Kempeitai East District Branch

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The Kempeitai East District Branch was the headquarters of the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police, during the Japanese occupation of Singapore from 1942 to 1945. It was located at the old YMCA building, at the present site of Singapore's YMCA on Stamford Road. Opened in 1911, the distinctive Art Deco YMCA building was the site of interrogation and torture of many innocent civilians, including the war heroine Elizabeth Choy. After the war, the Singapore government erected several memorials with some at the former massacre sites. In 1995, the former site of the old YMCA building was gazetted by the National Heritage Board as one of the eleven World War II sites of Singapore.[1]

History of the Kempeitai

The Kempeitai was formed as a semi-autonomous unit on 4 January 1881 by order of the Meiji Council of State.[2] Its brief covered military discipline, law and order, intelligence and subversion, as well as policing thoughts in the civilian population.[3]

Their political influence increased when Hideki Tojo became the Vice-Minister of War in the 1930s. From 1895 to 1945, the Kempeitai built up a large network of influence in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, which refers to Japanese-occupied territories in Asia during World War II. All prisoners-of-war (POW) and POW camps came under the control of the Kempeitai, as did 'comfort women' and comfort houses.[3]

Training

Kempeitai officers on board a train, circa 1935

Kempeitai officers were trained at special training schools, with the main ones being in Tokyo and Keijo (now Seoul) in Korea. Kempei were trained to conduct espionage, weaponry, code-breaking, running spy networks and other subversive activities during a year-long course.

Kempeitai personnel were dressed in the standard Japanese military uniform, but they were distinguished by an armband bearing the Japanese characters for Kempeitai (憲兵隊). They also wore khaki uniforms with an armband or were simply dressed in civilian clothes. While officers were armed with shin guntō and a pistol, non-commissioned officers often carried a bamboo stick split at the ends to make it pliable and to increase the pain felt by a person hit by it.[3]

Informers and spies

The Kempeitai made use of informers and recruited spies from within the community, and encouraged the giving of information with rewards and privileges in return. Many of these informers had dubious backgrounds – secret society members, gangsters, prostitutes and those of other races with criminal records who were obliged to provide information to save themselves from torture or execution.[4] As a result, many innocent people were taken away mysteriously and an atmosphere of distrust and fear ruled life during the Japanese occupation.

Old YMCA building

The etched drawings on the heritage monument, near where the present YMCA building stands, depicts what the old YMCA building looked like previously.

In Syonan (as Singapore was called during the Japanese occupation), the Kempeitai came under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of War in Tokyo. It was led by Oishi Masayuki, with his headquarters at the old YMCA, which also served as the East District Branch. There were about 200 regular Kempeitai in Singapore but 1,000 auxiliaries were recruited from the army.[2] The Kempeitai jail was in Outram, with branches in Stamford Road, Chinatown, and the Central Police Station. A former residence at Smith Street in Chinatown formed the Kempeitai West District Branch.[2]

The YMCA also served as a prison for people suspected of being anti-Japanese. Typically, prisoners were cramped into small cells and forced to be motionless and absolutely silent.[5] Those arrested would be tortured for the purpose of extracting names of anti-Japanese accomplices from them; refusal to offer such names led to further punishment. Should a prisoner surrender under the torment, any person identified by him as a "subversive force" would be sentenced to death or imprisonment.[5]

Interrogation methods

The Kempeitai believed that a person suspected of committing a crime had to prove his innocence, but was given no opportunity to do so. Pain and threats to life were standard methods of interrogation used by the Kempeitai to obtain a 'confession'.[4] Called "treatments" by the Kempeitai, some that were described by victims and witnesses during the Singapore Chinese Massacre Trial in 1947 were:[4]

After the "treatment" was meted out, those who had 'confessed' to minor crimes were sentenced to imprisonment, while others were summarily executed. After the British surrender on 15 February 1942, the heads of looters were displayed on stakes outside the Kempeitai Headquarters and Cathay Building—used by the Japanese Military Propagation Department – [6] as a deterrent to looting and gruesome reminder of its power.[7] Rudy Mosbergen, a former principal of Raffles Institution, wrote in a book, In The Grip of A Crisis (2007), about his life as a teenager during the Japanese occupation, during which he witnessed the following scene at the Cathay Building:

Being somewhat curious and adventurous, I decided to see one for myself... I could see the bloodied head of a male Chinese on show... After a week's exposure, the heads eventually shrank and turned blue-black... It was truly a disgusting sight.[8]

Sook Ching

Colonel Masanobu Tsuji, the primary mastermind for the Sook Ching operation in Singapore and Malaya in 1942.

