Karabakh dialect

The spread of the Karabakh dialect
    before the Nagorno-Karabakh War^[1]           today
not all areas where the Karabakh dialect was/is spoken had/have Armenian majority

The Karabakh dialect (Armenian: Ղարաբաղի բարբառ, Łarabałi barbař), also known as Artsakh dialect (Արցախի բարբառ, Arcaxi barbař) is an ancient Eastern Armenian dialect with a unique phonetic and syntactic structure mainly spoken in the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and partially in the southern and northeastern parts of the Republic of Armenia. The dialect was spoken by most Armenians living in Soviet Azerbaijan, particularly in the cities of Baku and Kirovabad (Ganja, Gandzak). As the Nagorno-Karabakh War escalated, Armenians of Azerbaijan were forced to leave their homes. Today, most of Armenians immigrants and refugees from Azerbaijan live in Armenia and Russia, where along with standard Armenian and Russian, the Karabakh dialect is sometimes spoken.

The dialect is considered to be one of the most widely spoken Armenian dialects.^[2][3][4] No accurate information on the number of speakers is available. The population of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is around 141,400, according to the 2010 data.^[5] An estimated 150,000 diaspora Armenians are originally from Karabakh.^[6]

History

According to Strabo (Geographica, Book XI, chapter 4), in the 1st century BC, the population of Armenia, up to Kura River, spoke Armenian.^[4] The 8th century Armenian historian Stepanos Syunetsi was the first one to mention the local dialect of Artsakh.^[4] In his «Բառք եղերականք» (Words of Tragedy), he wrote about the dialect of զԱրցախային meaning "of Artsakh", the historical Armenian name of Karabakh.^[7] According to the prominent linguist Hrachia Adjarian, Armenian dialects, including the Karabakh dialect started to developed in the 12th century. Adjarian argues that the damping of b, ɡ, d, dz, dʒ (բ, գ, դ, ձ, ջ) and their transformation to p, k, t, ts, tʃ (պ, տ, կ, ծ, ճ) took place before the invasion of Turkic people to the Armenian Highlands.^[8]

Shusha was the main center of Karabakh before the 1920 massacre and expulsion of the local Armenians by the Azerbaijani forces.^[9]

In his 1909 book Classification des dialectes arméniens, Adjarian claims that the Karabakh dialect occupied the largest area of the Armenian dialects. According to Adjarian, it was spoken in the cities of Shusha, Elisabethpol (now Ganja), Nukha (now Shaki), Baku, Derbent, Agstafa, Dilijan, Karaklis (now Vanadzor), Kazak, Lori, Karadagh, Lilava quarter of Tabriz (Iran), Burdur and Ödemiş (in Turkey).^[10]

Nagorno-Karabakh (nagorno means "mountainous" in Russian, comes from the Soviet-era name of the region, now used by the Western academia for political purposes of neutrality) has been historically populated by Armenians. Since the Middle Ages, Turkic tribes migrated to the region and by the 19th century it was populated by both Armenians and partially by Azerbaijanis (called "Caucasian Tatars" at the time). After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Karabakh was disputed by independent Armenia and Azerbaijan with none of them completely controlling the claimed area. Karabakh was taken over by the Bolsheviks in 1920 and included in Soviet Azerbaijan in 1923.^[11]

Until the late 1980s, most Armenians living in Soviet Azerbaijan spoke the Karabakh dialect.^[4] The Karabakh (75% Armenian-populated before the conflict)^[11][12] was officially under jurisdiction of Azerbaijan and was known as Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO). Besides Karabakh, many Armenians resided in the cities of Baku, Kirovabad, Sumgait. In the late 1980s, Baku alone had an Armenian population of over 200,000.^[13] They were mainly from Karabakh^[14] and many of them spoke the dialect,^[3][4] although Russian as the main language of multicultural Baku, including Armenians of Baku.^[15]

In 1988, with the relaxation of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev and his policies of perestroika and glasnost, the Armenians demanded the unification of NKAO with Soviet Armenia. The mass movement started in mid-February 1988 and on February 20, 1988, the regional council issued a request to transfer the region to Soviet Armenia. Few days later the Sumgait pogrom took place, leaving dozens of Armenian civilians dead and thousands being forced to leave. This event unofficially starting the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The clashes escalated to a full-scale war by 1992.^[12] Most Armenians of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis of Armenia were forced to leave. The war ended in May 1994 with the Armenian forces establishing de facto control of Nagorno-Karabakh and several Azerbaijani districts surrounding the former NKAO. Today, the area is de facto under control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, but is still recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan by the international community.^[12]

