taylor, IanIan Taylor 1950 Former television personality and prominent businessman, founder of Taylormade Media.
Te Ahiko, RanieraRaniera Te Ahiko 1894 Prominent tribal leader and oral historian.
Te Atahikoia, MohiMohi Te Atahikoia 1928 Tribal leader, politician and historian.
Te Atua, HenareHenare Te Atua 1912 Tribal leader.
Te Korou, Te RetimanaTe Retimana Te Korou 1882 Tribal leader.
Te Maari-o-te-rangi, PiripiPiripi Te Maari-o-te-rangi 1895 Tribal leader and political activist.
Te Matorohanga, MoihiMoihi Te Matorohanga 1865 Tribal religious leader from Wairarapa.
Te Rangi-taka-i-waho, Te ManiheraTe Manihera Te Rangi-taka-i-waho 1885 Tribal religious leader from Wairarapa.
Te Rato, Wiremu Te KotiWiremu Te Koti Te Rato 1820 1895 Wesleyan religious leader.
Te Tau, Taiawhio TikawengaTaiawhio Tikawenga Te Tau 1860 1939 Religious leader and politician from Wairarapa.
Te Wainohu, Henare WepihaHenare Wepiha Te Wainohu 1882 1920 Tribal religious leader.
Te Whaiti, Iraia Te Ama-o-te-rangiIraia Te Ama-o-te-rangi Te Whaiti 1861 1918 Tribal leader and oral historian.
Te Whaiti, Kaihau Te Rangikakapi MaikaraKaihau Te Rangikakapi Maikara Te Whaiti 1863 1937 Tribal leader.
Tiakitai, Tiakitai 1847 Prominent chief of Ngāti Kahungunu, died at sea in September 1847 sailing from Ahuriri to Mahia.
Tomoana, HenareHenare Tomoana 1820 Feb 20, 1904 Prominent chief of Ngāti Kahungunu, military leader in the East Cape War and Te Kooti's War, Member of Parliament for the Eastern Maori electorate and Member of the New Zealand Legislative Council.
Tomoana, Paraire HenareParaire Henare Tomoana 1946 Prominent chief of Ngāti Kahungunu, son of Henare Tomoana, editor of the newspaper Toa Takatini and composer of several well-known Māori songs, including "E Pari Ra", "Hoera Te Waka Nei," "Hoki Hoki", and "Pokarekare Ana".
Turei, MetiriaMetiria Turei 1970 Member of Parliament and co-leader of the Green Party.

References

  1. ↑ "2013 Census – QuickStats About Māori". Statistics New Zealand. 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2014-09-17.
  2. ↑ Mitira (Mitchell), Tiaki Hikawera (John Hikawera) (1944). Takitimu. Wellington: Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd. p. 24. Retrieved 24 July 2014. Some people claim that Horouta came with the Main Migration and was the eighth canoe of the fleet. This claim is strongly denied by the people of this island, who only recognise the seven canoes, viz., Takitimu, Tainui, Te Arawa, Mata-tua, Toko-maru, Aotea and Kurahaupo.
  3. 1 2 Hura, Elizabeth. "Mananui". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  4. ↑ Ballara, Angela. "Te Whatanui". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  5. ↑ Ballara, Angela. "Te Pareihe". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Ballara, Angela. "Hauraki, Te Wera". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  7. ↑ Ballara, Angela. "Tiakitai". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  8. ↑ Ballara, Angela. "Tomoana, Henare - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  9. ↑ Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer. pp. 86, 144.
  10. ↑ "Tōrangapū – Māori and political parties - Creating a Māori electoral system', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Ann Sullivan. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 16 November 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  11. ↑ "Maori units of the NZEF". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  12. ↑ Ballara, Angela. "Tomoana, Paraire Henare - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  13. ↑ Cody, J.F (1956). 28 (Maori) Battalion. The Official History Of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Wellington: Historical Publications Branch.
  14. ↑ Ballara, Angela. "Huata, Wi Te Tau - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  15. ↑ "Māori and the union movement: Joining the workforce". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  16. ↑ "The day grown men cried". Hawke's Bay Today. 2006. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  17. ↑ "About: Ngati Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated". Ngati Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated. 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  18. ↑ "Constitution of Ngati Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated" (PDF). Ngati Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated. 1996. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  19. ↑ "Kahungunu Asset Holding Company Ltd Director Appointments". Ngati Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated. 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  20. ↑ "About: Ngati Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated". Ngati Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated. 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  21. ↑ Te Runanganui o Ngati Kahungunu Inc v Gemmell (High Court of New Zealand 1994).
  22. ↑ Te Runanganui o Ngati Kahungunu Inc v Scott (High Court of New Zealand 1995).
  23. 1 2 "East Coast iwi fed up with bickering, says judge". Dominion (Wellington). 22 March 1997.
  24. ↑ Drinnan, John (25 May 1989). "Maori radio station to go off air". Wellington: Independent Newspapers. Dominion.
  25. ↑ "Napier/Hastings". Welcome to the Radio Vault. New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 25 April 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  26. ↑ "Iwi Radio Coverage" (PDF). maorimedia.co.nz. Māori Media Network. 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  27. ↑ Houlahan, Mike (10 February 2007). "One more giant step". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  28. ↑ "Ministerial List for Announcement on 31 October 2007" (DOC) (Press release). New Zealand Government. 31 October 2007.
  29. ↑ "Donna Awatere Huata jailed". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 30 September 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2011.

External links

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