Killing of Cecil the lion

Cecil

Cecil at Hwange National Park in 2010
Species Lion
Sex Male
Born c. 2002
Died 1 July 2015(2015-07-01) (aged 13)
Hwange District, Zimbabwe
Residence Hwange National Park
Named after Cecil Rhodes

Cecil (c. 2002 – 1 July 2015) was a male Southwest African lion (Panthera leo bleyenberghi) living primarily in the Hwange National Park in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. The lion was a major attraction at the park and was being studied and tracked by the University of Oxford as part of a larger study.

Cecil was wounded with an arrow by Walter Palmer, an American recreational big-game hunter,[1][2][3] was then tracked, and on 1 July 2015, reportedly killed with a rifle approximately 40 hours later. Palmer himself claims that Cecil was killed with a bow and arrow in much less than 40 hours after the lion was first wounded.[4] He was 13 years old when killed.[5] Two men in Zimbabwe are being prosecuted in relation to the hunt.[5][6] Palmer had a permit and was not charged with any crime. Authorities in Zimbabwe have said he is free to visit the country as a tourist but not as a hunter.[7]

The killing resulted in international media attention and caused outrage among animal conservationists and criticism by politicians and celebrities, as well as a strong negative response against Palmer.[1][8] Five months after the killing of Cecil, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service added two subspecies of lion, in India and western and central Africa, to the endangered species list, which includes the species of Cecil, making it more difficult for US citizens to kill these lions.[9] According to Wayne Pacelle of the Humane Society, Cecil had "changed the atmospherics on the issue of trophy hunting around the world," adding "I think it gave less wiggle room to regulators."[9]

Background

Cecil—named after Cecil Rhodes[10][11]—and another lion believed to be Cecil's brother were noticed in Hwange National Park in 2008.[12] During 2009, the two lions encountered an established pride, which resulted in a fight in which Cecil's brother was killed and both Cecil and the leader of the pride were seriously wounded;[12] the leader was subsequently killed by park rangers because of the wounds he had received in the fight with Cecil.[13] Cecil retreated to another part of the park where he eventually established his own pride which had as many as 22 members. During 2013, Cecil was forced out from the area by two young male lions into the eastern border of the park. There, he created a coalition with another male lion named Jericho to establish two prides which consisted of Cecil, Jericho, half a dozen females and up to a dozen cubs sired by Cecil or Jericho.[14]

Cecil was the best-known animal in the national park[10] and was identifiable by his black-fringed mane and a GPS tracking collar.[12][15][16] The lions in the park, including Cecil, have been studied by scientists from the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at Oxford University as part of a scientific project that has run since 1999,[17] and his movements had been followed since 2008.[18] Of the 62 lions tagged during the study period, 34 have died, thereof 24 through sport hunting.[14] Of adult male lions that were tagged inside the park, 72% were killed through sport hunting on areas near the park.[14] One of the researchers on the project suggested that Cecil had become so popular because he was accustomed to people, allowing vehicles sometimes as close as 10 metres (33 ft), making it easy for tourists and researchers to photograph and observe him.[19]

During 2013, 49 hunted lion carcasses were exported from Zimbabwe as trophies;[5] the 2005–2008 Zimbabwe hunt "off-take" (licensed kills) average was 42 lions per year.[20]

Death

During June 2015, Walter Palmer, an American dentist and recreational game hunter from Minnesota,[21] reportedly paid US$50,000 to a professional hunter / guide, Theo Bronkhorst, to enable him to kill a lion.[5] Cecil was allegedly lured out of the sanctuary and then shot and wounded with an arrow.[1][22] He was tracked and killed, reportedly with a rifle, approximately 40 hours later.[5] However, Palmer asserts that Cecil was tracked and killed with a bow and arrow in much less than 40 hours.[4] He was then skinned and his head was removed.[5] When his headless skeleton was found by park investigators, his tracking collar was missing.[12]

Bronkhorst said during July, "We had obtained the permit for bow hunting, we had obtained the permit for the lion from the council."[6] The two Zimbabweans were arrested by Zimbabwe police.[23] Palmer had already returned to the United States, where he issued a statement that he had "relied on the expertise of my local professional guides to ensure a legal hunt" and "deeply regret that my pursuit of an activity I love and practice responsibly and legally resulted in the taking of this lion".[24]

Reactions to the killing

Overseas

Activist placards at Palmer's dental practice in Bloomington, Minnesota.

