List of World Heritage Sites in Africa

A map of World Heritage Sites in Africa as of 2010. The northern, eastern, and southern parts of the continent are relatively dense with sites; in contrast the western coast is home to relatively few.
A map of World Heritage Sites in Africa as of 2010, each designated by a dot
     no sites
     1-2 sites
     3-4 sites
     5-6 sites
     7+ sites

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has designated 135 World Heritage Sites in Africa.[lower-alpha 1] These sites are located in 37 countries (also called "state parties").

Selection of World Heritage Sites

Ethiopia and Morocco are home to the most with nine sites; followed by Tunisia and South Africa at eight sites; and Algeria, Egypt, Senegal, and Tanzania at seven. Eleven countries have only a single site each. Four sites are shared between two countries: Maloti-Drakensberg Park (Lesotho and South Africa), the Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea), the Stone Circles of Senegambia (the Gambia and Senegal), and the Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls (Zambia and Zimbabwe). One site is shared among three countries, Sangha Trinational (Central African Republic, Cameroon and Congo).[1]

The first sites from the continent were inscribed in 1978, when the Island of Gorée of Senegal and the Rock-Hewn Churches of Ethiopia were chosen during the list's conception.[2][3]

As of September 2011, Somalia has no official World Heritage sites since the Somali government is not party to the 1972 World Heritage Convention. However, there are around a dozen archaeological sites in the country that are believed to be potential future candidates for World Heritage status.[4]

Each year, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee may inscribe new sites on the list, or delist sites that that no longer meet the criteria. Selection is based on ten criteria: six for cultural heritage (ivi) and four for natural heritage (viix).[5] Some sites, designated "mixed sites," represent both cultural and natural heritage. In Africa, there are 85 cultural, 45 natural, and 5 mixed sites.[1]

Several efforts have been devoted to increasing the number of sites and preserving the heritage of existing sites on the continent; for example, on 5 May 2006, the African World Heritage Fund was launched by UNESCO to target the region of Sub-Saharan Africa. It planned to protect the sites by hiring personnel for state parties to maintain national inventories of existing sites, as well as to "prepare nomination dossiers for inscription onto the World Heritage List." Grants were also destined to help the "[conservation] and management of heritage properties in general" and to rehabilitate properties in danger.[6]

The drive was initially funded by South Africa with US$3.5 million,[6] and, as of March 2011, has amassed $4.7 million from various countries, with an additional $4.1 million in pending pledges.[7] UNESCO has also attempted to increase awareness of African human origin sites in Ethiopia, with a goal of conserving and protecting the areas from further deterioration.[8]

The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered, citing "conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List."[9] Along with other World Heritage Sites, sites in danger are subject to re-evaluation by the committee every year at their "ordinary sessions".[10][11] Africa has 17 sites on the danger list, accounting for 13% of all African sites and 35% of the 48 endangered sites worldwide. The Democratic Republic of Congo has 5 sites on the danger list, the second highest of any country in the world and one of only two countries to have more than three sites inscribed.[lower-alpha 2][12]

Sites in Africa have been marked as such for a variety of reasons, such as deforestation and hunting,[13][14] civil war,[15] threats to and hostage taking of reserve staff,[16] oil and gas projects and mining,[17] declines in biodiversity,[18] and structural damage to buildings.[19] Three sites were formerly declared as being in danger, but have since lost the status: the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (19841989),[20] the Rwenzori Mountains National Park (19992004),[21] and Tipasa (20022006).[22] The Garamba National Park and Timbuktu have also lost their statuses in 1992 and 2005, respectively, but later regained it in 1996 and 2012.[23][24] Despite its large number of endangered sites and the circumstances surrounding them, African World Heritage Sites have never been stripped of their title, something that has only occurred twice.[25]

Legend

The list below ignores UNESCO's geopolitical definition of Africa and includes what it describes as sites in the "Arab States".[26] Egypt is included as part of North Africa. The list also comprises a number of sites for which the state party is outside the continent, but the site itself is located in Africa; three such sites are located on the Canary Islands (belonging to Spain), one on Madeira (belonging to Portugal), one on Réunion (belonging to France), and one on the Tristan da Cunha archipelago (belonging to the United Kingdom).

The table is sortable by column by clicking on the at the top of the appropriate column; alphanumerically for the Site, Area, and Year columns; by state party followed by the region for the Location column; and by criteria type followed by the country for the Criteria column.

Site – named after the World Heritage Committee's official designation[1]
Location – sorted by country, followed by the region at the regional or provincial level. In the case of multinational or multi-regional sites, the names are sorted alphabetically.
Criteria – as defined by the World Heritage Committee[5]
Area – in hectares and acres, excluding any buffer zones. A value of zero implies that no data has been published by UNESCO
Year – during which the site was inscribed to the World Heritage List
Description – brief information about the site, including reasons for qualifying as an endangered site, if applicable
  In danger In danger
  * Trans-border site

