Yehiam
| Yehi'am יְחִיעָם | |
|---|---|
|
Yehi'am dining hall | |
  Yehi'am | |
| Coordinates: 32°59′45″N 35°13′14″E / 32.99583°N 35.22056°ECoordinates: 32°59′45″N 35°13′14″E / 32.99583°N 35.22056°E | |
| Region | Western Galilee |
| Affiliation | Kibbutz Movement |
| Founded | 1946 |
| Founded by | Hashomer Hatzair Nahal Members, Hungarian Aliya |
| Website | www.yechiam.org.il |
Yehi'am (Hebrew: יְחִיעָם) is an Israeli kibbutz in the western Upper Galilee, 8 miles east of the coastal town of Nahariya and 14 miles south-east of the border with Lebanon. Yehi'am is located some 365 meters above sea level, and is under the jurisdiction of the Matte Asher Regional Council. As for 2015, Yehi'am's population counts 540 residents, of which 150 are kibbutz members.
Yehiam is situated next to the ruins of the Ottoman-era castle of Jiddin, built on top of the 13th-century Crusader castle of Judin.
History
Yehiam was founded by a group of the socialist Zionist Hashomer Hatzair youth movement - Holocaust survivors from Hungary and members from Palestine - who named themselves Kibbutz HaSela (lit. The Rock), whereas "kibbutz" is still understood here as a wandering "collective", not as a settlement.[1] For a while the HaSela collective lived in tents in the area of Kiryat Haim, looking for an appropriate place to settle. Eventually, on 26 November, 1946, Kibbutz Yehiam was established at the site of the medieval castle, with only the men taking residence, at first within the castle and then in tents at its foot, while the women, children and some men remained at Kiryat Haim, where they worked in order to support the group up at the castle. According to one guidebook, there were 50 founding members, who transformed the castle ruins into a military training camp. The UN Partition resolution came almost exactly one year later, on 29 November, 1947,[2] placing the kibbutz within the envisaged Arab state, rather than the Jewish one. [3][4][5][1][6] The new name, Yehiam, was adopted in honour of Yehiam Weitz, son of Jewish Agency official Joseph Weitz, who had been killed not far away, near the Arab village of Al-Kabri, in the "Night of the Bridges", a Palmach operation which took place on June 16-17, 1946. The decision to establish the new kibbutz was taken after consultations with Joseph Weitz.[7]
The initial attempt to use the surviving rooms of the castle almost ended in disaster, as the ticks left behind by the herds of goats sheltered here by the local Bedouins during the winter months were carriers of disease, and after a month and a half 20 members had already fallen ill with fever. Penicillin injections, the just recently introduced wonder drug, saved their lives.[4] Signalling was the only means of communication with the comrades from Kiryat Haim and the rest of the world, but the lack of potable water was the main problem, as the pools they had built to collect rainwater did not provide drinkable water even after treatment.[4]
The British mandatory authorities assisted in the kibbutz establishment, despite it being against official British policy.[8]
On January 20, 1948, 200-300 troops of the Arab Liberation Army's Second Yarmuk Regiment based in Tarshiha attacked Yehi'am, armed with mortars, machine guns and rifles. The force surrounded the kibbutz from all sides and blocked all the access roads. A platoon of British soldiers exchanged fire with the Arab regiment, which withdrew and tried to attack again the following night but was repulsed by a reinforcement of Haganah fighters. [9]
On March 27, 1948, a Haganah convoy was sent to bring supplies to the kibbutz which was besieged by Arab forces. The Yehiam convoy, consisting of five trucks and an armored car, was ambushed by 250 Arabs near Al-Kabri. The incident was reported on March 29 in The Scotsman:
- "The second ambush occurred at Kabri, near Naharia, seven miles north of Acre. Here the bodies of 42 Jews were found near five burnt out lorries. It is stated that in this action a column of six Jewish lorries were ambushed by 250 Arabs who were armed with rifles, two inch mortars, and light machine guns. The column, escorted by an armoured car, was attacked an hour before sunset on Saturday night. A British flying column was sent to relieve the Jews but failed to reach them, it is reported. British artillery then opened fire with 12-lb and 25-lb high-explosive shells, and the Arabs withdrew."[10]
The founders of Kibbutz Yehi'am lived in tents among the ruins. A small kitchen provided meals with airlifted supplies. They were highly visible to the Arab troops stationed on the hills, who subjected the fortress to heavy fire. Communication with the outside world was through bonfires, flashlight signals and pigeon posts to Nahariya and Kiryat Haim. While defending themselves, Yehi'am members worked the land, growing vegetables, grapes and peaches.
