King's Gambit

King's Gambit

a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h
Moves	1.e4 e5 2.f4
ECO	C30–C39
Origin	No later than 16th century
Parent	Open Game

The King's Gambit is a chess opening that begins with the moves:

1. e4 e5

2. f4

White offers a pawn to divert the Black e-pawn so as to build a strong centre with d2–d4. Theory has shown that in order for Black to maintain the gambit pawn, he may well be forced to weaken his kingside.

The King's Gambit is one of the oldest documented openings, as it was examined by the 17th-century Italian chess player Giulio Cesare Polerio.^[1] It is also in an older book by Luis Ramírez de Lucena.^[2]

The King's Gambit was one of the most popular openings in the 19th century, but is infrequently seen at master level today, as Black can obtain a reasonable position by returning the extra pawn to consolidate. There are two main branches, depending on whether or not Black plays 2...exf4: the King's Gambit Accepted (KGA) and the King's Gambit Declined (KGD).

History

The King's Gambit was one of the most popular openings for over 300 years, and has been played by many of the strongest players in many of the greatest brilliancies, including the Immortal Game; nonetheless, players have held widely divergent views on it. François-André Danican Philidor (1726–95), the greatest player and theorist of his day, wrote that the King's Gambit should end in a draw with best play by both sides, stating that "a gambit equally well attacked and defended is never a decisive [game], either on one side or the other."^[3] Writing over 150 years later, Siegbert Tarrasch, one of the world's strongest players in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, pronounced the opening "a decisive mistake" and wrote that "it is almost madness to play the King's Gambit."^[4] Similarly, future World Champion Bobby Fischer wrote a famous article, "A Bust to the King's Gambit", in which he stated, "In my opinion the King's Gambit is busted. It loses by force" and offered his Fischer Defense (3...d6) as a refutation.^[5][6] FM Graham Burgess, in his book The Mammoth Book of Chess, noted the discrepancy between the King's Gambit and Wilhelm Steinitz's accumulation theory. Steinitz had argued that an attack is only justified when a player has an advantage, and an advantage is only obtainable after the opponent makes a mistake. Since 1...e5 does not look like a blunder, White should not therefore be launching an attack.^[7]

None of these pronouncements, however, have been proved to be actual refutations of the King's Gambit. In 2012, an April Fool prank by Chessbase in association with Vasik Rajlich—inventor of Rybka—claimed to have proven to a 99.99999999% certainty that the King's Gambit is at best a draw for white.^[8][9] In a later post, owning up to the prank, "The ChessBase April Fools revisited". Rajlich estimated that, we're still probably a good 25 or so orders of magnitude away from being able to solve something like the King's Gambit. If processing power doubles every 18 months for the next century, we'll have the resources to do this around the year 2120, plus or minus a few decades

Although the King's Gambit has been rare in modern grandmaster play, a handful of grandmasters have continued to use it, including Joseph Gallagher, Hikaru Nakamura, Nigel Short, and Alexei Fedorov. It was also part of the arsenal of David Bronstein, who almost singlehandedly brought the opening back to respectability in modern play. After him Boris Spassky beat strong players with it, including Bobby Fischer, Zsuzsa Polgar, and a famous brilliancy against Bronstein himself.

The King's Gambit is frequently seen in club play.

Variations

Both the accepted and declined gambit have several variations, though acceptance is generally considered best.

King's Gambit Accepted: 2...exf4

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	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

The King Knight's Gambit

• 3.Nf3 – the King Knight's Gambit
• 3.Bc4 – the Bishop's Gambit

As stated above, Black usually accepts with 2...exf4. White then has two main continuations: 3.Nf3, the King Knight's Gambit is the most common as it develops the knight and prevents 3...Qh4+; and 3.Bc4, the Bishop's Gambit, where White's development will rapidly increase after the continuation often played in the 19th century, 3...Qh4+!? 4.Kf1 followed by 5.Nf3, driving the queen away and gaining a tempo; however, 3...Nf6 is far more common in modern practice. There are also many other third moves; some of the most respected are:

• 3.Nc3 – the Mason Gambit or Keres Gambit
• 3.d4 – the Villemson Gambit^[10] or Steinitz Gambit
• 3.Be2 – the Lesser Bishop's Gambit or Tartakower Gambit
• 3.Qf3 – the Breyer Gambit or Hungarian Gambit

Other moves have also been assigned names, but are rarely played.