Sites

Site Image Location Criteria Area
ha (acre)
Year Description
Aapravasi Ghat A picture of four rectangular stone structures a few feet high, laid against a wall of a larger height. Port Louis District,
 Mauritius
20°09′31″S 57°30′11″E / 20.158611°S 57.503056°E / -20.158611; 57.503056 (Aapravasi Ghat)
Cultural:
(vi)
0.16 (0.40) 2006 Aapravasi Ghat was the first site chosen by the British government to take part in the "Great Experiment", where indentured laborers were used instead of slaves. Between 1834 and 1920, almost half a million contracted workers passed through Port Louis from India, either to work in Mauritius or to transfer to other British colonies.[27]
Abu MenaIn danger A picture of a ruined desert city made of stone on a clay surface. Abusir,
 Egypt
30°50′28″N 29°39′47″E / 30.84098°N 29.663117°E / 30.84098; 29.663117 (Abu Mena)
Cultural:
(iv)
182 (450) 1979 The ruins of the former Christian holy city contain a church, a baptistery, basilicas, public buildings, streets, monasteries, houses, and workshops, and were built over the tomb of Menas of Alexandria.[28] The World Heritage Committee designated Abu Mena as an endangered site in 2001, due to cave-ins in the area caused by the clay at the surface, which becomes semi-liquid when met with "excess water".[29]
Air and Ténéré Natural ReservesIn danger A picture of a large, depressed area of sand to the right and a mountain range in the background. Relatively small vehicles are parked alongside the massive hole. Arlit Department,
 Niger
18°N 9°E / 18°N 9°E / 18; 9 (Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves)
Natural:
(vii), (ix), (x)
7,736,000 (19,120,000) 1991 Africa's largest protected area, located in the Saharan desert of Ténéré, consists of the volcanic rock mass of Aïr and a small isolated Sahelian pocket with unique flora and fauna.[30] The natural reserve was placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 1992, due to the increase in military conflicts and the hostage-taking of six reserve staff in February. Removal from this list was considered in 1999, but as of 2011, its position remains unchanged.[31][32]
Aksum A large site containing several very high tombs. Tigray Region,
 Ethiopia
14°07′49″N 38°43′07″E / 14.130190°N 38.718605°E / 14.130190; 38.718605 (Aksum)
Cultural:
(i), (iv)
1980 The ruins of the city of Aksum, dating from the 1st to the 13th century, mark the heart of ancient Ethiopia and what was the "most powerful state between the Eastern Roman Empire and Persia". It includes monolithic obelisks, giant stelae, royal tombs, and ruins of former castles.[33]
Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad A picture of a deteriorating stone wall spanning the frame, with a blue sky in the background. Maadid,
 Algeria
35°49′06″N 4°47′13″E / 35.818440°N 4.786840°E / 35.818440; 4.786840 (Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad)
Cultural:
(iii)
150 (370) 1980 The fortified first capital of the Hammadid emirs was originally built in 1007 and demolished in 1152. It features an 8-bay, 13-aisle mosque, which is one of the largest in Algeria.[34]
Aldabra Atoll A satellite view of a bare, triangle-shaped island surrounded completely by water. Aldabra Group,
 Seychelles
9°25′00″S 46°25′00″E / 9.416681°S 46.41665°E / -9.416681; 46.41665 (Aldabra Atoll)
Natural:
(vii), (ix), (x)
35,000 (86,000) 1982 The Aldabra Atoll consists of four large coral islands and a lagoon, surrounded by a coral reef. The islands are home to the world's largest population of giant tortoises.[35]
Amphitheatre of El Jem A picture of a large stone building, with several framed openings meant to resemble windows. El Djem,
 Tunisia
35°17′47″N 10°42′25″E / 35.296390°N 10.706940°E / 35.296390; 10.706940 (Amphitheatre of El Jem)
Cultural:
(iv), (vi)
1979 The Amphitheatre of El Jem, built during the 3rd century, is North Africa's largest amphitheatre, and the largest one built outside of Italy, with a capacity of 35,000 spectators, and "illustrates the grandeur and extent of Imperial Rome."[36]
Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata A picture of a tall stone and medieval looking tower, surrounded by buildings constructed with the same material. Chinguetti,
Ouadane,
Oualata,
and Tichitt,
 Mauritania
20°55′44″N 11°37′25″W / 20.928890°N 11.623610°W / 20.928890; -11.623610 (Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv), (v)
1996 "Founded in the 11th and 12th centuries to serve the caravans crossing the Sahara, these trading and religious centres became focal points of Islamic culture. [...] Typically, houses with patios crowd along narrow streets around a mosque with a square minaret. They illustrate a traditional way of life centred on the nomadic culture of the people of the western Sahara."[37]
Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis A picture of a ruined temple; outer buildings to the left remain erected, but the wall in the foreground and other stone beams have crumbled. Qena,
 Egypt
25°44′00″N 32°36′00″E / 25.733330°N 32.600000°E / 25.733330; 32.600000 (Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis)
Cultural:
(i), (iii), (vi)
7,390 (18,300) 1979 The former capital of Egypt and city of the Egyptian god Amun contains relics from the height of Ancient Egypt. The temples, palaces and the necropolises of the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens bear "a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization." [38]
Archaeological Site of Carthage A picture of several deteriorating stone structures, with two thin cylindrical towers of varying heights standing to the left of the background. Tunis,
 Tunisia
36°51′10″N 10°19′24″E / 36.852780°N 10.323330°E / 36.852780; 10.323330 (Archaeological Site of Carthage)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (vi)
1979 Founded in the 9th century BCE, Carthage was developed into a trading empire spanning the Mediterranean, and was, according to UNESCO, "home to a brilliant civilization." The city was destroyed in 146 BCE in the Punic Wars at the hands of the Romans, but was later rebuilt by these.[39]
Archaeological Site of Cyrene A picture of a demolished city, located on a cliff looking out to the right. A relatively larger building's beams in the middle of the city continue to stand without a roof. Jebel Akhdar,
 Libya
32°49′30″N 21°51′30″E / 32.825000°N 21.858330°E / 32.825000; 21.858330 (Archaeological Site of Cyrene)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (vi)
1982 The formerly Greek colony was Romanized and transformed into a capital, until it was destroyed by an earthquake in 365. The thousand-year-old ruins have remained renowned since the 18th century.[40]
Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna A picture of a large and square-shaped stone monument with a visible entrance on every side. Khoms,
 Libya
32°38′18″N 14°17′35″E / 32.638330°N 14.293060°E / 32.638330; 14.293060 (Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna)
Cultural:
(i), (ii), (iii)
1982 The Roman city of Leptis Magna was enlarged by Emperor Septimius Severus, who was born there. Public monuments, a harbour, a marketplace, storehouses, shops, and homes were among the reasons for its induction into the list.[41]
Archaeological Site of Sabratha A side view of a large building to the right, with stone, cylindrical pillars running along its front. Sabratha,
 Libya
32°48′19″N 12°29′06″E / 32.805280°N 12.485000°E / 32.805280; 12.485000 (Archaeological Site of Sabratha)
Cultural:
(iii)
1982 "A Phoenician trading-post that served as an outlet for the products of the African hinterland, Sabratha was part of the short-lived Numidian Kingdom of Massinissa before being Romanized and rebuilt in the 2nd and 3rd centuries."[42]
Archaeological Site of Volubilis A picture of a rectangular building whose back side has been demolished. A green mountain range fills the background. Meknes,
 Morocco
34°04′26″N 5°33′25″W / 34.073890°N 5.556940°W / 34.073890; -5.556940 (Archaeological Site of Volubilis)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
42 (100) 1997 The important Roman outpost of Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BCE to become the capital of Mauritania. It contained many buildings, the remains of which have survived extensively to this day.[43]
Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe An aerial view of a dozen pyramids in relatively bad shape in the foreground, and a deserted view in the background. Meroë,
 Sudan
16°56′00″N 33°43′00″E / 16.933333°N 33.716667°E / 16.933333; 33.716667 (Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
2,357 (5,820) 2011 The site was the centre of the Kingdom of Kush, a major force active from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE. It is home to pyramids, temples, and domestic buildings, among other vestiges.[44]
Asante Traditional Buildings A blank map of a rectangular-looking country with a red dot in the south-west marking the location of the site. Kumasi,
 Ghana
6°24′04″N 1°37′33″W / 6.401111°N 1.625833°W / 6.401111; -1.625833 (Asante Traditional Buildings)
Cultural:
(v)
1980 The site, north-east of Kumasi, hosts the final intact remains of the Ashanti Empire, which peaked in the 18th century. The dwellings, which are made of earth, wood, and straw, are susceptible to the damages caused by the "onslaught of time and weather."[45]
Banc d'Arguin National Park A front view of four small ships, without their sails, overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in the background. Three narrow shoals fill the foreground. Azefal
and Nouadhibou,
 Mauritania
20°14′05″N 16°06′32″W / 20.234720°N 16.108890°W / 20.234720; -16.108890 (Banc d'Arguin National Park)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
1,200,000 (3,000,000) 1989 The park consists of sand dunes, coastal swamps, small islands, and shallow bodies of water; all bordering the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Birds are often found to migrate in the area, accompanied by various species of sea turtles and dolphins, whose presence fishermen often use to attract fish.[46]
Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes A Bedik village with a traditional house and two women working.  Senegal
12°35′36″N 12°50′45″W / 12.593333°N 12.845833°W / 12.593333; -12.845833 (Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes)
Cultural:
(iii), (v), (vi)
50,309 (124,320) 2012 [47]
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park A view inside of a dense forest with a gorilla roaming a few metres away on its hind legs. Kabale District,
Kisoro District,
and Rukungiri District,
 Uganda