During Operation Dekel the Israeli army conquered and depopulated the Bedouin village of Khirbat Jiddin on July 10-11, 1948. Several operations later, the entire Galilee was eventually taken by Jewish forces during Operation Hiram in October 29–31, 1948.
After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, new houses were built, including the first children's house. Hashomer Hatzair groups joined from different parts of Israel, as well as Aliya of that same movement from Cuba, France, Uruguay, Argentina, Mexico and Colombia.
Economy
Kibbutz Yehiam has been privatised in 2001, with a programme put in place in order to attract young families, some of them belonging to people who have grown up on the kibbutz and have moved out at some point.[11][5]
A sweets factory was one of the first industries in Yehi'am. In addition, the kibbutz had a large variety of agriculture branches such as bananas, citrus, avocado, dairy farming, chicken coop, pigsty, fish farming, wheat, cotton and maize (corn), and a large tobacco crop. As for 2015, Yehi'am's agriculture is largely based on bananas, avocado, citrus, field crops and chickens.
Yehi'am Fortress National Park features an Arab fortress built in the 18th century by Zahir al-Umar on and around the remains of a smaller castle dating back to the Crusader era, and which was occupied later on by Bedouin tribes when it was called Khirbat Jiddin.[12]
In 1969, Yehi'am established Deli-Yehiam, a kosher meat factory specializing in beef and chicken cold cuts. In 2006, the company developed a new series of products including pastrami with pistachio, red peppers and olives, which was also marketed at retail chains and kosher delis in France. Its exports to Europe totaled $10 million a year.[13]
In the early 1990s, Yehi'am built Teva BeYehiam, a 60-room Crusader-style guest house at the foot of the castle.[14]
Notable residents
- Yael Neeman (born 1960), writer
- Neetzan Zimmerman (born 1981), blogger
See also
References
- 1 2 David Gur (2004). "Weisz Yehoshua". Brothers for Resistance and Rescue: The Underground Zionist Youth Movement in Hungary during World War II. The Society for the Research of the History of the Zionist Youth Movement in Hungary with Ma'arechet, Kibbutz Dalia. p. 251. ISBN 965-229-386-5. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Weisz Yehoshua, [born] Weisz Hermann [...] on 3.4.1922 [...] was a member of a group in Kibbutz Ruhama. In 1946 he was among the founders of Kibbutz "Hasela" in Kiriat Haim, and in 1947 of Kibbutz Yehiam.
- ↑ Kibbutz Yehiam website: Fighting for our home (Hebrew)
- ↑ Kibbutz Yehiam website: On the way to the mountain (Hebrew)
- 1 2 3 Kibbutz Yehiam website: Installing our home (Hebrew)
- 1 2 Chronicles of milk and honey, blog by a volunteer at Kibbutz Yehiam (2010)
- ↑ http://www.romgalil.org.il/cds/233/
- ↑ Galil-Net.org, Kibbutz Yehiam
- ↑ U. Milstein, History of Israel's War of Independence, Vol III, University Press of America, pp. 46-47.
- ↑ Haim Levenberg,Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine, 1945-1948, p.193.
- ↑ The Scotsman, Monday 29 March 1948. Reporter: Eric Downton
- ↑ Kibbutz Yehiam website: homepage (Hebrew)
- ↑ Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948, University of California Press, 2002 pp.302-303.
- ↑ Delicatessen co Yehiam to export to France: Deli has developed a series of new kosher products for the French Jewish community
- ↑ Teva BeYehiam official website
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