Kilvenmani massacre

Raised fist carried as part of the 2014 inauguration of the Keezhvenmani martyrs memorial

The Kilvenmani massacre (or Keezhvenmani massacre) was an incident in Kizhavenmani village, Tamil Nadu on 25 December 1968[1] in which a group of around 44 people, the families of striking Dalit (untouchable) village labourers, were murdered by a gang, allegedly led by their landlords.[2]

It became a notable event in left wing political campaigns of the time and in Dravidianist ideology. The incident helped to initiate large-scale changes in the local rural economy, engendering a massive redistribution of land in the region.[3][4]

Massacre

The incident occurred when the landless peasants were influenced by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) to organise themselves into a campaign for higher wages following the increase in agricultural production as the result of Green revolution in India.[5][6] The lands were controlled by powerful families, while the labourers were from a Dalit community. In 1968, the agricultural labourers of unified Tanjore district formed a union seeking better working conditions and higher wages.[4] To mark their union the workers hoisted red flags in their villages, irking their landlords. The landlords formed a separate union with yellow flags and started laying off workers belonging to the Communist unions.

This led to tensions and finally a boycott by all labourers. The peasants withheld part of the harvest as a negotiating tactic.[7] The Paddy Producers Association, representing the local landlords, organised external labourers to continue the harvest. Matters became fraught when a local shopkeeper who supported the protesters was kidnapped by supporters of the landlords and beaten up. Protesters attacked the kidnappers, forcing them to release their hostage. In the clash, one of the landlords' agents was killed.[8]

Following this, a large gang arrived at the Kizhavenmani village in Eastern Thanjavur driving police lorries. They cut off exits from the village and started shooting at villagers, mortally wounding two of them. Villagers took refuge in a hut, but the attackers surrounded it and set fire to it, burning them to death.[2][9] Six people escaped, but two were thrown back into the fire. Around 44 were killed which included 5 men, 16 women and 23 children.[4] A list of victims and their ages is given below.

Name Age
Pappa (Ramaiyah's wife) 25
Aasaiththambi 10
Chandira 12
Vasuki 23
Sundaram (Female) 45
Saroja 12
Marunthambal 25
Thangaiyan 5
Chinnappillai (Female) 25
Karunanithi 12
Vasuki 5
Kuruvammaal 30
Poomaiyil 16
Karuppaayi 35
Nachchiyammal 16
Damotharan 12
Jeyam 10
Kanakaambaal 25
Ramachchanthiran 7
Suppan 70
Kuppammaal 60
Paakkiyam 35
Jyothi 10
Kalimutthu (Female) 35
Kurusami 15
Nadarajan 5
Verammal 22
Pattu 46
Sanmugam 13
Vethavalli 13
Murugan 40
Aachiyammal 30
Nagarajan 10
Jeyam 6
Selvi 3
Karuppaayi 50
Solai 26
Nadarajan 6
Anjalai 45
Aandal 12
Sinivasan 40
Kavery 50
Sinivasan 38
Murugan 45

In the subsequent trial, the landlords were convicted of involvement in the event. Ten of them were sentenced to 10 years in jail. However, an appeal court overturned the conviction.[10] Irinjur Gopalakrishnan Naidu, leader of the Paddy Producers Association, was accused of being behind the massacre. He too was eventually acquitted, but was murdered in a revenge attack in 1980.[7]

Aftermath

The massacre led to widespread demand for changes in land ownership and to attitudes regarding caste. Gandhian reformer Krishnammal Jagannathan and her husband led a series of non-violent demonstrations, arguing for the redistribution of land owned by the local Hindu temple and Trust lands in Valivalam to members of the Dalit caste. The couple also founded an organisation to promote their aims. Krishnammal Jeganathan later said, on the eve of a commemoration of the massacre, "I could not sleep last night, and the sight of the violence feels fresh in my mind - fresh blood of a butchered child, and charred bodies of women and children, who had taken refuge in a hut".[3]

Feminist activists played a significant role in making the massacre well known. Six years after the killings the first state conference of the Democratic Women's Association was held in Kizhavenmani.[11] Mythili Sivaraman helped to publicize the atrocities through her articles and essays. A collection of her writings about the incident was released as a book named Haunted by Fire.[12]

Commemoration

The opening of the new memorial

The Communist Party of India (Marxist) organises an annual "Venmani Martyrs Day" to commemorate the massacre. A memorial was erected by the party in the form of a black granite monolith carved with the names of the forty-four victims, including fourteen victims from one family. It is topped with the hammer and sickle of the CPI(M). A plantain bud "carved out of monolithic red granite mounted on a platform serves as a memory of the dead".[3] Other political groups have also participated in the commemorations.[7] The Dalit political party Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi have objected to Communist control of the event. Its district secretary S. Vivekanandam said, "We also want to pay tributes to the martyrs. But the CPM does not allow us to arrange for any programmes during the anniversary saying that only their party stood in support of the farmers of Keezhvenmani. They also said that they had got the place of massacre registered in their party's name. It is unacceptable that a single party claims ownership of the historical place".[7]

In 2006, the CPI(M) announced that it would begin the construction of a much larger memorial (referred to as "mani mandapam"). In 2014, the partially completed new memorial was inaugurated by the party. It comprises 44 granite pillars, representing each of the victims, surrounding a large building functioning as a museum and centre of commemoration.[4]

Books and films

References

  1. ↑ "Farmers pay tribute to Kilvenmani victims". The Hindu. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 Kathleen Gough (August 1974). "Indian Peasant Uprisings". Economic and Political Weekly. jstor.org. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 "Anniversary of Keezhvenmani carnage observed". The Hindu. 26 December 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "New memorial to commemorate Keezhvenmani massacre". The Hindu. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  5. ↑ The Administrator, Vol. 35. Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration. 1990. p. 94.
  6. ↑ "Continued violence against Dalits raises the question, how 'tolerant' are Hindus?". DNA India. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Communists, dalit groups pay respects to Keezhvenmani massacre victims". Times Of India. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  8. ↑ Elisabeth Armstrong (7 November 2013). Gender and Neoliberalism: The All India Democratic Women’s Association and Globalization Politics. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-317-91142-5.
  9. ↑ Josian Racine & Jean Racine, Dalit Identities and the Dialectic of Oppression and Emancipation in a Changing India: The Tamil Case and Beyond
  10. ↑ "Red Rice: caste and class war". The Sunday Indian. 11 March 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  11. ↑ Omvedt, Gail, Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, 1993, p..78
  12. ↑ "Lest we forget…". The Hindu. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  13. 1 2 "America was a golden cage for me". The Hindu. 1 July 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  14. ↑ "The Gypsy Goddess by Meena Kandasamy, book review: Class war exposes India's dark heart". Independent. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.

Further reading

External links

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