Cecil's killing created an outrage among animal conservationists, prompted responses from politicians[25] and many other people.[26] A number of celebrities publicly condemned Cecil's killing.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Palmer received a plethora of hate messages,[34] and activists posted the dentist's private details online.[35] The words "Lion Killer" were also spray-painted on the garage door at Palmer's Florida vacation home.[8] Artists from around the world dedicated art to Cecil, including former Disney animator Aaron Blaise.[36] Musicians composed original works to honor Cecil.[37]

The killing of Cecil sparked a discussion among conservation organisations about the ethics and business of big-game hunting and a proposal for bills banning imports of lion trophies to the U.S. and European Union.[38][39] These discussions have convinced three of the largest airlines in the U.S., American, Delta and United, to voluntarily ban the transport of hunting trophies.[40] In response, by the premise that profits from trophy hunts help animal conservation efforts, Pohamba Shifeta, the Namibian environment and tourism minister, said, "This will be the end of conservation in Namibia."[41][42] Activists have also asked African countries to ban bow hunting, lion baiting, and hunting from hunting blinds.[43][44][45] Global media and social media reaction has resulted in close to 1.2 million people signing online petition "Justice for Cecil", which asks Zimbabwe's government to stop issuing hunting permits for endangered animals.[46]

Safari Club International responded by suspending both Palmer's and Bronkhorst's memberships, stating that "those who intentionally take wildlife illegally should be prosecuted and punished to the maximum extent allowed by law."[47] Late-night talk-show host Jimmy Kimmel helped raise US$150,000 in donations in less than 24 hours to Oxford's Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, which had been "responsible for tracking Cecil's activity and location".[48]

In Zimbabwe

Cecil's killing went largely unnoticed in the animal's native Zimbabwe.[49] The country's The Chronicle newspaper wrote: "It is not an overstatement that almost 99.99 percent of Zimbabweans didn’t know about this animal until Monday. Now we have just learnt, thanks to the British media, that we had Africa’s most famous lion all along, an icon!"[50] The BBC's Farai Sevenzo wrote: "The lion's death has not registered much with the locals".[51] At the same time, Zimbabwean officials stated that the killing of Cecil had already caused a decrease of tourism revenues. A significant decrease was noted in Hwange, where the lion had lived. Many international tourists, who had planned to see the lion, had cancelled their trips. "This killing is a huge loss to our tourism sector that was contributing immensely to the national wealth", said Emanuel Fundira, the president of the Safari Operators Association of Zimbabwe. "We had a lot of people, in terms of visitors, coming in to the country to enjoy and view Cecil, so really this was a great loss," Fundira said, and that Cecil's presence was "a draw card," and compared his death to "the demise of an icon". The director of the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority, Karikoga Kaseke, said that tourism had been booming, but that Zimbabwe was now perceived as a country which was not interested in protecting and promoting animal rights, and this had also had a negative effect on the tourism sector.[52][53]

Bryan Orford, a professional wildlife guide who worked in Hwange, calculates that with tourists from a single nearby lodge collectively paying US$9,800 per day, the revenue generated by having Cecil's photograph taken during five days would have been greater than someone paying a one-off fee of US$45,000 to hunt and kill the lion, with no hope of future revenue.[14]

On 1 August 2015, in response to Cecil's killing, the hunting of lions, leopards and elephants along with all bow-hunting was immediately suspended in areas outside of Hwange National Park by Zimbabwe's environment minister, Oppah Muchinguri, who said, "All such hunts will only be conducted if confirmed and authorized in writing by the Director-general of the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, and only if accompanied by parks staff whose costs will be met by the landowner".[54] The moratorium was lifted after 10 days.[55]

Government officials

Some government officials publicly condemned the killing of Cecil. David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, told reporters that the United Kingdom plays "a leading role in preventing illegal wildlife trade", when he was asked about Cecil's death. Grant Shapps, his Minister of State at the Department for International Development, described the incident as "barbaric hunting".[56]

U.S. Congresswoman Betty McCollum, co-chair of the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus, suggested an investigation of Palmer and the killing.[57]

U.S. Senator Bob Menendez introduced the Conserving Ecosystems by Ceasing the Importation of Large (CECIL) Animal Trophies Act, which "extend[s] the import and export protections for a species listed under the Endangered Species Act to those that have been proposed for listing, thereby prohibiting the import of any trophies gleaned from Cecil’s killing without explicitly obtaining a permit from the Secretary of the Interior." The bill was cosponsored by Senators Cory Booker, Richard Blumenthal, and Ben Cardin.[58]