King Knight's Gambit: 3.Nf3

Classical Variation: 3...g5

The Classical Variation arises after 3.Nf3 g5, when the main continuations traditionally have been 4.h4 (the Paris Attack), and 4.Bc4. However, recently also 4.Nc3 (the Quaade Attack)^[11] has been played by strong players.

4.h4

After 4.h4 g4 White can choose between 5.Ng5 or 5.Ne5. 5.Ng5 is the Allgaier Gambit,^[12] intending 5...h6 6.Nxf7, but is considered dubious by modern theory. Stronger is 5.Ne5, the Kieseritzky Gambit, which is relatively positional in nature, popularized by Lionel Kieseritzky in the 1840s. It was used very successfully by Wilhelm Steinitz, and was used by Boris Spassky to beat Bobby Fischer in a famous game at Mar del Plata 1960. This motivated Fischer into developing his own defense to the King's Gambit – see "Fischer Defense" below.

4.Bc4

The extremely sharp Muzio Gambit^[13] arises after 4.Bc4 g4 5.0-0 gxf3 6.Qxf3, where White has gambited a knight but has three pieces bearing down on f7.^[14] Such wild play is rare in modern chess, but Black must exercise care in consolidating his position. Black can avoid the Muzio by meeting 4.Bc4 with 4...Bg7 and ...h6. Perhaps the sharpest continuation is the Double Muzio after 6...Qf6 7.e5 Qxe5 8.Bxf7+!? leaving white two pieces down in eight moves, but with a position some masters consider having equal chances.^[15][16]

Similar lines which may transpose into the Muzio are the Ghulam Kassim Gambit, 4.Bc4 g4 5.d4, and the MacDonnell Gambit, 4.Bc4 g4 5.Nc3. These are generally considered inferior to the Muzio, which has the advantage of reinforcing White's attack along the f-file.

The Salvio Gambit, 4.Bc4 g4 5.Ne5 Qh4+ 6.Kf1, is considered better for Black due to the insecurity of White's king. Black may play safely with 6...Nh6, or counter-sacrifice with 6...f3 or 6...Nc6.

A safe alternative to 4...g4 is 4...Bg7.

Becker Defence: 3...h6

The Becker Defence (3.Nf3 h6), has the idea of creating a pawn chain on h6, g5, f4 to defend the f4 pawn while avoiding the Kieseritzky Gambit; Black will not be forced to play ...g4 when White plays to undermine the chain with h4. White has the option of 4.b3, though the main line continues with 4.d4 g5 (ECO C37) and will usually transpose to lines of the Classical Variation after 5.Bc4 Bg7 6.0-0 (ECO C38).

Bonch–Osmolovsky Defence: 3...Ne7

The rarely seen Bonch–Osmolovsky Defence^[17] (3.Nf3 Ne7) was played by Mark Bluvshtein to defeat former world title finalist Nigel Short at Montreal 2007,^[18] though it has never been highly regarded by theory.

Cunningham Defence: 3...Be7

The Cunningham Defence (3.Nf3 Be7) is Black's most aggressive option; it can permanently prevent White from castling after 4.Bc4 Bh4+ 5.Kf1 (else the wild Bertin Gambit, or Three Pawns' Gambit, 5.g3 fxg3 6.0-0 gxh2+ 7.Kh1, played in the nineteenth century). In modern practice, it is more common for Black to simply play 4...Nf6 5.e5 Ng4, known as the Modern Cunningham.

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
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1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Rook Sacrifice in the Schallopp Defense

Schallopp Defence: 3...Nf6

The Schallopp Defense (3.Nf3 Nf6) – intending 4.e5 Nh5, holding onto the pawn – is considered somewhat inferior and is rarely played today. In one of the lines, White can usually obtain a crushing attack via a rook sacrifice, 4.e5 Nh5 5.d4 g5 6.h4 g4 7.Ng5 Ng3 8.Bc4! Nxh1 9.Bxf7+ Ke7 10.Nc3 (looking for immediate mate at d5, or later via queen at f6) and Black appears doomed.

