Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary

Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary
wildlife sanctuary
Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary

Location in Uttarakhand, India

Coordinates: 30°45′00″N 79°36′00″E / 30.75000°N 79.60000°E / 30.75000; 79.60000Coordinates: 30°45′00″N 79°36′00″E / 30.75000°N 79.60000°E / 30.75000; 79.60000
Country  India
State Uttarakhand
District Chamoli & Rudraprayag
Established 1972
Area
 • Total 975 km2 (376 sq mi)
Elevation 1,160 m (3,810 ft)
Languages
 • Official Hindi
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Nearest city Srinagar, Uttarakhand
IUCN category IV
Precipitation 3,093 millimetres (121.8 in)
Avg. summer temperature 25 °C (77 °F)
Avg. winter temperature − 10 °C (14 °F)

Kedarnath Wild Life Sanctuary, also called the Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary, is a national sanctuary in Uttarakhand, India. Its alternate name comes from its primary purpose of protecting the endangered Himalayan musk deer.[1] Consisting of an area of 975 km2 (376 sq mi), it is the largest protected area in the western Himalayas. It is internationally important for the diversity of its flora and fauna (particularly of ungulate species).[2][3]

Located in the Himalayan Highlands with an elevation ranging from 1,160 m (3,810 ft) (near Phata) to the Chaukhamba peak at 7,068 m (23,189 ft), it was a notified reserve forest between 1916 and 1920. It was changed to a sanctuary on January 21, 1972, and has been designated a "Habitat/Species Management Area" by the IUCN.[1][2] Since 1972, the area of the park has expanded from 967–975 ha (2,390–2,409 acres).[2]

The sanctuary straddles a geographically diverse landscape and transitional environment.[4][5] IUCN has reported that "From 44.4% to 48.8% of the sanctuary is forested, 7.7% comprises alpine meadows and scrub, 42.1% is rocky or under permanent snow and 1.5% represents formerly forested areas that have been degraded."[2]

The sanctuary takes its name from the famous Hindu temple of Kedarnath which is just outside its northern border. The entire 14 km (9 mi) route from Ghauri Khund to Kedarnath temple (3,584 m or 11,759 ft) passes through the sanctuary.

Geography

Geographically situated in the Chamoli and Rudraprayag districts of Uttarakhand,Lying within the larger Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows of alpine ecoregion of India, Nepal and Tibet,[6] the sanctuary is at its higher altitudes are characterised by glaciers which have, through glacial action over centuries, created deep "v" shaped valleys in the sanctuary.[7] River valleys, generally in a north-south direction, are formed by the Mandakini, Kali, Biera, Balasuti and Menan rivers. The geological formation in the catchment is made up of "Central Crystallines" that are metamorpic rocks such as gneisses, granites and schists.[2][3] The highest peaks in India are located in the Garhwal Himalayas where the sanctuary is delimited.

Religious and social aspect

Kedarnath temple gives its name to the sanctuary as it is located amidst the temple precincts

The sanctuary has a large number of Hindu temples located within its precincts. Kedarnath temple is the most historic of these and is visited by a very large number of pilgrims.[8] This temple dates to the 8th century. Other temples, though not of matching importance, have strong legends related to the epic Mahabharata days. These are the Mandani, Madhyamaheshwar, Tungnath, Ansuya Devi and Rudranath. The local Hindu culture is also imbibed by the Bhotiyas (may be with some Tibetan link) who have pastoral work culture and are an integral part of the valleys.[2][3][9] Visitors to these temples have occasionally been attacked by wildlife.[2]

Climate

A typical temperate to sub-arctic climate prevails in the locale of the sanctuary. The South West summer monsoon rains recorded is the mean annual precipitation of 3,093 mm (122 in). This high value of precipitation is due to the fact that the hill ranges to the south, of about 3,000 m (9,800 ft) height, are open without much of rain-shadow effect. On the basis of rainfall of 3,050 mm (120 in) recorded near Tungnath in 1979-81, the monsoon rain (June to September) was about 81% while snow precipitation during December–March was 11%. Summer temperature recorded is 25 °C (77 °F), the highest in May or June; a mild and pleasant condition. The lowest winter temperature recorded in the first half of January is −10 °C (14 °F), when heavy snowfall is received in the upper region. This results in severe cold conditions. For about three months, following heavy snowfall in December, the sanctuary is snow covered.[2][7]

Flora

The sanctuary is reputed to be one of the world’s richest bio-reserves.[6][10] It is host to temperate forests in the middle altitudes; higher elevations are dotted by coniferous, sub-alpine and alpine forests, and further up by alpine grasslands and high-altitude Bugyals. The diverse climate and topography in the sanctuary area has created dense forests of chir pine, oak, birch, rhododendrons and alpine meadows with incidence of numerous Himalayan flowering plants.[1] At Tungnath, two sedges, Carex lacta and C. munda, have been reported which had previously only been reported in the far west region of Nepal.[2][7]

Fauna

The sanctuary is rich in faunal, avifaunal and aquafaunal species (some are pictured in the gallery).[1][2][8][9][11]

Mammalians

• Carnivores are: jackal (Canis aureus), fox (Vulpes vulpes), Himalayan black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) (V), yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula), leopard cat (Felis bengalensis), leopard (Panthera pardus) (T) and snow leopard (Uncia uncia). • Ungulates are wild boar (Sus scrofa), Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster), and Indian muntjac. The primates recorded are rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and common langur (Presbytis entellus). Among the smaller mammals are Hodgsons's brown-toothed shrew (Episoriculus caudatus), red giant flying squirrel (Petaurista petaurista), and Royle's pika (Ochotona roylei).