Today

Today, virtually no Armenians live in Azerbaijan except Nagorno-Karabakh, which is not controlled by the government in Baku, but rather by the local Armenian government of Stepanakert and assisted by the Republic of Armenia. The main area where the Karabakh dialect is spoken in the Armenian-controlled Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. In the Republic of Armenia, the dialect is spoken in Syunik province by the majority of the population, except the city of Sisian and the surrounding villages, where the Yerevan dialect dominates.^{[3][16][17][18]}

The Karabakh dialect is also spoken in northern and northeastern Armenia, but it has been influenced by the other local dialects of the Armenian. In Lori, it is spoken in the eastern part: the Pambak area.^[16] In Tavush, the Karabakh dialect is spoken along with the dominant Yerevan dialect. The Chambarak area of the Gegharkunik province is home to Karabakh dialect speakers, too.^[19]

Dialectal features

The Karabakh dialect is usually very easy to differentiate from standard Eastern Armenia.^[20] Unlike the Yerevan dialect (spoken by the majority of Armenians in the Republic of Armenia), the stress falls earlier in the word. Its speakers are "clearly recognizable."^[17] Besides including a great amount of Classical Armenian words,^[4][21] many word forms in the Karabakh dialect come directly from the Proto-Indo-European language.^[22] The Armenian Highland had been under foreign domination (Arabic, Turkic, Persian, Russian) for centuries and the Karabakh dialect, similar to other Armenian dialects, includes a significant number of foreign words and phrases. Persian and Russian had the biggest influence on this dialect.^[20][23][24]

Lexicon

source: Armenian Wikisource: Հայերեն բարբառներ/Արցախ

Karabakh dialect Yerevan dialect Standard Eastern Armenian Translation հի՞նչ hinč ի՞նչ inč what? հո՞ւնց hunts ո՞նց vonts ինչպե՞ս inčpes how? հո՞ւ hu ով ov who? հո՞ւր hur ում um whom? շտե՞ղ šteğ որտե՞ղ vorteğ where? հունց ը՞ս hunts əs ո՞նց ես vonts es ինչպե՞ս ես inčpes es how are you? շտեղանս կյամ šteğans kyam որտեղից ես գալիս vorteğits es galis where are you coming from? շտեղս քի՞նում šteğs kinum ո՞ւր ես գնում ur es gnum where are you going? գյու՛դըմ չըմ gyudəm čəm չգիտեմ čegitem I don't know տի ti էտ et դա da that լոխ lox սաղ sağ բոլոր bolor all

Karabakh dialect Yerevan dialect Standard Eastern Armenian Translation պեն pen բան ban thing խոխա xoxa երեխա yerexa kid դեդո dedo պապիկ papik grandpa բաբո babo տատիկ tatik grandma կնեգ kneg կնիկ knik կին kin wife տոռնը tořnə դուռ duř door լղար lğar նիհար nihar skinny քաչալ kačal ճաղատ čağat bald դյուզ duz ճիշտ čišt right հընգեր hənger ընկեր ənker friend հանցու վեր hantsu ver որպեսզի vorpeszi so that

Famous speakers

• Muratsan (1854–1908), writer
• Leo (1860–1932), historian
• Aram Manukian (1879–1919), Dashnak statesman, founder of the First Republic of Armenia
• Hovannes Adamian (1879–1932), engineer, one of the founders of color television
• Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan (1886–1937), Prime-Minister (chairman of Sovnarkom) of Soviet Armenian from 1928-1935
• Levon Mirzoyan (1887–1939), Communist leader of Azerbaijan (1926-1929)
• Ruben Rubenov (1894–1937), Communist leader of Azerbaijan (1933)
• Artemi Ayvazyan (1902–1975), Soviet composer
• Nelson Stepanyan (1913–1944), Soviet dive bomber pilot during World War II
• Bagrat Ulubabyan (1925–2001), writer
• Alexey Ekimyan (1927–1982), composer, General of Soviet militsia (police) and was the head of Criminal Investigation Department of Moscow region
• Zori Balayan (b. 1935), writer, public activist
• Vahe Stepanyan (b. 1948), Minister of Justice of Armenia (1990-1996)
• Leonard Petrosyan (1953–1999), Prime Minister (1994-1997) and President of Nagorno-Karabakh (1997), Deputy Defence Minister of Armenia (1997-1999)
• Archbishop Pargev Martirosyan (b. 1954), the primate of the Diocese of Artsakh
• Robert Kocharyan (b. 1954), President of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1994-1997), Prime Minister of Armenia (1997-1998), President of Armenia (1998-2008)

Kocharyan spoke Russian as a native language, while the Karabakh dialect was the only variation of Armenian he knew before moving to Yerevan in 1997.^[25][26]

• Serzh Sargsyan (b. 1954), Defence Minister of Armenia (1993-5, 2000-7) and President of Armenia (since 2008)
• Arkadi Ghukasyan (b. 1957), President of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1997-2007)
• Bekor Ashot (1959-1992), military commander, Hero of Artsakh
• Bako Sahakyan (b. 1960), President of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (since 2007)
• Seyran Ohanyan (b. 1962), Defense Minister of Armenia (since 2008)
• Samvel Babayan (b. 1965), Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army commander, politician
• André (b. 1979), singer, the first artist to represent Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2006

External media

Video

• Հավաքական արժեքներ - Արցախյան բարբառ [Collective Values - Artsakh dialect]. Public Radio Television of Artsakh (in Armenian) – via YouTube.