Modern Defence: 3...d5

The Modern Defence, or Abbazia Defense,^[19] (3.Nf3 d5) has much the same idea as the Falkbeer Counter-Gambit, and can in fact be reached by transposition, e.g. 2.f4 d5 3.exd5 exf4. Black concentrates on gaining piece play and fighting for the initiative rather than keeping the extra pawn. It has been recommended by several publications as an easy way to equalize, although White keeps a slight advantage due to his extra central pawn and piece activity. If White captures (4.exd5) then Black may play 4...Nf6 or recapture with 4...Qxd5, at which point it becomes the Scandinavian Variation of KGA.

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
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1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Fischer Defense after 6.Ng1

Fischer Defense: 3...d6

"The refutation of any gambit begins with accepting it. In my opinion the King's Gambit is busted. It loses by force." – R. Fischer, "A Bust to the King's Gambit"

The Fischer Defense (3.Nf3 d6), although previously known, was advocated by Bobby Fischer after he was defeated by Boris Spassky in a Kieseritzky Gambit at the 1960 Mar del Plata tournament. Fischer then decided to refute the King's Gambit, and the next year the American Chess Quarterly published Fischer's analysis of 3...d6, which he called "a high-class waiting move".^[5][6]

The point is that after 4.d4 g5 5.h4 g4 White cannot continue with 6.Ne5, as in the Kieseritzky Gambit, and 6.Ng5 is unsound because of 6...f6! trapping the knight. This leaves the move 6.Ng1 as the only option, when after six moves neither side has developed a piece.

The main alternative to 4.d4 is 4.Bc4, but it is considered inferior.

3...Nc6

Joe Gallagher writes that 3.Nf3 Nc6 "has never really caught on, probably because it does nothing to address Black's immediate problems." Like Fischer's Defense, it is a waiting move.^[20] An obvious drawback is that the Nc6 may prove a target for the d-pawn later in the opening.

King's Gambit Declined

Black can decline the offered pawn, or offer a countergambit.

Falkbeer Countergambit: 2...d5

The Falkbeer Countergambit is named after 19th-century German-speaking Austro-Hungarian Ernst Falkbeer. It runs 1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5 3.exd5 e4, in which Black sacrifices a pawn in return for quick and easy development. It was once considered good for Black and scored well, but White obtains some advantage with the response 4.d3!, and the line fell out of favour after the 1930s.

A more modern interpretation of the Falkbeer is 2...d5 3.exd5 c6!?, as advocated by Aron Nimzowitsch. Black is not concerned about pawns and aims for early piece activity. White has a better pawn structure and prospects of a better endgame. The main line continues 4.Nc3 exf4 5.Nf3 Bd6 6.d4 Ne7 7.dxc6 Nbxc6, giving positions analogous to the Modern Variation of the gambit accepted.

Classical Defence: 2...Bc5

A common way to decline the gambit is with 2...Bc5, the "classical" KGD. The bishop prevents White from castling and is such a nuisance that White often expends two tempi to eliminate it by means of Nc3–a4, to exchange on c5 or b6, whereupon he may castle without worry. It also contains an opening trap for novices: if White continues with 3.fxe5?? Black continues 3...Qh4+, in which either the rook is lost (4.g3 Qxe4+, forking the rook and king) or White is checkmated (4.Ke2 Qxe4#). This line often comes about by transposition from lines of the Vienna Game or Bishop's Opening, when White plays f2–f4 before Nf3.

Other 2nd moves

Other options in the KGD are possible, though unusual, such as the Adelaide Countergambit 2...Nc6 3.Nf3 f5, advocated by Tony Miles; 2...d6, when after 3.Nf3, best is 3...exf4 transposing to the Fischer Defense (though 2...d6 invites White to play 3.d4 instead); and 2...Nf6 3.fxe5 Nxe4 4.Nf3 Ng5! 5.d4 Nxf3+ 6.Qxf3 Qh4+ 7.Qf2 Qxf2+ 8.Kxf2 with a small endgame advantage, as played in the 1968 game between Bobby Fischer and Robert Wade in Vinkovci.^[21] The greedy 2...Qf6 (known as the Norwalde Variation), intending 3...Qxf4, is considered dubious. Also dubious are the Keene Defense: 2...Qh4+ 3.g3 Qe7 and the Mafia Defense: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 c5.^[22]

Pantelidakis Countergambit: 2...f5

Among the oldest countergambits in KGD, currently known as the Pantelidakis Countergambit, is the variation 1.e4 e5 2.f4 f5?!, known from a game played in 1625 which Gioachino Greco won with the Black pieces.^[23] Vincenz Hruby also played it against Mikhail Chigorin in 1882.^[24] It is nonetheless considered dubious because 3.exf5 with the threat of Qh5+ gives White a good game. The variation is so-named because Grandmaster Larry Evans answered a question from Peter Pantelidakis of Chicago about it in one of his columns in Chess Life and Review.

