List of monarchs of East Anglia

Edmund, king of the East Angles, who was killed during the invasion of his kingdom by the Great Heathen Army

The kingdom of East Anglia, (also known as the kingdom of the East Angles), was a small independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom that comprised what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Fens. The kingdom was one of the seven traditional members of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. The East Angles were initially ruled (from the 6th century until 749) by members of the Wuffingas dynasty, named after Wuffa, whose name means 'descendants of the wolf'.^[1] The last king was Guthrum II, who ruled in the 10th century.

After 749 East Anglia was ruled by kings whose genealogy is not known, or by sub-kings who were under the control of the kings of Mercia. East Anglia briefly recovered its independence after the death of Offa of Mercia in 796, but Mercian hegemony was soon restored by his successor, Coenwulf.^[2] Between 826 and 869, following an East Anglian revolt in which the Mercian king, Beornwulf, was killed, the East Angles again regained their independence. In 869 a Danish army defeated and killed the last native East Anglian king, Edmund the Martyr.^[3] The kingdom then fell into the hands of the Danes and eventually formed part of the Danelaw.^[3] In 918 the East Anglian Danes accepted the overlordship of Edward the Elder of Wessex. East Anglia then became part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England.

Many of the regnal dates of the East Anglian kings are considered unreliable, often being based upon computations. Some dates have presented particular problems for scholars: for instance, during the three-year-long period of apostasy that followed the murder of Eorpwald, when it is not known whether any king ruled the East Angles.^[4] The main source of information about the early history of the kingdom's rulers is Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People.^[5]

Chronological list

For a family tree of the East Anglian kings from Wehha to Ælfwald, see Wuffingas.

Timeline	Dynasty	Reign	King	Notes
	Wuffingas	Unknown.	Wehha	Possible ruler;[6] "The first to rule over the East Angles", according to Nennius.[7]
		571 (from unknown annal).[6]	Wuffa	Possible ruler;[6] son of Wehha and the king after whom the Wuffingas dynasty is named.
		578 (from unknown annal).[6]	Tytila	Possible ruler; son of 'Uffa' (Wuffa); acceded in 578, according to the Flores Historiarum.[8]
		Acceded around 616,[9] died before 627.[10]	Rædwald	Son of Tytila;[6] named imperium by Bede, later interpreted as Bretwalda.[11] The Flores Historiarum gives 599 for Rædwald's accession.[12] Rædwald is the first of the Wuffingas of which more than a name is known.
		Died 627 or 628.[10]	Eorpwald	Son of Rædwald; murdered by Ricberht.[13]
		c. 627 to c. 630.[10]	Ricberht	Possible ruler.[6]
		Acceded c. 630.[10]	Sigeberht	Abdicated to lead a monastic life; later slain in battle.[6]
		Acceded c. 630 (ruled jointly with Sigeberht until c. 634).	Ecgric	Slain in battle, possibly as late as 641;[14] kinsman of Sigeberht.
		early 640s[9] to c. 653.[10]	Anna	Nephew of Rædwald and son of Eni;[6] killed, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.[15]
		c. 653[10] to 655.[9]	Æthelhere	Brother of Anna. Slain at the Battle of the Winwaed.[6]
		655[10] to 663.[10]	Æthelwold	Brother of Anna.
		663[10] to 713.[10]	Ealdwulf	Nephew of Anna, Æthelhere and Æthelwold.
		713[10] to 749.[10]	Ælfwald	Son of Ealdwulf.
	East Anglian dynasty	Ruling in 749.[9]	Beonna, Alberht and possibly Hun	Joint kings, of unknown origin.[6] Alberht is also known as Æthelberht I.[16] Nothing is known of Hun.[17]
		Unknown.	Æthelred I	Possibly succeeded Beonna; sub-king named as the father of Æthelberht II.[18]
		?779[10] to 794.[10]	Æthelberht II	Accession date is from a late mediaeval source; East Anglian independence indicated by ability of Æthelberht to mint his own coins.[19] Executed at the command of Offa.[6]
	Mercian dynasty		Offa	Ruled Mercia from 757 to July 796; jointly ruled with his son Ecgfrith from 787 (who succeeded him and died after ruling for less than five months).[6][20] Held dominion over the East Angles.[21]
	East Anglian dynasty	c. 796[22] to c. 800.[22]	Eadwald	Ancestry unknown; emerged as king during a period of instability following the death of Offa.[22]
	Mercian dynasty		Coenwulf	Ruled Mercia from 796 to 821:[9] held dominion over the East Angles after Eadwald's brief reign;[23] no precise date is known for the start of his overlordship in East Anglia.[24]
			Ceolwulf	Brother of Coenwulf; ruled Mercia from 821 to 823.[25]
			Beornwulf	Of unknown origin;[26] Ruled Mercia from 823.[9] to 826;[9] killed during an East Anglian revolt.[25]
	East Anglian Dynasty	827[22] to 845.[9]	Æthelstan	May have led a revolt against the Mercians in 825.[6] East Anglian independence re-established at his accession.[26]
		c.845[9] to 855.[9]	Æthelweard
		855[10] to 869.[9]	Edmund (Eadmund)	The last native East Anglian king; acceded at the age of 14 (according to Asser);[27] killed by the Vikings 20 November 869;[9] canonised.[28] Political organisation of East Anglia following the death of Edmund is uncertain.
	Kings under Norse suzerainty	c.875.[9]	Oswald	Sub-king, known only from numismatic evidence.[9]
		c.875.[9]	Æthelred II	Sub-king, known only from numismatic evidence.[9]
	Danish kingdom of East Anglia	c. 879[9] to 890.[29]	Guthrum	East Anglia was awarded to him in 879 as part of a peace settlement with Alfred the Great of Wessex.[30]
		Ruled until 902.[9]	Eohric	Killed in battle (along with Æthelwold) in December 902.
		902.[9]	Æthelwold	Sub-king of the Danes; killed in battle December 902.[31]
		902 to 918.	Guthrum II	Killed in battle 918.[32]
	East Anglia became part of England after 918. See List of English monarchs