On 30 July 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a non-binding resolution to strengthen the efforts to address illicit wildlife poaching and trafficking. Germany and Gabon were the sponsors of the resolution. Harald Braun, Germany's U.N. Ambassador, associated the resolution with the killing and said: "Like most people in the world we are outraged at what happened to this poor lion."[59] Gabon's Foreign Minister Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet said that Cecil's killing was "a matter of deep concern for all countries in Africa".[60]

Zimbabwe's acting information minister, Prisca Mupfumira, when questioned about Cecil's killing, asked, "What lion?"[49]

At a press conference on 31 July 2015, Zimbabwe’s environment minister, Opa Muchinguri, said the hunter violated Zimbabwean law and needs to be held accountable. “We are appealing to the responsible authorities for his extradition to Zimbabwe".[61] Muchinguri said in a press release that Palmer's actions had tarnished the image of Zimbabwe and placed further strain on the relationship between Zimbabwe and the U.S. She suggested conservationists and animal lovers provide resources to help decrease poaching and other environmental concerns in Zimbabwe.[62]

South African President Jacob Zuma declared on 11 August 2015: “What it sounds like from a distance [is] that the hunter did not know that Cecil was so popular, just saw a lion, and killed a lion, and it’s Cecil, and Cecil is very well loved and it caused a problem, because everyone wants to go and see Cecil. I think it’s just an incident."[63][64]

Jean Kapata, Zambia's minister of tourism, said "the West seemed more concerned with the welfare of a lion in Zimbabwe than of Africans themselves", and added that "In Africa, a human being is more important than an animal. I don’t know about the Western world."[65]

Criminal investigations

On 7 July 2015, law enforcement officers of the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority commenced an investigation after receiving information that a lion had been killed illegally on a farm near Hwange National Park. The investigation discovered that a lion had been killed illegally on the farm on 1 July 2015.[62]

On 29 July 2015, Bronkhorst appeared in court at Victoria Falls and pleaded not guilty to a charge of "failing to prevent an unlawful hunt". He was granted bail at US$1,000 and was ordered to appear back in court on 5 August.[5] Bronkhorst stated: "Palmer is a totally innocent party to this whole thing, and he has conducted and bought a hunt from me that was legitimate."[6] Zimbabwe National Parks said in a statement that quotas are assigned to given areas and that Cecil was shot in an area without a quota for lion kills.[66] On 5 August 2015, the case was adjourned until 28 September, when Bronkhorst's barrister was next available.[67]

While one account said Honest Ndlovu, who occupies the land on which Cecil was killed, was charged on 29 July 2015 with allowing an illegal hunt on his land,[66] his attorney said two days later that Ndlovu had not been,[68] with parks officials saying days afterward that he would be charged after first testifying for the state.[69] On 18 August 2015, prosecutors brought an illegal-hunting charge against Ndlovu.[70]

Palmer left Zimbabwe for the United States after the hunt. He indicated that he would cooperate with authorities in the investigation.[71] On 30 July 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was searching for Palmer as part of its investigation. He contacted them voluntarily through a representative on the same day.[72][73]

On 6 September 2015, Palmer said he would return to his dental practice on September 9, and that he has not been charged with any crime in the USA or Zimbabwe, nor been contacted by authorities.[74][75] On 12 October, Zimbabwe government officials said Palmer's papers were in order and Palmer would not be charged with any crime. They said he was free to return to Zimbabwe as a tourist but not as a hunter.[7]

Consequences for the pride

When one or more new male lions oust or replace a previous male(s) associated with a pride, they often kill any existing young cubs, a form of infanticide.[76][77] Initially, both the Oxford University study[18] and Johnny Rodrigues, head of the Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force, indicated that they believed Cecil's six cubs could be killed by the new dominant male in the pride.[3] In a later interview, however, Rodrigues said Jericho had assumed control of the pride but had not killed Cecil's cubs, and that he was also keeping the cubs safe from any rivals.[78]

Subsequent conservation measures

Five months after the killing of the Cecil, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service added two species of lions, in India and western and central Africa, to the endangered species list.[9][79] The listings would make it more difficult (though not impossible) for US citizen hunters to kill these protected lions.[9] According to Wayne Pacelle, president of the Humane Society of the United States and who petitioned for the new listing, Cecil had "changed the atmospherics on the issue of trophy hunting around the world," adding "I think it gave less wiggle room to regulators."[9] Wayne added that he thought the killing of Cecil was "a defining moment" resulting in the new protections.[9] Jeff Flocken, regional director of the International Fund for Animal Welfare, said that while the U.S.F.W.S. decision was not the direct result of the death of Cecil, "it would be impossible to ignore the public outcry" and its effect on worldwide opinion.[79] The New York Times, writing about the new regulations, said "the killing of Cecil .. seemed to galvanize public attention."[9]