During the early days of the Japanese occupation, an extensive clean-up operation to purge anti-Japanese elements—including former members of Dalforce, Force 136, and supporters of the China Relief Fund—known as Sook Ching was undertaken. The massacres were executed under the supervision of the Kempeitai with the Hojo Kempei ("auxiliary military police") being employed to carry out the actual shooting under orders of a Kempeitai officer. Although the exact figures will never be fully known, it was estimated that a total figure between 25,000 and 50,000 victims were massacred according to the post-war trial testimonies in 1947.[9]

Masanobu Tsuji was identified by Japanese army commanders as the man responsible for the Sook Ching massacre during the Singapore Chinese Massacre Trial in 1947.[10] Tsuji was appointed as the Chief Planning and Operations Officer of the 25th Army, which was led by Tomoyuki Yamashita during the Malayan Campaign. He had close links with the Imperial Headquarters in Tokyo and enjoyed certain privileges that officers of more senior ranks were not allowed.[10]

Overstepping his authority, he had issued orders during the massacre of thousands of Chinese civilians in Singapore and Malaya with Yamashita's knowledge but without his approval. He was also responsible for the slaughter of thousands of American and Filipino prisoners-of-war in the Philippines.[11] Tsuji was in Myanmar at the time of Japan's unconditional surrender to British forces in August 1946 and made his getaway to Thailand disguised as a wandering Buddhist monk. He later spent a short spell in China during the Chinese Civil War. He was pursued by the British but they were unable to get him, as he was sheltered by the United States for political reasons when he resurfaced in Japan in 1947.[11] He was cleared of any war crimes in 1950 and later became one of Japan's most prominent post-war parliamentarians.[11] In 1961, Tsuji disappeared mysteriously in Indochina and was officially declared dead in 1968.[12]

Aftermath

The present YMCA building that was rebuilt on the former site of the Kempeitai HQ in 1984

After the war, the main masterminds who were mainly responsible for the Sook Ching massacre, namely Tomoyuki Yamashita and Masanobu Tsuji were not on the trial. Masanobu Tsuji escaped and hid himself and Tomoyuki Yamashita was on the trial in Manila. Only seven men but the officers, who followed the cruel command, were charged for their alleged role in Sook Ching in 1947:[13]

  1. Oishi Masayuki, commander of the 2nd Field Kempeitai.
  2. Nishimura Takuma, commander of the Imperial Guards Division.
  3. Kawamura Saburo, commander of the Syonan Defence Garrison.
  4. Yokota Yoshitaka
  5. Jyo Tomotatsu
  6. Onishi Satoru
  7. Hisamatsu Haruji

Kawamura and Oishi received the death sentence while the remaining five were given life sentences but served just five years until 1952, when Japan regained its sovereignty.[13]

Kawamura Saburo published his reminiscences in 1952 (after his death) and in the book, he expressed his condolences to the victims of Singapore and prayed for the repose of their souls.[14]

Demolition

Plans to rebuild the YMCA premises began in 1969 and the new YMCA building was officially opened on 24 November 1984.[15] The old YMCA building has since been demolished in 1981, for which Elizabeth Choy was very grateful. Choy was detained and tortured at YMCA for nearly 200 days for her crime of "being pro-British and anti-Japanese" during the Double Tenth Incident inquisition.[16] She said:

After my release, I avoided Stamford Road as I just could not bring myself to look at the YMCA building. It was the Japanese army's other killing field besides Operation Clean Up [Sook Ching]. It bore the blood of their victims whose lives they could never compensate.[16]

Her tormentor, a Kempeitai warrant officer called Monai Tadamori, was sentenced to death by a military court after the war.[16]

Memorials

To keep alive the memory of the Japanese occupation and its lessons learnt for future generations, the Singapore government erected several memorials with some at the former massacre sites:

Civilian War Memorial

The Civilian War Memorial in the War Memorial Park at Beach Road. The four columns are a symbolic representation of the four major races of Singapore, namely the Chinese, Malays, Indians and Eurasians.

Spearheaded and managed by the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Civilian War Memorial is located in the War Memorial Park at Beach Road. Comprising four white concrete columns, this 61 metres tall memorial commemorates the civilian dead of all races. It was built after thousands of remains were discovered all over Singapore during the urban redevelopment boom in the early 1960s. The memorial was officially unveiled by Singapore's first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew on the 25th anniversary of the start of the Japanese occupation in 1967.[17] It was constructed with part of the S$50 million 'blood debt' compensation paid by the Japanese government in October 1966.[17] Speaking at the unveiling ceremony, Lee said:

We meet to remember the men and women who were the hapless victims of one of the fires of history... If today we remember these lessons of the past, we strengthen our resolve and determination to make our future more secure then these men and women for whom we mourn would not have died in vain.[17]

On 15 February every year, memorial services (opened to the public) are held at the memorial.

Sook Ching Centre Monument

The site of this monument lies within the compound of Hong Lim Complex in Chinatown. The inscription on the monument reads:

The Sook Ching Centre Monument at Hong Lim Complex in Chinatown
“ The site was one of the temporary registration centres of the Japanese Military Police, the Kempeitai, for screening 'anti-Japanese' Chinese.

On 18 February 1942, three days after the surrender of Singapore, the Kempeitai launched a month-long purge of 'anti-Japanese elements' in an operation named Sook Ching. All Chinese men between 18 and 50 years old, and in some cases women and children, were ordered to report to these temporary registration centres for interrogation and identification by the Kempeitai.

Those who passed the arbitrary screening were released with 'Examined' stamped on their faces, arms or clothes. Others not so fortunate were taken to outlying parts of Singapore and executed for alleged anti-Japanese activities. Tens of thousands were estimated to have lost their lives.

