Keyumars

Keyumars (Persian: کیومرث) is the Modern Persian form of the name GayÅ MarÉ™tan (or GayÅmard or GayÅmart, in later Zoroastrian texts) the Avestan name of the mythological First Man in world. The corresponding name in Middle Persian is KayÅmart.
In Ferdowsi's Shahnameh he appears as the first shÄh of the world. He is also called the pishdÄd (پيشداد) thus the first man who practiced justice, the lawgiver.
The original Avestan name translates to "mortal life", from gaya "life" and marətan "mortal" (or "human"; cf. Persian mard مَرد "man"). The name literally means "The mortal alive being".
Keyumars is also a popular first name in contemporary Iran.
In Zoroastrian literature
According to the Zoroastrian creation myth, GayÅmart was the first human being or according to Avesta, he was the first person to worship Ahura Mazda. In the eighth book of Denkard, a reference is made to the ChethrdÄt-nask which was one of the 21 Nasks of the Avesta. Apparently this part of Avesta dealt with how the world and mankind were created, including the creation of GayÅmart. References are also made to the VarshtmÄnsar-nask which also included information about GayÅmart which Ahura Mazda had given to Zoroaster: "For 30 centuries I kept the world from corruption and decay, when the 30th century came to an end the DÄ«vs assaulted GayÅmart ... But I finally repelled them and plunged them into the darkness ...". A concise story of GayÅmart according to pahlavi texts is given by Zabihollah Safa which follows:
- "GayÅmart Gar-shÄh (King of the Mountains) was the first human Uhrmazd created. Before GayÅmart came, in the fifth 'GÄh' (Ahura Mazda created the world in six GÄhs) GavevagdÄt was created from mud in ErÄn-vÄ“dj(which was the middle of the earth) on the right side of the river 'Veh-DÄit' ... In the sixth 'GÄh' GayÅmart was created from mud ... on the left side of 'Veh-DÄit', to help Uhrmazd and he was created as a 15-year-old boy. They lived for 3000 years in peace and they did not pray, did not eat and did not talk but GayÅmart was thinking about this. At the end of the 3000 period, which Ahriman was stunned and could not do anything JÄ“h yelled which woke him up ... upon this, Ahriman and his minions the DÄ«vs fought with the light and in the first day of the spring (1st of Farvardin, the Iranian new year) leaped onto the earth as a dragon. He started to create death, illness, lust, thirst, hunger among the life forms and spread evil beings in the world (The 'Kyrm', which includes reptiles, insects and rodents) ... In the catastrophe GavevagdÄt died ( This is also the symbol of the last year giving way to the new year, as depicted in Persepolis reliefs). And Ahriman left 'Astovidat'(A DÄ«v) to guard GayÅmart, but could not kill him because his fate had not yet come ... From that time he lived for 30 years and upon death fell on his left side and his semen fell to the ground which was fertilized by the sun ... and after 40 years there grew mashya and Mashyana as two rhubarbs ..." [1]
In Avesta GayÅmart is named as the pure, and righteous, and according to Zoroastrian tradition the genealogy of Zoroaster can be traced through 45 generations to him.
In the Shahnameh
Ferdowsi's great epic poem, the Shahnameh, begins with the story of Keyumars. He was the first king to arise among humans, who at that time lived in mountain caves and wore the skins of leopards. Keyumars was also the first human to introduce royal practices, preparation of food and the first practitioner of law and justice. He was so powerful that all of humankind, tame animals and wild animals paid homage to him. God (Ahura Mazda) granted him the supernatural radiance called farr (Avestan xvarÉ™nah), reserved for kings. His son was SiyÄmak (سیامک) was beloved of all except the devil Ahriman, who raised an army under the command of his own demonic son. When the angel Sorush (Avestan SraoÅ¡a) warned Keyumars, SiyÄmak led an army of his own. SiyÄmak accepted a challenge to single combat and died at the hands of the demon.
Keyumars mourned for a year, and then Sorush advised him to fight Ahriman once more. SiyÄmak's son Hushang was grown by this time and led the army that defeated Ahriman's son, who was bound and beheaded. Keyumars died after a thirty-year reign, leaving his throne to Hushang.
Sources
- Abolqasem Ferdowsi, Dick Davis trans. (2006), Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings ISBN 0-670-03485-1, modern English translation (abridged), current standard
- Warner, Arthur and Edmond Warner, (translators) The Shahnama of Firdausi, 9 vols. (London: Keegan Paul, 1905-1925) (complete English verse translation)
- Shirzad Aghaee, Nam-e kasan va ja'i-ha dar Shahnama-ye Ferdousi (Personalities and Places in the Shahnama of Ferdousi, Nyköping, Sweden, 1993. (ISBN 91-630-1959-0)
- Jalal KhÄleghi Motlagh, Editor, The Shahnameh, to be published in 8 volumes (ca. 500 pages each), consisting of six volumes of text and two volumes of explanatory notes. See: Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University.
References
- ↑ Hamase-sarâ’i dar Iran, Tehran 1945 (2000)
- Shaki, Mansour (2001), "GayÅmard", in Yarshater, E., Encyclopædia Iranica 10, Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-933273-56-6
External links
- A king's book of kings: the Shah-nameh of Shah Tahmasp, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Keyumars
Preceded by none |
Legendary Kings of the ShÄhnÄmeh 0-30 |
Succeeded by Hushang |
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