Other countries and companies have also taken action.[9] In the five months since Cecil's killing, France banned the import of lion trophies.[9] The Netherlands did so in 2016.[80] Britain said it will do so during 2017.[9] More than 40 airlines have also said they will no longer transport hunting trophies.[9]

Cecil Effect

The "Cecil Effect" is a term used by some to express the belief that after the killing of Cecil, there was a reduction in the number of hunters coming to Zimbabwe and a subsequent increase in lion populations in certain areas. Byron du Preez, project leader at the Bubye Valley Conservancy, believes the effect does not exist, saying, "Hunters are not coming because there is a massive recession [in the U.S.]."[81] Those who believe in the effect say hunters are staying away from Zimbabwe due to fear of negative publicity.[81] Some attribute the effect as being responsible for an unsustainable lion population in the Bubye Valley Conservancy, negatively affected the conservancy's population of antelope, giraffe, cheetah, leopards and wild dogs.[82] Additionally, 2015 was the driest summer on record, which kept grass low and made game animals easy targets for lions.[82]

After Story

Many were moved by the death of Cecil, including author Craig Hatkoff and his two daughters Juliana and Isabella. In the children's book "Cecil's Pride", Craig Hatkoff and his daughters sought to shed light on Cecil's life and how he lived prior to his death. He reached out to those who studied Cecil's pride at Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park and got into contact with Cecil's 'biographer', researcher Brent Stapelkamp.[83] Stapelkamp had studied Cecil for over 9 years and had accumulated photographs that were used as illustrations in the book that capture the complexities of the pride.[83] The book highlights the relationship of Cecil and an unrelated male named Jericho who becomes co-leader with Cecil and then leader after Cecil's death.[83]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Capecchi, Christina; Rogers, Katie (30 July 2015). "Killer of Cecil the lion finds out that he is a target now, of internet vigilantism". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  2. ↑ Bakst, Brian (28 July 2015). "US Man accused in African lion death thought hunt was legal". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Zimbabwe's 'iconic' lion Cecil killed by hunter". BBC News. 27 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Full transcript: Walter Palmer speaks about Cecil the lion controversy". Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota). 7 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Cecil the lion: Zimbabwe hunter bailed over killing". BBC News. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 Njanji, Susan (31 July 2015). "Dentist posed for photo with body of Cecil the lion, says hunter". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  7. 1 2 Dzirutwe, MacDonald (12 October 2015). "Zimbabwe will not charge U.S. dentist for killing Cecil the lion". Yahoo! News. Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  8. 1 2 "Pigs' feet and paint: Vacation home of man who killed Cecil vandalized". CBS News. Associated Press. 5 August 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Goode, Erica (21 December 2015). "After Cecil Furor, U.S. Aims to Protect Lions Through Endangered Species Act". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  10. 1 2 Alexander, Harriet; Thornycroft, Peta; Laing, Aislinn (28 July 2015). "Cecil the lion's killer revealed as American dentist". The Daily Telegraph (UK). Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  11. ↑ Ortiz, Erk; Smith, Alexander (29 July 2015). "Cecil the lion: What could happen to Walter James Palmer and hunters?". NBC News. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Cecil the lion: from king of the pride to the hunter's bow". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  13. ↑ Berg, Katie Wilson (29 July 2015). "Cecil the Lion Last Photo: "He Was the Most Confident Lion You Ever Met"". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Cruise, Adam (21 July 2015). "Death of Zimbabwe’s Best-Loved Lion Ignites Debate on Sport Hunting". National Geographic. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  15. ↑ Kauffman, Gretel (2015-07-29). "Cecil the lion's killer denies guilt: When does hunting become poaching?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
  16. ↑ "Cecil: Zimbabwe's majestic lion remembered". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  17. ↑ Mornadin, C.; Loveridge, A.J.; Segelbacher, G. (June 2014). "Gene flow and immigration: genetic diversity and population structure of lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe". Conservation Genetics 15: 697–706. doi:10.1007/s10592-014-0571-6.
  18. 1 2 "Cecil and the conservation of lions". Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Oxford University. 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  19. ↑ Bittel, Jason. (30 July 2015). "Why Cecil the lion was so popular with people". National Geographic. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  20. ↑ Lindsey, Peter Andrew; et al. (September 2013). "The Trophy Hunting of African Lions: Scale, Current Management Practices and Factors Undermining Sustainability". PLOS ONE 8 (9): e73808. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073808.