Avians

Important bird species reported are Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) (the state bird of Uttarakhand), Snow Partridge (Lerwa lerwa), kalij pheasant (lophura leucomelanos hamiltonii), koklass pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha), West Himalayan bush warbler (Locustella kashmirensis), little pied flycatcher (Ficedula westermanni), grey-cheeked warbler (Seicercus poliogenys) and Rusty-flanked treecreeper (Certhia nipalensis).

Reptilians

Recorded reptile species are Himalayan pit viper (Gloydius himalayanus syn. Ancistrodon himalayanus) (common) and Boulenger's keelback (Amphiesma parallelum).

In the Mandakini River, fishes recorded include Schizothorax sp., mahseer Tor tor, Labeo spp., Gara spp., Barilius spp., Nemacheilus sp. nov., Glyptothorax spp. and Balitora brucei.[2]

Conservation

For more details on this topic, see White-bellied musk deer.

Among the more notable of the animals in the region is the animal for which it is alternatively named; the musk deer. Declining population (over 40% in 21 years) of this specie and large scale poaching for profit, dictated the decision to declare it as an endangered animal (EN) in 1973 (Halloway, 1973) and the specie was listed vulnerable in the red data book of IUCN in 1974. It is found, not only in Uttarakhand in the Himalayan belt up to lowest elevation of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) (within a restricted zone), but also in some parts of the Himalayan belt starting from Northern India in Jammu and Kashmir and Sikkim, and in Bhutan, Nepal and China (southwest Xizang) with small numbers reported in China.[1][12][13] These deer dwell generally live alone at a density of 3-4 animals per square kilometer in meadows, fell-fields, shrublands or first forests.[12]

The male species of the endangered musk deer in the Kedarnath Wild Life Sancturay carries the much valued pods musk pod (glands). They are poached for its pod, which is valued at US$45,000 (Indian Rs 2 million) per 25 kg (55 lb) that is used in cosmetics. It has reportedly pharmaceutical properties also. Its meat is also consumed as a delicacy.[1][2][12] The animal is protected under the "Threatened Deer Programme" of the IUCN, with cooperation by the Government of India and World Wide Fund for Nature .[13] The sanctuary includes a breeding center at Kharchula Kharak, both to help advance understanding of the animal's conservation requirements and to breed it in captivity for reintroduction to the wild. Through 1987, it had successfully reared nine deer.[1][2][3][13][14]

Other scientific activities centered around the sanctuary have been: the high-altitude botanical field station established at Tungnath (3,500 m or 11,500 ft) by the Garhwal University; further ecological studies of the ungulates; WWF on ecology of the Himalayan musk deer and other ungulates near Tungnath, together with surveys of the mammalian fauna and avifauna; and fish fauna studies in the Mandakini River.[2]

Visitor information

Visitors are mostly Indian nationals on pilgrimage to various temples, though a few international tourists also visit the area. The approach to Kedarnath Temple is only through the sanctuary. Visiting season is from April to June and again from September to November. The number of visitors to the Kedarnath shrine, who passed through the sanctuary, was 5,57,923 in 2007 as against 87,629 in 1987, a quantum jump in 20 years.[2][15]

The nearest airport is at Jolly Grant Airport at Dehradun at a distance of 227 km (141 mi) from Chopta, the entry point to the sanctuary. Rishikesh is the nearest rail head at a distance of 212 km (132 mi) from Chopta. National Highway NH 58 from Delhi passes through Chamoli via Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Roorkee, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Devprayag, Srinagar, Rudraprayag, Okhimath; and by state highway to Chopta.[10]

The sanctuary and surroundings offer some housing for visitors, including the forest hut at Madhyamaheshwar for which prior reservation needs to be done through the DFO, Kedarnath Wildlife Division, Gopeshwar. The Temple Committee maintains Dharamshalas (rest houses or inns) for use by pilgrims and tourists at Trijuginarayan, Dougalbitta, Mandal, Gaurikund and Kedarnath. There is also a guest house at Sonprayag.[2][16][17]

Sanctuary Landscape


References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Roma Bradnock (2004). Foot Print, India. Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary (Footprint Travel Guides). p. 231. ISBN 978-1-904777-00-7. ISBN 1-904777-00-7.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Kedarnath Sanctuary". UNEP & WCMC. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal)" (pdf). Kedarnath Temple trek. pp. 27 of 43.
  4. ↑ "Uttaranchal SoE November 2004" (pdf). state of the environment. Uttranchal Environment and Pollution Control Board. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  5. ↑ "Rudraprayag". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  6. 1 2 "Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  7. 1 2 3 Sharad Singh Negi (1993). Himalayan wildlife, habitat and conservation. Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary (Indus Publishing). pp. 171–172. ISBN 978-81-8518-268-1. ISBN 81-8518-268-X. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  8. 1 2 "Kedartnath Sanctuary". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  9. 1 2 P.C. Sinha (2005). Encyclopaedia of Travel, Tourism and Ecotourism. Kedarnath Musk deer (Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.). pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-81-261-2398-8. ISBN 81-261-2398-2. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  10. 1 2 "Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary - Wild Beauty". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  11. ↑ Sharad Singh Negi (2002). Handbook of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves in India. Kedarnath Musk deer Wild Life sanctuary (Indus Publishing). p. 165. ISBN 978-81-7387-128-3. ISBN 81-7387-128-0.
  12. 1 2 3 "Moschus leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009.1. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  13. 1 2 3 C.Tiwari; Bhagwati Joshi (1997). Wildlife in the Himalayan foothills. Indus Publishing. pp. 125 of 376. ISBN 978-81-7387-066-8. ISBN 81-7387-066-7. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  14. ↑ "Uttaranchal 09". Scribd. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  15. ↑ "Number Of Pilgrims". Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  16. ↑ "Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  17. ↑ "Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
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