1°04′50″S 29°39′41″E / 1.080556°S 29.661389°E / -1.080556; 29.661389 (Bwindi Impenetrable National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
32,092 (79,300) 1994 Located on the border of plain and mountain forests, the park in south-western Uganda is home to over 160 species of trees, over a hundred species of ferns, and various species of birds and butterflies. Many endangered species are within its boundaries as well, including the mountain gorilla.[48]
Cape Floral Region Protected Areas A view of a forest in the foreground, with a mountain range in the background. Eastern Cape
and Western Cape,
 South Africa
34°21′40″S 18°28′30″E / 34.361111°S 18.475000°E / -34.361111; 18.475000 (Cape Floral Region Protected Areas)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
553,000 (1,370,000) 2004 The site consists of eight protected areas that are among the richest in plant life worldwide, containing nearly 20% of Africa's total flora. Its scientific value is demonstrated by the presence of fire and radiation adaptivity in plants and seed dispersal by insects.[49]
Chongoni Rock-Art Area A picture of various red markings on a stone wall. Dedza District,
 Malawi
14°17′36″S 34°16′45″E / 14.293333°S 34.279167°E / -14.293333; 34.279167 (Chongoni Rock-Art Area)
Cultural:
(iii), (vi)
12,640 (31,200) 2006 The 127-site area contains the richest concentration of rock art in Central Africa, ranging from Stone Age paintings to contemporary work from farmers. The symbols depicted in the rock art are strongly centred around women, and retain a cultural significance for the Chewa.[50]
Cidade Velha, Historic Centre of Ribeira Grande A picture of a small monument in front of a large, crooked tree, with a row of small houses in the background. Ribeira Grande,
 Cape Verde
14°54′55″N 23°36′19″W / 14.915139°N 23.605194°W / 14.915139; -23.605194 (Cidade Velha, Historic Centre of Ribeira Grande)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (vi)
209 (520) 2009 The town, south of the island of Santiago, was the first European colonial outpost in the tropics, with remains dating back to the 16th century. Two churches, a royal fortress, and Pillary Square help comprise the tropical town's original street layout.[51]
Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) A view of a small, grassy field in front of a row of trees. A large ledge made of rock fills the background while a small waterfall emerges from the centre-left of its top. Bandiagara Cercle,
 Mali
14°20′00″N 3°25′00″W / 14.333330°N 3.416670°W / 14.333330; -3.416670 (Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons))
Mixed:
(v), (vii)
327,390 (809,000) 1989 The sandy plateau and cliffs of Bandiagara outline the site, featuring houses, granaries, altars, sanctuaries, and Togu-Na meeting-places. Age-old social traditions such as masks, feasts, rituals, and ancestral worship also add to its cultural significance.[52]
Comoé National ParkIn danger A bushbuck stands in a calm river browsing on the thick vegetation along the shore. Zanzan,
 Côte d'Ivoire
9°N 4°E / 9°N 4°E / 9; 4 (Comoé National Park)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
1,150,000 (2,800,000) 1983 Among the largest protected sites of West Africa, the park features the Comoé River and the unique flora which accompanies it.[53] The site was placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2003, due to unrest in Côte d'Ivoire, and various other factors such as poaching, wildfires, lack of proper management of the site, and overgrazing.[54]
Dja Faunal Reserve A long but narrow boat floats on a wide river, with a dense forest bordering the side. Dja-et-Lobo
and Haut-Nyong,
 Cameroon
3°N 13°E / 3°N 13°E / 3; 13 (Dja Faunal Reserve)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
526,000 (1,300,000) 1987 Among Africa's largest and best protected rain forests, the Cameroonian reserve is almost completely surrounded by the Dja River and contains 107 mammal species, of which five are threatened.[55]
Djémila A large stone staircase in the foreground leads down to a ruined building, overlooking a panoramic view of several mountains and valleys. Sétif,
 Algeria
36°19′14″N 5°44′12″E / 36.320560°N 5.736670°E / 36.320560; 5.736670 (Djémila)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv)
30 (74) 1982 The ruins of a Roman town in a mountainous location, including a forum, temples, basilicas, triumphal arches and houses, each adapted to a location 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level.[56]
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary A very small grassy island cramped with white, long-beaked pelicans. Saint-Louis Region,
 Senegal
16°30′00″N 16°10′00″W / 16.500000°N 16.166670°W / 16.500000; -16.166670 (Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
16,000 (40,000) 1981 The Senegal River delta wetland area consists of streams, lakes, ponds and backwaters. It is the home to 1.5 million birds, including the great white pelican, the purple heron, the African spoonbill, the great egret, and cormorants. The sanctuary also features crocodiles, African manatees, and other typical Sahelian species.[57]
Dougga / Thugga A set of stone seats laid out in a semi-circle to the left overlook a restored stage made up of similar materials to the right. A view of grassy plains precede a wide, mountainous range. Béja Governorate,
 Tunisia
36°25′25″N 9°13′13″E / 36.423610°N 9.220280°E / 36.423610; 9.220280 (Dougga/Thugga)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii)
70 (170) 1997 The site features the ruins of Dougga, a former capital of a LibyanPunic state, which flourished under Ancient Rome and the Byzantine Empire, but declined in the Islamic period.[58]
Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda A view of a wide river in the foreground, with a single dirt mountain surrounded by trees in the background. Ogooué-Ivindo
and Ogooué-Lolo,
 Gabon
0°30′N 11°30′E / 0.5°N 11.5°E / 0.5; 11.5 (Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda)
Mixed:
(iii), (iv),
(ix), (x)
491,291 (1,214,010) 2007 The park features well-preserved tropical rain forests and savanna, resulting in a diverse ecosystem consisting of endangered, large mammals.[59]
Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region A picture of a four-storey stone castle surrounded by a grassy lawn and four cylindrical towers. Amhara Region,
 Ethiopia
12°36′25″N 37°27′58″E / 12.606920°N 37.466170°E / 12.606920; 37.466170 (Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii)
1979 The fortress was the residence of the Ethiopian emperors during the 16th and 17th century. The city remains, which feature buildings with Hindu and Arab influences, were later remodelled with Baroque-style architecture by Jesuit missionaries.[60]
Fort Jesus, Mombasa A fortified, but badly-faded yellow-coloured wall looks off into distant sea to the left. Mombasa,
 Kenya
4°03′46″S 39°40′46″E / 4.062778°S 39.679444°E / -4.062778; 39.679444 (Fort Jesus, Mombasa)
Cultural:
(i), (iv)
161,485 (399,040) 2011 Fort Jesus is a Portuguese fort built from 1593 to 1596 on Mombasa Island to guard the old port of Mombasa, Kenya. The site's layout follows the Renaissance ideal that the human body is perfectly proportionate.[61]
Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions A picture taken in foggy weather depicting a white, contemporary building several storeys high. Central Region,
Greater Accra,
Volta Region,
and Western Region,
 Ghana
5°14′51″N 0°47′07″W / 5.247398°N 0.785167°W / 5.247398; -0.785167 (Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions)
Cultural:
(vi)
1979 The site features the remains of fortified trading posts, built along the Ghanaian coast between 1482 and 1786.[62]
Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa[lower-alpha 3] A picture of dozens of pointed limestone formations hanging from a ceiling inside a cave. Gauteng,
Limpopo,
and North West,
 South Africa
24°09′31″S 29°10′37″E / 24.158610°S 29.176940°E / -24.158610; 29.176940 (Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa)
Cultural:
(iii), (vi)
1999 The various fossil sites contain traces of human occupation and evolution dating 3.3 million years.[63]
Garajonay National Park A foggy picture of a rain forest riddled with weeds and various plant life. La Gomera,
 Spain
28°07′34″N 17°14′14″W / 28.126250°N 17.237222°W / 28.126250; -17.237222 (Garajonay National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (ix)
3,984 (9,840) 1986 Most of the park, in the middle of the island of La Gomera of the Canary Islands, is covered with a lush laurel forest.[64]
Garamba National ParkIn danger An overhead and cloudy view of a wide, swampy river with grassy plains on both sides. Orientale,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
4°00′N 29°15′E / 4°N 29.25°E / 4; 29.25 (Garamba National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
500,000 (1,200,000) 1980 The park has vast savannas, grasslands and woodland, featuring elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses and the white rhinoceros.[65] Garamba was deemed to be endangered following the diminution of the white rhinoceros population in the area,[66] but it was removed from the list in 1991.[67] However, it later regained the status in 1996, when three rangers were killed and the population of white rhinoceros fell once again.[68][69]
Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region A large, square-shaped mound made up of dirt and rock in the middle of a deserted area. Meroë,
 Sudan
18°32′00″N 31°49′00″E / 18.533333°N 31.816667°E / 18.533333; 31.816667 (Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region)
Cultural:
(i), (ii),
(iii), (iv), (vi)
183 (450) 2003 The five sites in the Nile Valley feature temples that are testimonial to the Napatan and Meroitic cultures.[70]
Gough and Inaccessible Islands A large rock in the distance is surrounded by a dampened and partially snowy field. Saint Helena,
 United Kingdom
40°19′29″S 9°55′43″W / 40.324722°S 9.928611°W / -40.324722; -9.928611 (Gough and Inaccessible Islands)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
7,900 (20,000) 1995 The site represent one of the least-disrupted islands and marine ecosystems in the North Temperate Zone. The cliffs are free of introduced mammals and feature one of the world's largest colonies of seabirds.[71]
Great Zimbabwe National Monument A picture of a semi-spherically shaped stone enclosure sitting in front of a larger wall. Masvingo Province,
 Zimbabwe
20°17′00″S 30°56′00″E / 20.283333°S 30.933333°E / -20.283333; 30.933333 (Great Zimbabwe National Monument)
Cultural:
(i), (iii), (vi)
