Kewpie

This article is about the dolls created by Rose O'Neill. For the hamburger chain named after the dolls, see Kewpee.
Kewpie

Original German-made bisque Kewpie, circa 1912
Type Doll, figurine
Inventor Rose O'Neill
Company J.D. Kestner (1912-1920s)
Cameo Co. (c. 1930s-1960s)
Jesco (c. 1970s-2011)
Kewpie Corporation (2012-present)
Country United States
Availability 1912–present
Materials Bisque, composition, celluloid, rubber, plastic

Kewpie is a brand of dolls and figurines that were initially conceived as comic strip characters by artist and writer Rose O'Neill. The illustrated cartoons, appearing as baby cupid characters, began to gain popularity after the publication of O'Neill's comic strips in 1909, and O'Neill began to illustrate and sell paper doll versions of the Kewpies. The characters were first produced as bisque dolls in Waltershausen, Germany beginning in 1912, and became extremely popular in the early 20th century.[1]

The Kewpie dolls were initially made out of bisque exclusively, but composition versions were introduced in the 1920s, and celluloid versions were manufactured in the following decades. In 1949, Effanbee created the first hard plastic versions of the dolls, and soft rubber and vinyl versions were produced by Cameo Co. and Jesco between the 1960s and 1990s.

The earlier bisque and composition versions of Kewpie dolls are widely sought-after by antique and doll collectors, who especially want those hand-signed by O'Neill. Kewpies should not be confused with the baby-like Billiken figures that debuted in 1908.[2]

Background and history

Rose O'Neill (circa 1907)

Rose O'Neill, a Midwest native who had worked as a writer and illustrator in New York City, initially conceptualized the Kewpie as a cartoon intended for a comic strip in 1909. According to O'Neill, the idea for the Kewpies came to her in a dream.[3] The comic, featuring the cherub-faced characters, was first printed in Ladies' Home Journal in the December 1909 issue.[4] O'Neill described the characters as "a sort of little round fairy whose one idea is to teach people to be merry and kind at the same time."[4] Their name, often shortened to Kewpies, derives from Cupid, the Roman god of erotic love.[5] After the characters gained popularity among both adults and children, O'Neill began illustrating paper dolls of them, called Kewpie Kutouts.[6]

Production

German bisque: 1912-1915

Soldier-themed bisque Kewpies at the Ralph Foster Museum
Kewpies in a Jell-O newspaper ad from 1915

As demand for the Kewpie characters increased, Geo. Borgfeldt & Co. in New York contacted O'Neill in 1912 about developing a line of dolls and figurines. O'Neill agreed, and J.D. Kestner, a German toy company located in Waltershausen, set forth to manufacture small bisque dolls of the Kewpies. After the company manufactured the first run of dolls, they sent samples to O'Neill, who disapproved of the design because she felt they "did not look like her characters."[1]

O'Neill traveled to Germany and had the company destroy the moulds of the dolls, and oversaw the final redesign of them, working with a 17-year-old art student named Joseph Kallus.[1][6] The dolls were then released in nine different sizes, ranging from 1 to 12 inches in height. These early Kewpies bore a heart-shaped decal on their chests, which read "Kewpie, Germany", and some had jointed arms.[2] Many of these original German Kewpies were signed by O'Neill herself, and some were featured in various poses.

The small dolls became an international hit, and by 1914, O'Neill had become the highest-paid female illustrator in the country,[4] garnering a small fortune from the wild popularity of the dolls.[7] The Kewpie brand soon became a household name, and was used widely in product advertising, including promotion for Jell-O, Colgate, Kellogg's Corn Flakes, and Sears.[2] The Kewpies also appeared as a brand on a multitude of household items and other memorabilia, such as dishware, rattles, soap, pepper shakers, coloring books, poetry collections, and stationery.[8]

O'Neill also famously used the characters to promote the women's suffrage movement, using the illustrations in slogans and cartoons.

Composition and celluloid: 1916-1930s

After World War I began in Europe, production of the bisque Kewpie dolls moved from Germany to France and Belgium, due to rising tensions after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Around this time, the dolls also began to be produced in the United States, made of composition material rather than bisque, due to bisque's fragility. The manufacturers also began to increase the sizes of the dolls, producing 22-inch versions in addition to the 12-inch versions. The American composition dolls also had the distinctive heart-shaped decal on the chest, reading "Kewpies, des. & copyright by Rose O'Neill." Like the original bisque models, some of the composition Kewpies were also hand-signed by O'Neill, and they all included jointed arms.

In the mid-1920s, small-sized celluloid versions of Kewpies appeared, and were often given out as prizes at carnivals.[9] Many of the celluloid versions were mainly manufactured in Japan, unlicensed, and were of a lower quality than other Kewpies. During this time, many Kewpies were sold with clothing, as well.

Later models: 1944-present

As photographs became more commonplace in advertising, the prominence of Kewpies in the marketing circuit began to wane. O'Neill returned to Missouri, where she died purportedly impoverished of complications from a series of strokes in 1944.[7] Despite the lessening in popularity, Kewpies continued to be manufactured for the majority of the century, including hard plastic versions, as well as all-bisque replicas of the original Kewpies, produced by Jesco and Cameo Co. in the 1960s until the 1990s.[10] These reproduction Kewpies lack the heart-shaped decal that distinguishes the original, older versions.

Collectibility

According to 200 Years of Dolls (fourth edition), a 10-inch Kewpie with a bisque head, composition body, and glass eyes today is worth $6,500, while a 20-inch doll is valued at $20,000.[6] Many of the original, small-sized German-produced bisque Kewpies (circa 1912-1915) range from $200–$500 among collectors.[11] Composition Kewpies range from $100–$300,[12] while celluloid versions (especially unlicensed Japanese reproductions) are worth considerably less. Kewpies that were hand-signed by Rose O'Neill (most often etched on their arms or feet) are much rarer than unsigned Kewpies.

In popular culture

Kewpie Fusion toys in Japan

Gallery

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kewpie.


References

  1. 1 2 3 "Kewpie dolls to reach century mark". Columbia Tribune. 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  2. 1 2 3 "Kewpie doll". Museum of Childhood. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  3. ↑ "Inventor of the Week: Archive". MIT. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  4. 1 2 3 "Rose O'Neill". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  5. ↑ V & A Museum of Childhood
  6. 1 2 3 Knight, Marcy Kennedy (2011-12-08). "The Kewpie Doll". The History Channel Club. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  7. 1 2 Hirshey, Gerri (2008-03-08). "Who Knew? ‘Kewpie Lady’ Had Quite a Colorful Life". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  8. ↑ "Whiting's Kewpie papers". The Independent. 1914-12-07. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
  9. ↑ Van Patten, Denise. "Celluloid Dolls: An Introduction". About.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  10. ↑ Van Patten, Denise. "All-Bisque Kewpie Doll". About.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  11. ↑ Van Patten, Denise. "Kewpie Price Guide". About.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  12. ↑ Herlocher, Dawn. 200 Years of Dolls: Identification and Price Guide. Kraus Publications. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0930625290.

Further reading

External links

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