ECO

The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) has ten codes for the King's Gambit, C30 through C39.

• C30: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 (King's Gambit)
• C31: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5 (Falkbeer Countergambit)
• C32: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5 3.exd5 e4 4.d3 Nf6 (Morphy, Charousek, etc.)
• C33: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 (King's Gambit Accepted)
• C34: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 (King's Knight's Gambit)
• C35: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Be7 (Cunningham Defense)
• C36: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d5 (Abbazia Defense)
• C37: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Nc3 /4.Bc4 g4 5.0-0 (Muzio Gambit)
• C38: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 Bg7 (Philidor, Hanstein, etc.)
• C39: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 (Allgaier, Kieseritzky, etc.)

References

1. Ristoja, Thomas; Aulikki Ristoja (1995). Perusteet. Shakki (in Finnish). WSOY. p. 58. ISBN 951-0-20505-2.
2. Hooper, David; Kenneth, Whyld (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-866164-9
3. Philidor, François-André Danican (2005), Analysis of the Game of Chess (1777) (2nd ed.), Harding Simple Ltd., p. 67, ISBN 1-84382-161-3
4. Tarrasch, Siegbert (1938), The Game of Chess, David McKay, p. 309
5. Bobby Fischer, "A Bust to the King's Gambit", American Chess Quarterly, Summer 1961, pp. 3–9.
6. Fischer, Bobby (1961). "A Bust to the King's Gambit" (PDF). ChessCafe.com. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
7. Burgess, Graham (2010), The Mammoth Book of Chess, Running Press
8. "Rajlich: Busting the King's Gambit, this time for sure".
9. "The ChessBase April Fools revisited".
10. Named after Martin Villemson (1897-1933) of Pärnu, Estonia, editor of the chess magazine Eesti Maleilm. See Oxford Companion to Chess, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1984
11. For the origin of the term "Quaade Attack" or "Quaade Gambit" see "A Chess Gamelet" by Edward Winter, 2014
12. Kasparov, Gary; Keene, Raymond (1982). Batsford Chess Openings. American Chess Promotions. pp. 288–89. ISBN 0-7134-2112-6.
13. For the origins of the name "Muzio" and how the eponymous variation came to be labeled, see Polerio Gambit
14. Nakamura vs. Andreikin
15. Peter Millican 1989
16. Shirov vs. J Lapinski
17. Named after Soviet national master Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Osmolovsky (1919-1975), also chess theorist and arbiter. See Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Osmolovsky at ChessGames.com
18. Short vs. Bluvshtein
19. The name comes from a tournament, played in Abbazia in 1912, in which all the games had to be a King's Gambit Accepted. The town, at the time in the Austria-Hungary empire, is now in modern Croatia
20. Joe Gallagher, Winning with the King's Gambit, Henry Holt, 1993, p. 105. ISBN 0-8050-2631-2.
21. Fischer vs. Wade
22. King's Gambit: Declined, Mafia Defense, ChessGames.com
23. anonymous vs. Greco, ChessGames.com
24. Chigorin vs. Hruby, Vienna 1882, 365chess.com

Further reading

• Korchnoi, Victor; Zak, V. G. (1974). King's Gambit. Batsford. ISBN 9780713429145.
• Estrin, Yakov; Glazkov, I. B. (1982). Play the King's Gambit. ISBN 978-0080268736.
• Schiller, Eric (1989). Who's Afraid of the King's Gambit Accepted?. Thinkers Pr Inc / Chessco. ISBN 978-0931462900.
• Gallagher, Joe (1993). Winning With the King's Gambit. Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0805026313.
• Johansson, Thomas; Wallin, Maria (Illustrator) (2005). The Fascinating King's Gambit. Trafford on Demand. ISBN 9781412046473. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)

External links

• The Bishop's Gambit
• Not quite winning with the Allgaier Gambit
• The Double Muzio
• Opening Report: 1.e4 e5 2.f4 (26248 games)