722 (1,780) 1986 The city, now in ruins, was an important trading center between the 11th and 15th centuries, and was capital of the Bantu civilization.[72]
Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town The Harar city wall (jugol). Harari Region,
 Ethiopia
9°18′32″N 42°08′16″E / 9.308889°N 42.137778°E / 9.308889; 42.137778 (Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii),
(iv), (v)
48 (120) 2006 The city is on a plateau and surrounded by gorges and savanna. It contains 82 mosques, 102 shrines, and unique interior design in the townhouses. It is said to be the fourth-holiest city of Islam.[73]
Historic Cairo A front view of a large, white building standing behind a thin palm tree. Cairo,
 Egypt
30°03′00″N 31°15′40″E / 30.050000°N 31.261110°E / 30.050000; 31.261110 (Historic Cairo)
Cultural:
(i), (v), (vi)
524 (1,290) 1979 One of the world's oldest Islamic cities and in the middle of urban Cairo, the site dates from the 10th century and reached its golden age in the 14th century. It contains mosques, madrasah, hammams and fountains.[74]
Historic Centre of Agadez Tchirozerine Department,
 Niger
16°58′25″N 7°59′29″E / 16.973611°N 7.991389°E / 16.973611; 7.991389 (Historic Centre of Agadez)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii)
78 (190) 2013 [75]
Historic City of Meknes A picture of a large gate several metres high covered with various abstract designs. Meknes,
 Morocco
33°53′00″N 5°33′30″W / 33.883330°N 5.558330°W / 33.883330; -5.558330 (Historic City of Meknes)
Cultural:
(iv)
1996 The former capital was founded in the 11th century and turned into a city with Spanish-Moorish influence during the 17th and 18th centuries.[76]
Historic Town of Grand-Bassam A picture of an old home with large vegetation growing out of it, its structure slightly caving inward. Sud-Comoé,
 Côte d'Ivoire
5°11′45″N 3°44′11″W / 5.195914°N 3.736369°W / 5.195914; -3.736369 (Historic Town of Grand-Bassam)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv)
110 (270) 2012 A colonial town built during the 19th and 20th centuries, Grand-Bassam was the first Ivorian capital following French rule in the region. Its quarters, which specialised in commerce, administration and general housing, helped the city become the economic and judicial hub of the country, in addition to being its most important port.[77]
Ichkeul National Park A view of two large hills and a small beach, partially obstructed from the left by a larger vegetated hill. Bizerte,
 Tunisia
37°09′49″N 9°40′29″E / 37.163610°N 9.674720°E / 37.163610; 9.674720 (Ichkeul National Park)
Natural:
(x)
12,600 (31,000) 1980 Ichkeul Lake and the surrounding wetlands is a destination for hundreds of thousands of migrating birds, including ducks, geese, storks and pink flamingos. It was once part of a chain that extended across North Africa.[78]
iSimangaliso Wetland Park A view of a large bed of water near sunset. Onshore to the right is a small shack made of a thin material elevated with wooden poles. KwaZulu-Natal,
 South Africa
27°50′20″S 32°33′00″E / 27.838890°S 32.550000°E / -27.838890; 32.550000 (iSimangaliso Wetland Park)
Natural:
(vii), (ix), (x)
239,566 (591,980) 1999 The park features a variety of landforms, including coral reefs, long sandy beaches, coastal dunes, lake systems, and papyrus wetland, caused by fluvial, marine and aeolian processes.[79]
Island of Gorée A picture with a beige dock in the foreground and a multicoloured city in the background. Dakar Region,
 Senegal
14°40′02″N 17°24′03″W / 14.667220°N 17.400830°W / 14.667220; -17.400830 (Island of Gorée)
Cultural:
(vi)
1978 The island was the largest slave-trading center on the African coast from the 15th to the 19th century.[80]
Island of Mozambique Several small boats float onshore. A white church with a red roof stands several metres away up a sandy path. Nampula,
 Mozambique
15°02′03″S 40°44′09″E / 15.034170°S 40.735830°E / -15.034170; 40.735830 (Island of Mozambique)
Cultural:
(iv), (vi)
1991 The fortified former Portuguese trading post has used the same architectural techniques, style, and materials since the 16th century.[81]
Island of Saint-Louis A somewhat narrow street runs straight between several lightly coloured buildings. Saint-Louis Region,
 Senegal
16°01′40″N 16°30′16″W / 16.027780°N 16.504440°W / 16.027780; -16.504440 (Island of Saint-Louis)
Cultural:
(ii), (iv)
2000 The French colonial settlement from the 17th century is on an island in the mouth of the Sénégal River. It played an important role in the culture and economy of West Africa.[82]
Kahuzi-Biega National ParkIn danger A gorilla eating in a shrub. Maniema
and South Kivu,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2°30′N 28°45′E / 2.5°N 28.75°E / 2.5; 28.75 (Kahuzi-Biega National Park)
Natural:
(x)
600,000 (1,500,000) 1980 The park is dominated by two extinct volcanoes, Kahuzi and Biega. It also has abundant fauna, including the graueria gorillas.[83] The park was deemed to be endangered in 1997 when deforestation and hunting became a major problem. Militia groups and illegal settlers were also settling in the park, while fire and poaching helped justify the World Heritage Committee's decision.[84]
Kairouan A picture with a dozen stone tombs, all of which are enclosed within a large wall. A large tower stands behind the wall several stories high. Kairouan Governorate,
 Tunisia
35°40′54″N 10°06′14″E / 35.681670°N 10.103890°E / 35.681670; 10.103890 (Kairouan)
Cultural:
(i), (ii),
(iii), (v), (vi)
1988 The former capital was founded in 670 and flourished in the 9th century. Its heritage includes the Mosque of Uqba and the Mosque of the Three Gates.[85]
Kasbah of Algiers A skyline of a moderately large city, coloured mostly in white. Algiers,
 Algeria
36°47′00″N 3°03′37″E / 36.783330°N 3.060280°E / 36.783330; 3.060280 (Kasbah of Algiers)
Cultural:
(ii), (v)
60 (150) 1992 A unique Islamic city on the Mediterranean coast, the former site overlooks the Carthaginian trading posts of the 4th century BCE. It contains remains of a citadel, old mosques, and Ottoman-style palaces.[86]
Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley An aerial view of a large, grassy plain by the water. A small road zigzags through the field. Rift Valley Province,
 Kenya
0°26′33″N 36°14′24″E / 0.442500°N 36.240000°E / 0.442500; 36.240000 (Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley)
Natural:
(viii), (x)
161,485 (399,040) 2011 Located in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya, the site features three lakes: Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru and Lake Elementaita. A highly diverse population of birds, including thirteen threatened species, frequent the area.[87][88]
Khami Ruins National Monument A black and white photo of a partially ruined wall from above. Matabeleland,
 Zimbabwe
20°09′30″S 28°22′36″E / 20.158333°S 28.376667°E / -20.158333; 28.376667 (Khami Ruins National Monument)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv)
1986 The city was built after the mid-16th century and was an important trading center.[89]
Kilimanjaro National Park An aerial view of a large mountain's peak, encircled by many thick white clouds. Kilimanjaro Region,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
3°04′00″S 37°22′00″E / 3.066670°S 37.366670°E / -3.066670; 37.366670 (Kilimanjaro National Park)
Natural:
(vii)
75,575 (186,750) 1987 The volcanic massif Mount Kilimanjaro is Africa's highest point at 5,895 metres (19,341 ft), and is surrounded by a park with savanna and forest featuring numerous mammals.[90]
Kondoa Rock-Art Sites Kondoa District,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
4°43′28″S 35°50′02″E / 4.724444°S 35.833889°E / -4.724444; 35.833889 (Kondoa Rock-Art Sites)
Cultural:
(iii), (vi)
233,600 (577,000) 2006 Two millennia of rock carving, many of high artistic value, have been found at 150 shelters in the site. They tell the tale of socio-economic development from hunter-gatherer to agro-pastoralism.[91]
Konso Cultural Landscape A Konso Waga sculpture. Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region,
 Ethiopia
5°18′N 37°24′E / 5.3°N 37.4°E / 5.3; 37.4 (Konso Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:
(iii), (v)
14,000 (35,000) 2011 The site features 55 kilometres (34 mi) of stonewalled terraces and fortified settlements in the Konso highlands of Ethiopia.[92]
Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba A picture of a large hut resembling a castle, in front of several trees. Kara Region,
 Togo
10°04′00″N 1°08′00″E / 10.066667°N 1.133333°E / 10.066667; 1.133333 (Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba)
Cultural:
(v), (vi)
50,000 (120,000) 2004 The Batammariba's mud tower houses have become a symbol of Togo. They range up to two stories and feature spherical granaries.[93]
Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou A distant view of a monotonous city on a very slanted hill. Aït Benhaddou,
 Morocco
31°02′50″N 7°07′44″W / 31.047220°N 7.128890°W / 31.047220; -7.128890 (Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou)
Cultural:
(iv), (v)
3 (7.4) 1987 The ksar is an example of a traditional pre-Saharan habitat, surrounded by high walls and reinforced with corner towers.[94]
Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites[lower-alpha 4] A distant view of very small island home to several thin trees, a brown dock, and a partially obstructed brown shack. Banjul,
Lower Niumi,
and Upper Niumi,
 Gambia
13°18′58″N 16°21′26″W / 13.316166°N 16.357194°W / 13.316166; -16.357194 (Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites)
Cultural:
(iii), (vi)
8 (20) 2003 The site is a testimony to the encounters between Africa and Europe from pre-colonial times to independence along the Gambia River.[95]
Lake Malawi National Park Several children are playing beneath a very large tree. A large, uninhabited island is surrounded by water in the background. Central Region
and Southern Region,
 Malawi
14°02′00″S 34°53′00″E / 14.033330°S 34.883330°E / -14.033330; 34.883330 (Lake Malawi National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (ix), (x)
9,400 (23,000) 1984 Lake Malawi contains hundreds of fish species, mostly endemic.[96]
Lakes of Ounianga A lake in a desert area, surrounded by sandstone formations. Ennedi Region,
 Chad
19°03′18″N 20°30′20″E / 19.055000°N 20.505556°E / 19.055000; 20.505556 (Lakes of Ounianga)
Natural:
(vii)
62,808 (155,200) 2012 The Lakes of Ounianga are a series of 18 lakes located in the Sahara desert, in North-Eastern Chad. They exhibit a variety of sizes, depths, chemical compositions and colorations, and some of them are home to aquatic fauna.