Music

• Armenoids - Karabagh. 2007 – via YouTube.
• Tim De Beatz (Artyom Hakobyan) - Alo, Alo. 2011 – via YouTube.: a pop song in Karabakh dialect that became a hit in Armenia in 2011^[27]

References

Notes

1. Adjarian 1909: the map from Adjarian's book Classification des dialectes arméniens can be seen here
2. Karapetyan, Samvel; Karapetyan, Bakur (1998). Тайны Гандзака (Кировабада) и Северного Арцаха [Secrets of Gandzak (Kirovabad) and Northern Artsakh]] (in Russian). Detskaya kniga. Из 51 диалекта армянского языка самым распространенным, по мнению лингвистов, является арцахский (карабахский) диалект.
3. Manasian, Aleksandr (2002). Карабахский конфликт в ключевых понятиях и избранные темы в расширенном формате [The Karabakh conflict in key concepts and selected topics in wider format] (in Russian). p. 45. Карабахский диалект один из самых распрастраненных диалектов армянского языка. На этом диалекте говорят не только жители Нагорного Карабаха, но и большая часть населения Зангезура (Сюника) Республики Армения. Диалект имел большое воздействие на формирование бакинского говора армянского языка.
4. Maroutian, H. T.; Sargsian, H. G.; Kharatian, Z. V. (1989). "К этнокультурной характеристике Арцаха" [On ethno-cultural characteristic of Artsakh]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences) 6: 3–18. ISSN 0320-8117.
5. "State Power". The Office of the NKR President. Retrieved 28 April 2013. The permanent population of the NKR as of January 1, 2010 constituted 141 4000 people.
6. Badalyan, Anzhela (7 February 2011). Ղարաբաղյան սփյուռք [Karabakhi diaspora]. Armedia (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 26 March 2013.
7. Gharibian, A. (1966). Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի բարբառային քարտեզը [Dialectical map of Nagorno-Karabakh]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian) (Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences) (4): 273–276.
8. Jahoukian, G. B. (1991). Արցախահայ (Ղարաբաղի) բարբառի կազմավորման մասին [On the formation of Artsakh (Gharabagh) dialect]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences) (5): 52–58. ISSN 0320-8117. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
9. Saideman, Stephen M.; Ayres, R. William (2008). For Kin or Country: Xenophobia, Nationalism, and War. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780231144780. the newly created Azerbaijani army asserted its control over Karabakh, taking its then-capital city Shusha in March 1920 and killing or expelling that city's entire Armenian population
10. Adjarian 1909, p. 25.
11. Hannum, Hurst (1996). Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 367. ISBN 9780812215724.
12. Azerbaijan: Seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. Human Rights Watch. 1994. p. xviii-1.
13. • Hovannisian, Richard G. (1998). Remembrance and denial: the case of the Armenian genocide. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 191. ISBN 9780814327777. The 200,000 Armenians living in Baku heard reports on television of the events that were transpiring in Sumgait which was only a short distance away.
    • Bolukbasi, Suha (2011). Azerbaijan: A Political History. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 134. ISBN 9781848856202. ...200,000 Armenian inhabitants of Baku...
    • Episkoposov, Grant Levonovich (1993). Armenian Problem in the Past and Today. Public Fund "Revival of Armenia". p. 39. There were no Armenian school for 250-thousand Armenian population of Baku.
14. Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (1994). From the Gulf to Central Asia: players in the new great game (1. publ. ed.). Exeter: University of Exeter Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780859894517. The Armenian population in Baku was about 250,000, coming originally from Nagorno-Karabakh, where the Armenian population was about 160,000.
15. Waal, Thomas de (2004). Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. New York: New York University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780814719459. Large and shambling, he speaks with a stammer and, like many Baku Armenians, is more comfortable speaking Russian than Armenian.