  21. ↑ Walsh, Paul; Stahl, Brandon (29 July 2015). "Twin Cities dentist admits killing beloved lion, thought he was acting legally". Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  22. ↑ Bakst, Brian (29 July 2015). "Outrage grows in crossbow killing of Cecil the lion; Minnesota dentist says he thought hunt was legal". Orange County Register (California). Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  23. ↑ Jethro Mullen and Don Melvin (29 July 2015). "Two Zimbabweans granted bail in death of Cecil the lion – CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  24. ↑ DeLong, Matt (29 July 2015). "Read the full statement from Walter Palmer on killing of Cecil the lion". Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota).
  25. ↑ "Politicians Speak Out on the Death of Cecil The Lion". Minneapolis, Minnesota: WCCO-TV. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  26. ↑ "US man accused in African lion death thought hunt was legal". The New York Times. Associated Press. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  27. ↑ "Cecil le lion: B. Bardot demande une punition". Le Figaro (in French). 31 July 2015.
  28. ↑ Hendricks, Jaclyn (29 July 2015). "Mia Farrow tweets address of man who killed Cecil the lion". New York Post. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  29. ↑ Leeds, Sarene (29 July 2015). "Jimmy Kimmel Speaks Out on the Killing of Cecil the Lion". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  30. ↑ "Jane Goodall on Cecil the lion's death: "I have no words to express my repugnance."". Quartz. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  31. ↑ Puente, Maria (29 July 2015). "Fury over Cecil the lion also sparks race conversation". Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  32. ↑ "Celebrities react to Cecil the lion's death". Hello. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  33. ↑ Rose, Rebecca (29 July 2015). "Celebs Express Outrage Over the Killing of Cecil the Lion". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  34. ↑ Eliana Dockterman (29 July 2015). "Cecil the Lion: Dentist Who Shot Lion Writes Letter to Patients". Time. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  35. ↑ "The hunting of Walter Palmer: Internet goes after 'lion killer' US dentist". RT (English-language version). 28 July 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  36. ↑ Badal, Kelly Phillips (August 6, 2015). "Disney Artist 'Blown Away' By Response To His Cecil The Lion Art, Now Offering Prints". Yahoo! Makers. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  37. ↑ "Cecil the Lion Gallery". wildcru.org. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  38. ↑ Gajanan, Mahita (28 July 2015). "Cecil the lion's death prompts calls to ban trophy hunt imports to US". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  39. ↑ "Killing of Cecil the lion prompts calls for EU ban on importing lion trophies". The Guardian. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  40. ↑ Cummings, William (4 August 2015). "Airlines ban hunters' big-game 'trophies' after uproar over Cecil the lion". USA Today. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  41. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/world/africa/outcry-for-cecil-the-lion-could-undercut-conservation-efforts.html
  42. ↑ Rust, Niki; Verissimo, Diogo (30 July 2015). "Why killing lions like Cecil may help conservation". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  43. ↑ Bever, Lindsey (29 July 2015). "The death of Cecil the lion and the big business of big game trophy hunting". The Washington Post.
  44. ↑ Yang, Ina (29 July 2015). "One point of view on how lions can earn money for Africa". National Public Radio (NPR).
  45. ↑ Dixon, Robyn (29 July 2015). "Killing of Cecil the lion spotlights reports of corruption in southern Africa". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  46. ↑ Nkomo, Ntungamili (31 July 2015). "U.S. Agency Probes Killing of Cecil the Lion, As Activists Petition White House". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  47. ↑ "The Latest: US Agents Trying to Reach Man Who Killed Lion". ABC News. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  48. ↑ Savage, Leslie (30 July 2015). "Jimmy Kimmel's Cecil the lion plea leads to $150,000 in donations". CBS News. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  49. 1 2 Dzirutwe, M. (30 July 2015). "'What lion?' Zimbabweans ask, amid global Cecil circus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  50. ↑ Mavhumashava, K. (30 July 2015). "Cecil: What’s going on?". Chronicle. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  51. ↑ Sevenzo, F. (30 July 2015). "What Cecil the lion means to Zimbabwe". BBC News. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  52. ↑ Chikowore, F. (30 July 2015). "Cecil's death causes tourism drop in Zimbabwe". USA Today. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  53. ↑ Kwande,D. and Smith,A. "Cecil the Lion: Zimbabwe Safari Operator Says Animal Was 'Murdered'". NBC News. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  54. ↑ Chidziya, E. (1 August 2015). "Press statement by Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority on measures to improve the administration of hunting in the country" (Press release). Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  55. ↑ Smith, Alexander (10 August 2015). "Cecil the Lion: Zimbabwe Lifts Hunting Ban After Just 10 Days". NBC News. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  56. ↑ "Ministers call for end to "barbaric hunting" after Cecil the lion killed". Belfast Telegraph. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  57. ↑ Brodey, Sam (29 July 2015). "McCollum calls for federal investigation of lion-killing Minnesota dentist". MinnPost.com. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  58. ↑ "Sen. Menendez Announces CECIL Animal Trophies Act to Disincentivize Trophy Killings". Bob Menendez. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  59. ↑ Nichols, Michelle (30 July 2015). "U.N. tackles illicit wildlife poaching amid Cecil the lion uproar". Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  60. ↑ Zielinski, Caroline (31 July 2015). "The White House opens investigation into Cecil's death after petition exceeds 100,000 signatures". Courier Mail. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  61. ↑ Bilefsky, Dan (31 July 2015). "Zimbabwe Official Urges Extradition of Dentist Who Killed Cecil the Lion". The New York Times.
  62. 1 2 "Press Statement On The Illegal Hunt Of A Collared Lion In Hwange District" (Press release). Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  63. ↑ "Zim authorities likely to battle to successfully prosecute Cecil's hunter". eNCA. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  64. ↑ "Zuma passes the buck about Cecil the lion". eNCA. 11 August 2015. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  65. ↑ Onishi, Norimitsu (12 September 2015). "A Hunting Ban Saps a Village’s Livelihood". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  66. 1 2 Alexander, Harriet; Thornycroft, Peta (31 July 2015). "Zimbabwean hunter and farmer bailed over killing of Cecil the lion". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  67. ↑ "Cecil the lion: charges 'frivolous' says Zimbabwean hunter as trial postponed". The Guardian (UK). 5 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  68. ↑ Elahe Izadi (31 July 2015). "U.S. officials make contact with rep for Cecil the lion’s killer amid extradition calls". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  69. ↑ Rascoe, Ayesha; Edwards, Julia (4 August 2015). "Cecil the lion case charts new territory for U.S. wildlife law". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  70. ↑ Miller, Michael E. (19 August 2015). "Zimbabwe charges farmer over killing of Cecil the lion, but not American dentist". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  71. ↑ Bowerman, Mary (30 July 2015). "Minnesota dentist 'deeply' regrets 'taking' Cecil the lion". Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  72. ↑ Robert, Ferris (30 July 2015). "US authorities looking for Cecil the lion's killer". CNBC. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  73. ↑ Fieldstadt, Elisha (1 August 2015). "Cecil the Lion's Killer, Dr. Walter Palmer, Contacts Authorities". NBC News. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  74. ↑ Bakst, Brian (7 September 2015). "US hunter tied to Cecil the lion killing headed back to work". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  75. ↑ Walsh, Paul (7 September 2015). "Walter Palmer speaks: Hunter who killed lion will resume Bloomington dental practice Tuesday". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  76. ↑ Packer, C.; Pusey, A.E. (May 1983). "Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males". American Naturalist 121 (5): 716–28. doi:10.1086/284097.
  77. ↑ Elliot, Nicholas B.; Valeix, Marion; MacDonald, David W.; Loveridge, Andrew J. (September 2014). "Social relationships affect dispersal timing revealing a delayed infanticide in African lions". Oikos 123 (9): 1049–1056. doi:10.1111/oik.01266.
  78. ↑ "Cecil's cubs guarded by second lion". Sky News. 1 August 2015. Archived from the original on 15 December 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  79. 1 2 Nutt, Amy Ellis (20 December 2015). "2 subspecies of lion will be added to the endangered species list, activists say". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  80. ↑
  81. 1 2 Derespina, Cody (25 February 2016). "'Cecil Effect' dangerous for lions, guides". Fox News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  82. 1 2 Thornycroft, Peta (20 February 2016). "'Cecil effect’ leaves park’s lion at risk of cull". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  83. 1 2 3 Kelleher, Solon. "New Children's Book Shows Cecil The Lion's Family Photos". The Dodo. Retrieved 2016-04-30.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cecil (lion).
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, May 01, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.