[97]

Lake Turkana National Parks A view of a wide river separating two landmasses, on the left and right. Lake Turkana,
 Kenya
3°03′05″N 36°30′13″E / 3.051306°N 36.503667°E / 3.051306; 36.503667 (Lake Turkana National Parks)
Natural:
(viii), (x)
161,485 (399,040) 1997 Turkana, as Africa's largest saline lake, is an important area for the study of fauna and flora. It is a breeding ground for the Nile crocodile, hippopotamus and several venomous snakes.[98]
Lamu Old Town An aerial view of a path (that doubles as a wharf) along the coast of a large body of water. Lamu,
 Kenya
2°16′05″S 40°54′07″E / 2.268°S 40.902°E / -2.268; 40.902 (Lamu Old Town)
Cultural:
(ii), (iv), (vi)
16 (40) 2001 The town is the oldest Swahili settlement, and is built in coral stone and mangrove timber. It features inner courtyards, verandas, and elaborate wooden doors.[99]
Laurisilva of Madeira A foggy picture of the top of a very dense forest. Madeira,
 Portugal
32°46′00″N 17°00′00″W / 32.766667°N 17°W / 32.766667; -17 (Laurisilva of Madeira)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
15,000 (37,000) 1999 The site is the largest surviving area of laurel forest. It consists of approximately 90% old-growth forest and is home to endemic species such as the Madeiran long-toed pigeon.[100]
Le Morne Cultural Landscape An aerial view of a sandspit, home to a large, pointy boulder. Shallow water surrounds its sides, while the sea covers its backside. Rivière Noire District,
 Mauritius
20°27′07″S 57°19′42″E / 20.451944°S 57.328333°E / -20.451944; 57.328333 (Le Morne Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:
(iii), (vi)
349 (860) 2008 The rugged mountain that juts into the ocean was used as a shelter by runaway slaves through the 18th and early 19th centuries. They formed small settlements in the caves and on its summit.[101]
Lower Valley of the Awash A picture of a waterfall to the right, shooting water into the side of a rapid flowing river. Afar Region,
 Ethiopia
11°06′00″N 40°34′46″E / 11.100060°N 40.579390°E / 11.100060; 40.579390 (Lower Valley of the Awash)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (iv)
1980 Palaentological findings from at least four million years ago, such as Lucy, give evidence of human evolution.[102]
Lower Valley of the Omo The Omo River near Omorati. Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region,
 Ethiopia
4°48′00″N 35°58′00″E / 4.8°N 35.966667°E / 4.8; 35.966667 (Lower Valley of the Omo)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv)
1980 The prehistoric site near Lake Turkana is the location of many fossil findings, such as Homo gracilis.[103]
M'Zab Valley A panoramic view of a large city, with sand dunes filling the background. Ghardaïa,
 Algeria
32°29′00″N 3°41′00″E / 32.483330°N 3.683330°E / 32.483330; 3.683330 (M'Zab Valley)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (v)
4,000 (9,900) 1982 The intact, traditional human habitat was built around five ksour in the 10th century by the Ibadites.[104]
Maloti-Drakensberg Park A ground view of a valley and several mountain tops. Qacha's Nek District,
 Lesotho*
KwaZulu-Natal,
 South Africa*
29°45′55″S 29°07′23″E / 29.765278°S 29.123056°E / -29.765278; 29.123056 (Maloti-Drakensberg Park)
Mixed:
(i), (iii),
(vii), (x)
249,313 (616,070) 2000 The park features incisive dramatic cutbacks, golden sandstone ramparts, and the largest concentration of cave art in Sub-Saharan Africa.[105]
Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas A view of a vegetated plain, with a river flowing in the foreground alongside it. Matabeleland North,
 Zimbabwe
15°49′10″S 29°24′29″E / 15.819444°S 29.408056°E / -15.819444; 29.408056 (Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas)
Natural:
(vii), (ix), (x)
676,600 (1,672,000) 1984 The park, located on the banks of the Zambezi River, features a variety of wild animals, such as buffalo, leopards, cheetahs and Nile crocodiles.[106]
Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National ParkIn danger A blank map of a rectangular-looking country with several rivers running through it. A location is marked in the north with a red dot. Bamingui-Bangoran,
 Central African Republic
9°00′N 21°30′E / 9°N 21.5°E / 9; 21.5 (Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
1,740,000 (4,300,000) 1988 The park features vast savannas with a wealth of flora and fauna, such as black rhinoceros, elephants, cheetahs, leopards, wild dogs, red-fronted gazelles and buffalo.[107] The site was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 1997 due to grazing and poaching that is thought to have claimed 80% of the wildlife in the park. Also cited was the shooting of four park staff and "a general state of deteriorating security".[14]
Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape A picture of a very rocky hill, spanning several hundred metres. Limpopo,
 South Africa
22°11′33″S 29°14′20″E / 22.192500°S 29.238890°E / -22.192500; 29.238890 (Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii),
(iv), (v)
28,168 (69,600) 2003 The open savanna landscape lies at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers. It was the heart of the Mapungubwe Kingdom until the 14th century, when the area was abandoned, leaving untouched remains of palaces and settlements.[108]
Matobo Hills A leafless tree partially obstructs a sunrise over a large field. Matabeleland South,
 Zimbabwe
20°30′S 28°30′E / 20.5°S 28.5°E / -20.5; 28.5 (Matobo Hills)
Cultural:
(iii), (v), (vi)
205,000 (510,000) 2003 The large boulders have been used as natural shelters since the early Stone Age and feature a collection of rock paintings.[109]
Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador) A seaside view of a large city enclosed by an orange barricade. Essaouira,
 Morocco
31°31′00″N 9°46′10″W / 31.516670°N 9.769440°W / 31.516670; -9.769440 (Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador))
Cultural:
(ii), (iv)
30 (74) 2001 The fortified seaport built during the late 18th century has a mix of North African and European architecture, and was a major trading hub between the Sahara and Europe.[110]
Medina of Fez A picture of a sun-lit back alley with trash scattered across the area. Various buildings of varying architecture are clearly visible. Fez,
 Morocco
34°03′40″N 4°58′40″W / 34.061110°N 4.977780°W / 34.061110; -4.977780 (Medina of Fez)
Cultural:
(ii), (v)
280 (690) 1981 The former capital was founded in the 9th century and features the world's oldest university. The urban fabric and main monuments date from the 13th and 14th centuries.[111]
Medina of Marrakesh A ground view of an artificially lit tower, reaching several storeys high, at the beginning of a sunset. Marrakesh,
 Morocco
31°37′53″N 7°59′12″W / 31.631390°N 7.986670°W / 31.631390; -7.986670 (Medina of Marrakesh)
Cultural:
(i), (ii),
(iv), (v)
1,107 (2,740) 1985 The town was founded in the 1070s and remained a political, economic, and cultural centre for a long time. Monuments from that period include the Koutoubia Mosque, the kasbah, and the battlements. The city also holds newer features, including palaces.[112]
Medina of Sousse An aerial view of a town square. The inside of a large, square building is visible. Sousse Governorate,
 Tunisia
35°49′40″N 10°38′19″E / 35.827780°N 10.638610°E / 35.827780; 10.638610 (Medina of Sousse)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv), (v)
32 (79) 1988 A prime example of a town from the early Islamic period, the city was an important port during the 9th century.[113]
Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin) A picture of a very large and cramped city, set on a very slanted hill. Tétouan,
 Morocco
35°34′15″N 5°22′00″W / 35.570830°N 5.366670°W / 35.570830; -5.366670 (Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin))
Cultural:
(ii), (iv), (v)
7 (17) 1997 Morocco's most complete medina served as the main point of contact between Morocco and Andalusia during the 8th century. The town was rebuilt by Andalusian refugees following the reconquista.[114]
Medina of Tunis A picture of the lobby inside a luxurious building. Tunis,
 Tunisia
36°49′00″N 10°10′00″E / 36.816670°N 10.166670°E / 36.816670; 10.166670 (Medina of Tunis)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (v)
1979 The medina holds 700 monuments, including palaces, mosques, mausoleums, madrasah and fourtains, testifying to Tunis' golden age from the 12th to the 16th century.[115]
Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur A picture of several pyramids of varying heights side-to-side. Giza,
 Egypt
29°58′34″N 31°07′49″E / 29.976040°N 31.130410°E / 29.976040; 31.130410 (Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur)
Cultural:
(i), (iii), (vi)
16,358 (40,420) 1979 The former capital features funerary monuments, like rock tombs, mastabas, temples, and pyramids. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.[116]
Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls A view of dozens of waterfalls side-by-side crashing into the water below. A rainbow forms at the right. Livingstone District
and Matabeleland North,
 Zambia*
 Zimbabwe*
17°55′28″S 25°51′19″E / 17.924530°S 25.855390°E / -17.924530; 25.855390 (Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls)
Natural:
(vii), (viii)
8,780 (21,700) 1989 The falls of the Zambezi River, which is more than 2 km (1.2 mi) wide, plunge down various basalt gorges resulting in a colorful mist.[117]
Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest A view of a very slanted and lengthy hill leading to a very foggy top. Central Province
and Eastern Province,
 Kenya
0°09′18″N 37°18′56″E / 0.155000°N 37.315556°E / 0.155000; 37.315556 (Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest)
Natural:
(vii), (ix)
142,020 (350,900) 1997 The park surrounds the 5,199 m (17,057 ft) Mount Kenya and features twelve glaciers.[118]
Mount Nimba Strict Nature ReserveIn danger A chimpanzee in a tree. Lola Prefecture,
 Côte d'Ivoire*
 Guinea*
7°36′11″N 8°23′27″W / 7.603180°N 8.390970°W / 7.603180; -8.390970 (Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
18,000 (44,000) 1981 The reserve features Mount Nimba, its slopes covered in dense forest and grassy mountain pastures.[119] In 1992, the park was inscribed on the World Heritage Committee's danger list, citing a proposed iron and ore mining concession inside the park's boundaries and the apparition of refugees. The state party later stated that there was an error with the proposed mining site's boundaries, and that it was not in the reserve.[120] However, as of 2011, the site remains on the list due to poor security on the Ivorian side.[121]
Namib Sand Sea  Namibia
24°53′07″S 15°24′28″E / 24.885278°S 15.407778°E / -24.885278; 15.407778 (Namib Sand Sea)
Natural:
(vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
3,077,700 (7,605,000) 2013 [122]
Ngorongoro Conservation Area Two rhinos walk alongside each other in an empty field, with shadowed mountain ranges in the background. Arusha Region,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
3°11′14″S 35°32′27″E / 3.187220°S 35.540830°E / -3.187220; 35.540830 (Ngorongoro Conservation Area)
Mixed:
(iv), (vii),
(viii), (ix), (x)
809,440 (2,000,200) 1979 The site features a concentration of wild animals in a crater beside the active volcano Oldonyo Lengai.[123]
Niokolo-Koba National ParkIn danger A bird's eye view of a river running through a forested plain. Kédougou Region
and Tambacounda Region,
 Senegal
13°04′00″N 12°43′00″W / 13.066670°N 12.716670°W / 13.066670; -12.716670 (Niokolo-Koba National Park)
Natural:
(x)
913,000 (2,260,000) 1981 The forests and savannas bordering the Gambia River have a diverse fauna, including Derby eland, chimpanzees, lions, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.[124] The park was listed as being endangered for low mammal populations, the construction of a dam, and management problems.[125]
Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae A picture of a large, trapezoidal-shaped stone monument. Aswan,
 Egypt
22°20′11″N 31°37′34″E / 22.336390°N 31.626110°E / 22.336390; 31.626110 (Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae)
Cultural:
(i), (iii), (vi)
374 (920) 1979 Located along the Nile, the site contains monuments such as the Temple of Ramesses II and the Sanctuary of Isis.[126]
Okapi Wildlife ReserveIn danger River lined by tropical vegetation. Many stones are found in the river. Orientale,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2°00′N 28°30′E / 2°N 28.5°E / 2; 28.5 (Okapi Wildlife Reserve)
Natural:
(x)
1,372,625 (3,391,830) 1996 Covering a fifth of the Ituri Rainforest in the Congo River basin, the reserve contains many threatened species of primates and birds. It is inhabited by the nomadic pygmy Mbuti and Efé tribes.[127] In 1997, looting, the killing of elephants, and the departure of reserve staff led the World Heritage Committee to place the reserve on its List of World Heritage in Danger, only a year following its inscription as a natural heritage site.[128]
Okavango Delta Areal view of Okavango Delta Orientale,
 Botswana
19°17′00″S 22°54′00″E / 19.283333°S 22.9°E / -19.283333; 22.9 (Okavango Delta)
Natural:
(x)
2,023,590 (5,000,400) 2014 [129]
Old Towns of Djenné A large mud stone castle with hundreds of wooden poles sticking out around its upper half. Djenné,
 Mali
13°54′23″N 4°33′18″W / 13.906390°N 4.555000°W / 13.906390; -4.555000 (Old Towns of Djenné)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv)
1988 Inhabited since 250 BCE, the city was an important link in the trans-Saharan gold trade. It contains 2,000 traditional houses.[130]
Old Town of Ghadamès A picture of a man standing in the middle of a hallway made of limestone. Ghadames,
 Libya
30°08′00″N 9°30′00″E / 30.133333°N 9.5°E / 30.133333; 9.5 (Old Town of Ghadamès)
Cultural:
(v)
1986 Located in an oasis, Ghadames is one of the oldest pre-Saharan cities and represents a traditional architecture with vertical division of functions.[131]
Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove A picture of an abstract-looking hut. Osogbo,
 Nigeria
7°45′20″N 4°33′08″E / 7.755560°N 4.552220°E / 7.755560; 4.552220 (Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (vi)
75 (190) 2005 The dense forests are one of the final remnants of high forests in southern Nigeria. It is the last sacred grove of the Yoruba culture.[132]
Pitons, Cirques and Remparts of Reunion Island An overhead view of an island filled with high-altitude peaks. La Réunion,
 France
21°05′58″S 55°28′48″E / 21.099444°S 55.480000°E / -21.099444; 55.480000 (Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
105,838 (261,530) 2010 Outstanding terrain and biodiversity, as part of La Réunion National Park.[133]
Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida) A panoramic view of a large city, largely coloured beige. El Jadida,
 Morocco
33°15′24″N 8°30′07″W / 33.256670°N 8.501940°W / 33.256670; -8.501940 (Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida))
Cultural:
(ii), (iv)
8 (20) 2004 The fortification, akin to Renaissance military design from the early 16th century, was taken over by Morocco in 1769. Surviving buildings include the cistern and a Gothic church.[134]
Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis A picture of four stone pillars which once held up a house. Nabeul Governorate,
 Tunisia
36°56′47″N 11°05′57″E / 36.946390°N 11.099170°E / 36.946390; 11.099170 (Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis)
Cultural:
(iii)
1985 The city was abandoned in 250 BCE during the First Punic War, and is the only surviving example of a PhoenicioPunic settlement.[135]
Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage A large, architecturally detailed entrance to a big palace. Several guards are posted out front. Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer,
 Morocco
34°01′27″N 6°49′22″W / 34.024167°N 6.822778°W / 34.024167; -6.822778 (Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage)
Cultural:
(ii), (iv)
349 (860) 2012 Rebuilt under the direction of the French from 1912 to the 1930s, the city blends historic and modern features, such as botanical gardens, the Hassan Mosque, and the remnants of Moorish and Andalusian settlements from the 17th century.[136]
Rainforests of the AtsinananaIn danger A picture of a very small river running through a dense forest. Several mountains fill the background. Eastern Madagascar,
 Madagascar
14°27′35″S 49°42′09″E / 14.459722°S 49.702500°E / -14.459722; 49.702500 (Rainforests of the Atsinanana)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
479,660 (1,185,300) 2007 The site consists of six national parks, and protects the island's unique biodiversity, which has evolved in isolation for 60 million years.[137] The park was deemed to be in danger in 2010, when logging and hunting activities continued to escalate, despite a ban by Madagascar on exporting illegal timber.[138]
Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape A picture of several shrubs obstructing a view of a large desert. Northern Cape,
 South Africa
28°36′00″S 17°12′14″E / 28.6°S 17.203889°E / -28.6; 17.203889 (Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape)
Cultural:
(iv), (v)
160,000 (400,000) 2007 The mountainous desert sustains the semi-nomadic livelihood of the Nama, which includes seasonal migrations that have gone unchanged for two millennia.[139]
Robben Island A view of a moderately fortified prison and a guard tower. Western Cape,
 South Africa
33°48′00″S 18°22′00″E / 33.8°S 18.366667°E / -33.8; 18.366667 (Robben Island)
Cultural:
(iii), (vi)
475 (1,170) 1999 Between the 17th and 20th century, the island was used as a prison, including for political prisoners, a hospital for socially unacceptable groups, and a military base.[140]
Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus A drawing of a giraffe on a cave wall. Fezzan,
 Libya
24°50′00″N 10°20′00″E / 24.833330°N 10.333330°E / 24.833330; 10.333330 (Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus)
Cultural:
(iii)
1985 Thousands of cave paintings are visible in different styles, dating from 12,000 BCE to 100 CE.[141]
Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela A picture of a pick-coloured building intact inside of a large, square hole. Amhara Region,
 Ethiopia
12°01′46″N 39°02′26″E / 12.029350°N 39.040420°E / 12.029350; 39.040420 (Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela)
Cultural:
(i), (ii), (iii)
1978 The site contains eleven medieval cave churches from the 13th century.[142]
Royal Hill of Ambohimanga A picture of a fortified wall and gate between two trees. Antananarivo,
 Madagascar
18°45′33″S 47°33′46″E / 18.759170°S 47.562780°E / -18.759170; 47.562780 (Royal Hill of Ambohimanga)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv), (vi)
59 (150) 2001 The royal city and burial site is a spiritual and sacred site which has created strong feelings of national identity for several centuries.[143]
Royal Palaces of Abomey A picture of a beige-coloured dirt courtyard with a shack in the corner. Zou Department,
 Benin
7°11′00″N 1°59′00″E / 7.183333°N 1.983333°E / 7.183333; 1.983333 (Royal Palaces of Abomey)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv)
48 (120) 1985 The city held the seat of twelve kings who ruled the Kingdom of Dahomey between 1625 and 1900. All but one king built their palace within the area.[144]
Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara Vault of a ramshackled and possibly ruined building. Kilwa District,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
8°57′28″S 39°31′22″E / 8.957780°S 39.522780°E / -8.957780; 39.522780 (Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara)
Cultural:
(iii)
1981 The site features the remains of two ports used extensively for trade across the Indian Ocean from the 13th and 16th century.[145] It was placed onto the list of List of World Heritage in Danger by the World Heritage Committee in 2004, citing "the continuing deterioration and the serious threats affecting the property of the Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara".[146] Conditions subsequently improved and the site was removed from the World Heritage in Danger list in 2014.[147]
Ruins of Loropéni A triangular-shaped blank map with a red dot in the south-west designating the location. Loropéni,
 Burkina Faso
10°15′00″N 3°35′00″W / 10.25°N 3.583333°W / 10.25; -3.583333 (Ruins of Loropéni)
Cultural:
(iii)
1.1 (2.7) 2009 More than a thousand years old, Loropéni is the best-preserved of ten fortresses in Lobi, which were part of about a hundred stone enclosures built during the trans-Saharan gold trade.[148]
Rwenzori Mountains National Park A panoramic view of a slightly foggy plain, with mountains filling the background. Bundibugyo District,
Kabarole District,
and Kasese District,
 Uganda
0°13′25″N 29°55′27″E / 0.223611°N 29.924167°E / 0.223611; 29.924167 (Rwenzori Mountains National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
99,600 (246,000) 1994 Covering most of the Rwenzori Mountains, including Mount Margherita, Africa's third-highest peak, the park features glaciers, waterfalls and lakes in an Alpine landscape. It also features various endangered species and unusual flora.[149]
Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests Two women discuss beside two very long tree roots in a forest. Coast Province,
 Kenya
3°55′55″S 39°35′46″E / 3.931944°S 39.596111°E / -3.931944; 39.596111 (Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests)
Cultural:
(iii), (v), (vi)
1,538 (3,800) 2008 The site comprises eleven forests spread 200 km (120 mi) along the coast of Kenya. They hold the remains of villages built during the 16th century by the Mijikenda, and are now considered sacred sites.[150]
Saint Catherine Area A distant view of a very small city enclosed within stone walls. Behind it is a very rocky slope. South Sinai Governorate,
 Egypt
28°33′22″N 33°58′32″E / 28.556230°N 33.975430°E / 28.556230; 33.975430 (Saint Catherine Area)
Cultural:
(i), (iii),
(iv), (vi)
60,100 (149,000) 2002 The orthodox monastery from the 6th century is positioned near Mount Horeb where, according to the Old Testament, Moses received the Tablets of the Law. The region is sacred for Christians, Muslims and Jews.[151]
Salonga National ParkIn danger A river meandering through a wooded plain. Maniema
and South Kivu,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2°S 21°E / 2°S 21°E / -2; 21 (Salonga National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (ix)
3,600,000 (8,900,000) 1984 Africa's largest tropical rain forest reserve is situated at the heart of the Congo River basin and only accessible by water. It is the habitat of endangered species such as the bonobo, the Congo peafowl, the forest elephant, and the slender-snouted crocodile.[152] The site was deemed to be in danger in 1999, due to increased poaching activities and encroachments.[153]
Saloum Delta An aerial view of a river zigzagging sharply through a damp field.  Senegal
13°50′07″N 16°29′55″W / 13.835278°N 16.498611°W / 13.835278; -16.498611 (Saloum Delta)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv), (v)
145,811 (360,310) 2011 The area has sustained human life thanks to fishing and shellfish gathering, for which there are 218 shellfish mounds across the site.[154]
San Cristóbal de la Laguna A modern plaza with many large trees and a fountain in the middle. Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife,
 Spain
28°28′40″N 16°18′42″W / 28.477889°N 16.311778°W / 28.477889; -16.311778 (San Cristóbal de La Laguna)
Cultural:
(ii), (iv)
60 (150) 1999 The city contains two centres: the unplanned Upper Town, and the planned Lower Town, laid out according to philosophical principals. Many of the buildings date from the 16th to the 18th centuries.[155]
Sangha Trinational A gorilla wading in waist-deep water with its arms outstretched and holding an object in its right hand. The water is surrounded by thick vegetation.  Cameroon*
 Central African Republic*
 Congo*
2°36′34″N 16°33′15″E / 2.609444°N 16.554167°E / 2.609444; 16.554167 (Sangha Trinational)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
746,309 (1,844,170) 2012 [156]
Selous Game ReserveIn danger Five elephants drinking from a flooded field from afar. Lindi Region,
Morogoro Region,
Mtwara Region,
Pwani Region,
and Ruvuma Region,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
9°00′S 37°24′E / 9°S 37.4°E / -9; 37.4 (Selous Game Reserve)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
5,000,000 (12,000,000) 1982 The park's vegetation varies from dense thickets to open wooded grasslands, and features large numbers of elephants, black rhinoceros, cheetahs, giraffes, hippos and crocodiles.[157] It was placed onto the list of List of World Heritage in Danger by the World Heritage Committee in 2014 due to widespread poaching, especially of elephants and rhinoceros.[158]
Serengeti National Park A family of zebras walking through a plain, with four elephants and a few trees wandering in the background. Arusha Region,
Mara Region,
and Shinyanga Region,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
2°20′00″S 34°34′00″E / 2.333330°S 34.566670°E / -2.333330; 34.566670 (Serengeti National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
1,476,300 (3,648,000) 1981 The vast savanna is known for the annual migration for herds of wildebeest, gazelle, zebras, and their predators.[159]
Simien National ParkIn danger A mountain landscape with deep precipices. Amhara Region,
 Ethiopia
13°11′00″N 38°04′00″E / 13.183333°N 38.066667°E / 13.183333; 38.066667 (Simien National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
22,000 (54,000) 1978 The eroded Ethiopian plateau comprises jagged mountain peaks, deep valleys, and sharp precipices dropping about 1,500 m (4,900 ft).[160] The decrease of the walia ibex, bushbuck, and bushpig populations, as well as an increase of the human population in the park prompted the World Heritage Committee to place it on their List of World Heritage in Danger in 1996.[161]
Stone Circles of Senegambia A picture of several mounds of dirt. Central River Division
and Kaolack Region,
 Gambia*
 Senegal*
13°41′28″N 15°31′21″W / 13.691111°N 15.522500°W / 13.691111; -15.522500 (Stone Circles of Senegambia)
Cultural:
(i), (iii)
10 (25) 2006 The groups of stone circles are among over 1,000 different monuments along the Gambia River. Used as burial grounds, they were erected between the 3rd century BCE and the 16th century CE.[162]
Stone Town of Zanzibar A distant view of a very large and luxurious building near a wide river. Zanzibar,
 Tanzania, United Republic of
6°09′47″S 39°11′21″E / 6.163060°S 39.189170°E / -6.163060; 39.189170 (Stone Town of Zanzibar)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (vi)
96 (240) 2000 A prime example of an East African coastal trading town, its urban fabric and townscape remains intact.[163]
Sukur Cultural Landscape A landscape view of a series of rocky valleys. Madagali,
 Nigeria
10°44′26″N 13°34′19″E / 10.740560°N 13.571940°E / 10.740560; 13.571940 (Sukur Cultural Landscape)
Cultural:
(iii), (v), (vi)
1999 The site features the Palace of the Hidi, terraced fields, and the remains of a former iron industry.[164]
Taï National Park A blank map of a square-shaped country with a black dot designating the location of the site. Guiglo
and Sassandra,
 Côte d'Ivoire
5°45′00″N 7°07′00″W / 5.750000°N 7.116667°W / 5.750000; -7.116667 (Taï National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
330,000 (820,000) 1982 One of few remaining sections of the West African tropical forest, the park features a rich flora, including eleven species of monkeys.[165]
Tassili n'Ajjer A picture of a very faint drawing of an elephant and a giraffe on a cave wall. Illizi
and Tamanrasset,
 Algeria
25°30′N 9°00′E / 25.5°N 9°E / 25.5; 9 (Tassili n'Ajjer)
Mixed:
(i), (iii),
(vii), (viii)
7,200,000 (18,000,000) 1982 The site is in a landscape with 15,000 cave engravings that record climatic changes, animal migrations, and the evolution of human life, dating from 6,000 BCE to the first centuries CE.[166]
Teide National Park A ground view of a mountain top, obstructed by a few low-level clouds. Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife,
 Spain
28°16′17″N 16°38′37″W / 28.271389°N 16.643611°W / 28.271389; -16.643611 (Teide National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (viii)
18,990 (46,900) 2007 The national park features the Teide stratovolcano, which at 3,718 m (12,198 ft) is Spain's tallest mountain and the world's third-tallest volcano.[167]
TimbuktuIn danger A picture of a very small pyramid with dozens of wooden poles sticking out around it. Timbuktu Cercle,
 Mali
16°46′24″N 2°59′58″W / 16.773333°N 2.999444°W / 16.773333; -2.999444 (Timbuktu)
Cultural:
(ii), (iv), (v)
1988 The city was a centre for the propagation of Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries, and features three mosques and many madrasahs.[168] The sites were deemed endangered after the Battle of Gao in June 2012, which followed several weeks of constant threats to the area. Days later, some sites within Timbuktu were destroyed by Ansar Dine, an Islamist group, citing religious reasons.[169]
Timgad A picture of a city ruins and a still-standing building near the back. Batna Province,
 Algeria
35°29′03″N 6°28′07″E / 35.484167°N 6.468611°E / 35.484167; 6.468611 (Timgad)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (iv)
0.04 (0.099) 1982 A military colony built by Emperor Trajan in 100 CE, the site features cardo and decumanus streets, typical of a Roman town.[170]
Tipasa A mosaic made of tiles covers the ground of a small square near a grave site. Tipaza,
 Algeria
36°35′31″N 2°26′58″E / 36.591944°N 2.449444°E / 36.591944; 2.449444 (Tipasa)
Cultural:
(iii), (iv)
52 (130) 1982 First a Carthaginian trading center, Tipasa was converted into a military base by the Romans. Heavy Christian influences can be seen from the 3rd and 4th centuries, though Tipasa went into steady decline in the Byzantine period.[171]
Tiya A view of several tombstones lined up side-by-side. Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region,
 Ethiopia
8°26′06″N 38°36′44″E / 8.434910°N 38.612100°E / 8.434910; 38.612100 (Tiya)
Cultural:
(i), (iv)
1980 The archaeological site contains 36 monuments, which includes 32 carved stelae covered with symbols hard to decrypt.[172]
Tomb of AskiaIn danger A large dirt mound shaped like a pyramid with sticks sticking out around it. Gao Region,
 Mali
16°17′23″N 0°02′40″E / 16.289800°N 0.044560°E / 16.289800; 0.044560 (Tomb of Askia)
Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (iv)
4 (9.9) 2004 Built in 1495, the pyramid was built as a tomb for Emperor Askia Mohamed. It represents the power of an empire that controlled the trans-Saharan gold trade.[173] The site was deemed endangered after the Battle of Gao in June 2012, which followed several weeks of constant threats to the area.[174]
Tombs of Buganda Kings at KasubiIn danger A picture of a dome-shaped house made of natural materials. Kampala District,
 Uganda
0°20′55″N 32°33′05″E / 0.348611°N 32.551389°E / 0.348611; 32.551389 (Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi)
Cultural:
(i), (iii),
(iv), (vi)
27 (67) 2001 The tombs, built after 1884, are a major example of prime architecture using organic materials, principally wood, thatch, reed, and wattle and daub.[175] The tombs were almost completely destroyed by a fire in March 2010, prompting the World Heritage Committee to reluctantly mark the site as being in danger. The Ugandan government has since called for the reconstruction of the tombs, and UNESCO has agreed to mobilise funds for the project.[176][177]
Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve A complex, heavily eroded dark grey limestone rock formation. Melaky,
 Madagascar
18°40′00″S 44°45′00″E / 18.666670°S 44.75°E / -18.666670; 44.75 (Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve)
Natural:
(vii), (x)
152,000 (380,000) 1990 The canyon of the Manambolo River comprises karstic and limestone landscapes cut into peaks and a forest of limestone needles. It also holds undisturbed forests, lakes and mangrove swamps, which are the habitat for lemurs and birds.[178]
Tsodilo A drawing of two rhinos and a bull on a cave wall. North-West,
 Botswana
18°45′00″S 21°44′00″E / 18.75°S 21.733333°E / -18.75; 21.733333 (Tsodilo)
Cultural:
(i), (iii), (vi)
4,800 (12,000) 2001 The site features more than 4,500 rock art paintings in the Kalahari Desert. Archaeological records provide evidence of human and environmental activities ranging over 100,000 years.[179]
Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes Various drawings on a cave wall. Kunene,
 Namibia
20°35′44″S 14°22′21″E / 20.595583°S 14.372583°E / -20.595583; 14.372583 (Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes)
Cultural:
(iii), (v)
57 (140) 2007 The site has one of the largest concentrations of rock engravings in Africa, which range from a period of over 2,000 years.[180]
Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve A picture of a waterfall obstructed by a couple of palm trees. Praslin,
 Seychelles
4°19′45″S 55°44′15″E / 4.329170°S 55.737500°E / -4.329170; 55.737500 (Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve)
Natural:
(vii), (viii),
(ix), (x)
20 (49) 1983 The natural palm forest is preserved in almost its original state.[181]
Virunga National ParkIn danger A picture of a mountain landscape with trunks of trees or shrubs that appear to have burned. North Kivu
and Orientale,
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
0°55′00″N 29°10′00″E / 0.916667°N 29.166667°E / 0.916667; 29.166667 (Virunga National Park)
Natural:
(vii), (viii), (x)
800,000 (2,000,000) 1979 The park comprises swamps, savannas, and snowfields.[182] Virunga was inscribed on the World Heritage Committee's List of World Heritage in Danger in 1994, due to the war in Rwanda and the subsequent increase of the refugee population in the park, deforestation, poaching, departure of park staff, and depletion of forests.[183]
Vredefort Dome A view of a multicoloured cave ceiling. Free State
and North West,
 South Africa
26°52′S 27°16′E / 26.86°S 27.26°E / -26.86; 27.26 (Vredefort Dome)
Natural:
(viii)
30,000 (74,000) 2005 The crater, with a diameter of 190 km (120 mi), is the largest, oldest, and most deeply eroded astrobleme found on Earth, dating back more than two billion years.[184]
W National Park of Niger A picture of a marshy river surrounded on both sides by shrubs and trees. Say Department,
 Niger
12°21′N 2°21′E / 12.35°N 2.35°E / 12.35; 2.35 (W National Park of Niger)
Natural:
(ix), (x)
220,000 (540,000) 1996 The park is in the zone between savanna and forest lands, and is an important ecosystem for the biogeographical area.[185]
Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) A picture of a long skeleton surrounded by a circular wire. A large rock formation is visible in the background. Faiyum Governorate,
 Egypt
29°20′00″N 30°11′00″E / 29.333330°N 30.183330°E / 29.333330; 30.183330 (Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley))
Natural:
(viii)
20,015 (49,460) 2005 Located in western Egypt, the site contains fossil remains of the now extinct Archaeoceti, mapping the evolution of the whales from a land-based to an aquatic mammal.[186]