Footnotes

1. Blackwell, Encyclopedia, pp. 154–155.
2. Yorke, Kings, p. 121.
3. Jones, Vikings, p. 421.
4. Bede, Ecclesiastical History, book II, chapter 15.
5. Hoggett, East Anglian Conversion, pp. 24–27.
6. Fryde et al, British Chronology, p. 8.
7. Nennius, Historia Britonum, p. 46.
8. Yonge (trans.), The Flowers of History, p. 269.
9. Lapidge et al, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 508–509.
10. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 67.
11. Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. x.
12. Yonge (trans.), The Flowers of History, p. 277.
13. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book II, chapter 15.
14. Kirby, English Kings, p. 74.
15. Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 28.
16. Hill et al, Aethelbald and Offa, p. 128.
17. Ashley, British Monarchs, p. 244.
18. Yorke, Kings, p. 64.
19. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 164.
20. Brown and Farr, Mercia, pp. 5, 135.
21. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 64.
22. McKitterick, New Cambridge Medieval History, p. 555.
23. Kirby, English Kings, p. 179.
24. Brown and Farr, Mercia, p. 219.
25. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 122.
26. Brown, Farr (eds.), Mercia, p. 222.
27. Giles, Alfred the Great, p. 115.
28. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 59.
29. Lapidge et al, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 223.
30. Ashley, British Monarchs, p. 246.
31. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 321–22.
32. Jaques, Dictionary of Battles, p. 1006.

Sources

• Ashley, Michael (1998). British Monarchs: the Complete Genealogy, Gazetteer, and Biographical Encyclopedia of the Kings & Queens of Britain. London: Robinson. ISBN 978-1-85487-504-4.
• Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, ed. and tr. Colgrave, Bertram; Mynors, Roger AB (1969). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822202-5.
• Higham, N.J. (1999). "East Anglia, Kingdom of". In M. Lapidge; et al. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. pp. 154–155. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.
• Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (2001). Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe. London, New York: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-8264-7765-8.
• Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1986). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
• Hill, David; Worthington, Margaret (2005). Aethelbald and Offa: two eighth-century kings of Mercia : papers from a conference held in Manchester in 2000 (British Archaeological Reports British Series). Manchester: Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies. ISBN 1-84171-687-1.
• Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: a Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-First Century 3. Westport, USA: Greenwood. ISBN 0-313-33539-7.
• Jones, Gwyn (1973). A History of the Vikings. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280134-1.
• Kirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 67, 74. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.
• Lapidge, M.; et al., eds. (1999). "Kings of the East Angles". The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. pp. 508–509. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.
• McKitterick, Rosamund, ed. (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36292-X.
• Nennius (2008) [9th century]. Giles, J. A., ed. Historia Brittonum [The History of the Britons]. www.forgottenbooks.org. ISBN 9781606209929. Retrieved 5 November 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
• Stenton, Frank (1988). Anglo-Saxon England. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821716-1.
• Swanton, Michael (1997). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92129-5.
• Yonge, C. D. (1853) [14th century]. The Flowers of History [Flores Historiarum] 1. London: Bohn.
• Yorke, Barbara (2002). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London and New York: Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.

Further reading

• Astley, Mike (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings & Queens. New York: Carroll & Graff. ISBN 0-7867-0692-9.
• Keary, Charles Francis (1887). Poole, Reginald Stuart, ed. A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum. Anglo-Saxon Series 1. London: British Museum.
• Newton, Sam (1993). The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-472-0.