16. Wright, John; Schofield, Richard; Goldenberg, Suzanne (1996). Transcaucasian Boundaries. London: Psychology Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780203214473. The spoken language of today shows a gradual change as the villages extend farther from Erevan and the Ararat valleys. The villagers of western Siunik speak the Erevan dialect, that is, standard eastern Armenian, whereas in eastern Siunik, and in parts of Lori and Pambak in northern Armenia, as well as throughout the Artsakh/Karabakh, the dialect of Karabakh is spoken.
17. Ammon, Ulrich (2006). Sociolinguistics. an international handbook of the science of language and society, Soziolinguistik. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 1901. ISBN 9783110199871. The dialects in the southern part of the Republic (Goris, Ghapan, Meghri) and in Karabakh are very divergent from the literary language, and their speakers are clearly recognizable and marked by their speech as benign unmistakably rural. All dialects now are influenced by the Eastern literary language through the schooling system and mass communications; in this respect Armenian dialects are in the same situation as in any other industrialized country.
18. Этнополитическая ситуация в России и сопредельных государствах в ... году: ежегодный доклад [Ethno-political situation in Russia and surrounding countries in the year ...: annual report] (in Russian). Ин-т этнологии и антропологии Российской академии наук. 2008. Карабахский диалект армянского языка во многом схож с диалектом армянского языка марза/области Сюник в самой Армении
19. Mezhunts, Barmik (1985). Շամշադին-Իջևանի խոսվածքի և Արարատյան ու Ղարաբաղի բարբառների փոխհարաբերությունները [The relations of Shamshadin-Ijevan with Ararat-Gharabagh dialects]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences) 6: 3–18. ISSN 0320-8117.
20. de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780814719459.
21. Lavrenti, Hovhannisyan (1979). Բառային հնաբանություններ Ղարաբաղի բարբառում [Lexical archaisms in Karabakh dialect]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences) 9: 52–60. ISSN 0320-8117. Բարբառային հնաբանոլթ յոլններին (հատկապես գրաբարում չավանդված) վերջին ժամանակներս զգալի ուշադրություն է դարձվում'ւ Այդպիսիք շատ են Ղարաբաղի բարբառում է: Ղարաբաղի բարբառը հարազատորեն է պահել նաև գրաբարյան շատ երևույթներ:
22. Hovhannissian, L. Sh. (2000). Ղարաբաղի բարբառի բառապաշարի հնագույն շերտերը [Ancient layers of Karabakh dialect vocabulary]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences) 1: 117–122. ISSN 0320-8117. Ղյսրաբաղի բարբառի Հնդեւրոպական տարրերը (գրաբարում Հավանդ- • ված բառեր): կւնելով Հայերենի որպես ՚ Հնդեվրոպական լեզուներից մեկի տարածքային տարբերակը, բարբառն, անշուշտ, պահել է Հ.-ե. ծագումով բազմաթիվ բառեր՝ զգալի մասը ժառանգելով գրաբարից: Ալ. Մարգարյանի Հավաստմամբ Հ.֊ե. ծագում ունեցող 927 բառերի գրեթե կեսը կենդանի ու գործուն է Գորիսի բարբառում*: Բնականաբար, այդ թիվր մեծ կլինի Ղյսրաբաղի բարբառում նկատի առնելով Հենց միայն տարածքային գործոնը:
23. Krivopuskov, Viktor (2006). Армения, Армения...: 200 вопросов--200 ответов о стране и народе с библейских времен и до наших дней [Armenia, Armenia...: 200 questions-200 answers about the country and the people since biblical times to modern days] (in Russian). Golos-Press. Любопытно, что карабахский диалект армянского языка включает русские слова и даже целые фразы.
24. Hovhannisyan, L. Sh. (1990). Ղարաբաղի բարաբառում իրանական մի քանի փոխառությունների մասին [On some Iranian borrowings in Karabakh dialect]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences): 65–70. ISSN 0320-8117.
25. Derluguian, Georgi M. (2005). Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: A World-System Biography. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 191. ISBN 9780226142821. ....he knew Russian and the Karabagh dialect of Armenian but felt uneasy speaking, let alone writing, in the literary Armenian of Yerevan.
26. Armenian Forum, Volume 2, Gomidas Institute, 1999 "...Kocharian's first languages are Russian and Gharabagh dialect..."
27. Musayelyan, Lusine (24 October 2011). Ղարաբաղյան բարբառը ֆեյսբուքյան "սուպեր հիթ" [Karabakh dialect a Facebook super hit] (in Armenian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service. video

Bibliography

• Adjarian, Hrachia (1909). Classification des dialectes arméniens (in French). Paris: Librairie Honore Champion.
• Yervandian, Z. A. (2004). Հնագույն բառարմատները Ղարաբաղի բարբառում [Ancient root words in the Karabakh dialect]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences) 1: 108–117. ISSN 0320-8117.