See also

Notes

  1. For purposes of this article, "Africa" includes the entire African continent, along with certain Atlantic and Indian ocean islands in the geographic vicinity of Africa that remain under the sovereignty of European states. This differs from UNESCO's regional classification which places several North African countries in the "Arab States" region, while World Heritage Sites on the islands are included in the "Europe and North America" region with their respective metropolitan states. Also see the table legend.
  2. Syria has 6 sites on the World Heritage in Danger list.
  3. Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa was originally inscribed as Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs. The World Heritage Committee adopted the changed name in 2013.
  4. Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites was originally inscribed as James Island and Related Sites. The World Heritage Committee adopted the changed name in 2011.

References

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  2. "Number of World Heritage properties inscribed each Year". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  3. Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second Session, Final Report (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: UNESCO. 5–8 September 1978. pp. 78. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  4. Hegarty, Stephanie (20 September 2011). "Sada Mire: Uncovering Somalia's Heritage". BBC. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
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  6. 1 2 "Launch of African World Heritage Fund" (Press release). UNESCO. 3 May 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
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  10. "The World Heritage Committee". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  11. "Sessions". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
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  13. "Kahuzi-Biega National Park Threats to the Site (1997)". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
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  33. "Aksum". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  34. "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
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  36. "Amphitheatre of El Jem". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
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  38. "Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  39. "Archaeological Site of Carthage". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  40. "Archaeological Site of Cyrene". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  41. "Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  42. "Archaeological Site of Sabratha". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
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