Kaya (Mijikenda)

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Type	Cultural
Criteria	(iii),(v),(vi)
Reference	1231 rev
UNESCO region	Africa
Inscription history
Inscription	2008 (32nd Session)

Kaya (plural makaya) is a sacred forest of the Mijikenda people in the former Coast Province of Kenya. The kaya forest is considered to be an intrinsic source of ritual power and the origin of cultural identity;^[1] it is also a place of prayer for members of the particular ethnic group.^[2] The settlement, ritual centre, and fortified enclosure associated with the forest are also part of the kaya. In the present day, the kaya is also referred to as a traditional organizational unit of the Mijikenda.^[3] Eleven of the approximately 30 separate kaya have been grouped together and inscribed as the Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Geography

More than 50 kaya have been identified within the Kwale, Mombasa, and Kilifi counties.^[4] They measure between 30 to 300 hectares each.^[5] These are scattered over a coastal stretch of 200 kilometres (120 mi)^[6] in the southern coastal plains area of Kenya, between the towns of Mombasa and Kilifi.^[7] While visitors are not allowed to enter most makaya, Kaya Kinondo, a 30-hectare forest on Diani Beach, allows visitors and falls under the auspices of the Kaya Kinondo Ecotourism Project.^[8]

History

Many kaya were originally fortified villages of the various ethnic groups, the Digo, Chonyi, Kambe, Duruma, Kauma, Ribe, Rabai, Jibana, and Giriama people. The villages have lowland tropical forest areas in their surrounds and were reached via paths through the forest. The forest flora was used solely for the collection of medicinal herbs. The practices of tree cutting, livestock grazing, and farmland clearing were not permitted within a kaya.^[2]

In the present day, intensive deforestation for agricultural use and logging necessitated declaring 38 kaya forest areas legally as national monuments. Local communities manage these areas.^[9]

Wildlife and conservation

Wildlife in the Kaya Kinodao area has been identified which can be visited as part of ecotourism project. While plant species identified are 187 plant, bird species are 48, and butterflies 45 species.Colobus monkey and Golden-rumped elephant shrew are also reported.^[9]

Entry in to the forest was dictated by the traditional rules set by a governing body called the ngambi formed by elderly members of the community. This governing body was primarily concerned with its management, conservation and utilization of the biological resources in adherence to the traditional beliefs about the sacredness of the forest. However, the creation of central governing body has affected the role of the local elders.^[10]

An Eco Tourism project was launched in 2001 with funds provided by Ford Foundation with the objective of generating income for the local people and also encourage ecotorism and concurrently help preserve the sacredness of the forests.^[9] Eleven Mijikenda kaya were grouped together and inscribed as the Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests, a World Heritage Site, in 2008 under criteria (iii), (v), and (vi).^[6]

Culture

Fingo (protective talismans) are buried in the kaya and are cared for by kaya elders who protect the traditions of the Mijikenda.^[11] Mijikenda believe that they brought the fingo charms from their ancestral home of Shungwaya, a myth of origin. In the present day, many fingo are lost or stolen, considered to be objet d'art.^[12]

There are many myths and beliefs narrated by the local women of the area which relate to the sacredness of these forests. It is the general belief that the forests are inhabited by spirits. Some of them believe that cutting a tree with a machete could result in the machete rebounding and causing injury to the leg which could be healed only by offering cloth to village elders in a ceremony. It is also believed that food cooked using wood from these sacred forest could cause sickness, and also that a dwelling built with timber drawn from the forest would collapse. The conservation of the sacredness of the forest was aimed at preserving its darkness.^[13]

References

1. Parkin 2006, p. 37.
2. Nyamweru, Celia (Fall 1996). "Sacred Groves Threatened by Development: The Kaya Forests of Kenya". Cultural Survival Quarterly. "Who's Local Here?" Politics of Participation in Development 20 (3). Retrieved 14 December 2013.
3. Buluma, Rodgers (July 2, 2013). "The elderly targeted for murder" Check |url= value (help). News24. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
4. "NOMINATION DOSSIER FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST THE SACRED MIJIKENDA KAYA FORESTS" (PDF). UNESCO. January 2008. p. 10. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
5. "Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests - Kenya". African World Heritage. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
6. "Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests". UNESCO. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
7. "Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests – Kenya". African World Heritage. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
8. "Kaya Kinondo Ecotourism Project". Eco Tourism Kenya. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
9. Zeppel 2006, p. 136.
10. Trosper 2011, p. 58.
11. Njogu & Middleton 2009, pp. 296-297.
12. Trillo 2013, p. 551.
13. Eaton & Lorentzen 2004, p. 48.

Bibliography

• Eaton; Lorentzen (8 September 2004). Ecofeminism and Globalization: Exploring Culture, Context, and Religion. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-585-48276-7.
• Njogu, Kimani; Middleton, John (2009). Media and Identity in Africa. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22201-5.
• Parkin, David (16 March 2006). The Sacred Void: Spatial Images of Work and Ritual Among the Giriama of Kenya. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02498-3.
• Trillo, Richard (1 May 2013). The Rough Guide to Kenya. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-4093-3018-9.
• Trosper, Ronald L. (14 October 2011). Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-2144-9.
• Zeppel, Heather (2006). Indigenous Ecotourism: Sustainable Development and Management. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-125-4.

External links

• The kaya forests in Kenya sacred sites listed by Unesco online video (14 min)

Coordinates: 3°55′55″S 39°35′46″E / 3.93194°S 39.59611°E