For those who were spared, the Sook Ching screening remains one of their worst memories of the Japanese Occupation.
— National Heritage Board.[18]

 ”

Changi Beach Massacre Monument

The site of this monument is located in Changi Beach Park (near Camp Site 2) in the eastern part of Singapore. The inscription on the monument reads:

“ 66 male civilians were killed by Japanese Hojo Kempei (auxiliary military police) firing at the water's edge on this stretch of Changi Beach on 20 February 1942. They were among tens of thousands who lost their lives during the Japanese Sook Ching operation to purge suspected anti-Japanese civilians among Singapore's Chinese population between 18 February and 4 March 1942. Tanah Merah Besar Beach, a few hundred metres south (now part of Singapore Changi Airport runway) was one of the most heavily-used killing grounds where well over a thousand Chinese men and youths lost their lives.
— National Heritage Board.[19] 		”

Punggol Beach Massacre Monument

The site of this monument is located off Punggol Road in northeastern Singapore. The inscription on the monument reads:

“ On 23 February 1942, some 300–400 Chinese civilians were killed along Punggol foreshore by Hojo Kempei (auxiliary military police) firing squad. They were among tens of thousands who lost their lives during the Japanese Sook Ching operation to purge suspected anti-Japanese civilians among Singapore's Chinese population between 18 February and 4 March 1942. The victims who perished along the foreshore were among 1,000 Chinese males rounded up following a house-to-house search of the Chinese community living along Upper Serangoon Road by Japanese soldiers.
— National Heritage Board.[20] 		”

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ National Heritage Board, "World War II Sites of Singapore – In Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the End of WWII".
  2. 1 2 3 Wong, Heng. "The Kempeitai". National Library Board. Retrieved 20 April 2007.
  3. 1 2 3 Lee, "The Fearsome Kempeitai: Fighting The Anti-Japanese Resistance", pp. 234—8.
  4. 1 2 3 Modder, "Kempeitai Torture/The Double Tenth Trial", pp. 112—3.
  5. 1 2 National Heritage Board, "Kempeitai East District Branch".
  6. ↑ Uma, "Cathay building" p. 17.
  7. ↑ Uma, "Kempeitai East District Branch", p. 17.
  8. ↑ Chua, Mui Hoong (13 August 2007). "World War II through the eyes of a teenager". The Straits Times.
  9. ↑ Modder, "War Criminals Are Charged", p. 56.
  10. 1 2 Modder, "Tsuji: 'Mastermind of The Massacre", pp. 78—82.
  11. 1 2 3 Ward, "The killer They called A God".
  12. ↑ Lee, "Col. Tsuji Masanobu", p. 83.
  13. 1 2 Lee, "War Crimes Trials in Singapore", pp. 305—8.
  14. ↑ [Akashi Yoji & Yoshimura Mako eds. New Perspectives on the Japanese Occupation in Malaya and Singapore, Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2008 Chapter 9 Massacre of Chinese in Singapore and Its Coverage in Postwar Japan HAYASHI Hirofumi http://www.geocities.jp/hhhirofumi/eng18.htm]
  15. ↑ YMCA Singapore. "History of YMCA Singapore". YMCA Singapore. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  16. 1 2 3 Foong, "A Shameful Past in Human Memory: A Verbal Account by Elizabeth Choy", pp. 240—6.
  17. 1 2 3 Lee, "Remembering The Hapless Victims of The Fires of History", pp. 327—9.
  18. ↑ Modder, "Sook Ching Registration Centre in Chinatown", p. 72.
  19. ↑ Modder, "Changi Beach Massacre", p. 69.
  20. ↑ Modder, "Punggol Beach Massacre", p. 67.

Bibliography

  • Lee, Geok Boi (2005). The Syonan Years – Singapore Under Japanese Rule 1942 – 1945. Singapore: National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 981-05-4290-9. 
  • Modder, Ralph (2004). The Singapore Chinese Massacre – 18 February to 4 March 1942. Singapore: Horizon Books. ISBN 981-05-0388-1. 
  • Major Yap, Siang Yong; et al. (1992). Fortress Singapore – The Battlefield Guide. Singapore: Times Books International. ISBN 981-204-365-9. 
  • Foong, Choon Han (1997). The Price of Peace – True Accounts of the Japanese Occupation. Singapore: Asiapac Books. ISBN 981-3068-53-1. 
  • G. Uma, Devi (2002). Singapore 100's Historic Places. Singapore: National Heritage Board. ISBN 981-4068-23-3. 
  • National Heritage Board (1995). World War II Sites of Singapore – In Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the End of WWII. Singapore: National Heritage Board Publicity Committee. 
  • Shinozaki, Mamoru (1982). Syonan – My story: The Japanese occupation of Singapore. Singapore: Times Books International. ISBN 981-204-360-8. 
  • Ward, Ian (1992). The killer They called A God. Singapore: Media Masters. ISBN 981-00-3921-2. 

External links

Coordinates: 01°17′50.59″N 103°50′54.70″E / 1.2973861°N 103.8485278°E / 1.2973861; 103.8485278

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