Kofi Annan

Kofi Annan
7th Secretary-General of the United Nations
In office
1 January 1997 – 31 December 2006
Deputy Louise Fréchette
Mark Malloch Brown
Preceded by Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Succeeded by Ban Ki-moon
United Nations and Arab League Envoy to Syria
In office
23 February 2012 – 31 August 2012
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon (UN)
Nabil Elaraby (AL)
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by Lakhdar Brahimi
Personal details
Born (1938-04-08) 8 April 1938
Comassie, Gold Coast
(now Kumasi, Ghana)
Spouse(s) Titi Alakija (1965–late 1970s)
Nane Lagergren (1984–present)
Children Kojo
Ama
Nina
Alma mater Kwame Nkrumah University
Macalester College
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Religion Protestantism[1]
Signature

Kofi Atta Annan (born 8 April 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1997 to December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world."[2] He is the founder and the Chairman of the Kofi Annan Foundation, as well as being the chairman of The Elders, a group founded by Nelson Mandela.

From 23 February until 31 August 2012, Annan was the UN–Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria, to help find a resolution to ongoing conflict there.[3][4] Annan quit after becoming frustrated with the UN's lack of progress with regard to conflict resolution,[5] stating that "when the Syrian people desperately need action, there continues to be finger-pointing and name-calling in the Security Council". He has been involved in several humanitarian projects and won several awards including the Kora All Africa Music Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001.[6]

Early years and education

Kofi Annan was born in the Kofandros section of Kumasi in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) on 8 April 1938. His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shared the middle name Atta, which in the Akan means 'twin'. Annan and his sister were born into one of the country's Ashanti and Fante aristocratic families; both of their grandfathers and their uncle were part of the Akan aristocracy.[7]

In the Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week on which they were born, and/or in relation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday.[8] Annan has said his surname rhymes with "cannon" in English.[9]

From 1954 to 1957, Annan attended the elite Mfantsipim school, a Methodist boarding school in Cape Coast founded in the 1870s. Annan has said that the school taught him "that suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere".[10] In 1957, the year Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, the Gold Coast gained independence from Britain and began using the name "Ghana".

In 1958, Annan began studying economics at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Ghana. He received a Ford Foundation grant, enabling him to complete his undergraduate studies in economics at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States, in 1961. Annan then completed a diplôme d'études approfondies DEA degree in International Relations at The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1961–62. After some years of work experience, he studied at the MIT Sloan School of Management[11] (1971–72) in the Sloan Fellows program and earned a master's degree in management.

Annan is fluent in English, French, Akan, some Kru languages and other African languages.[12]

In 1962, Kofi Annan started working as a Budget Officer for the World Health Organization, an agency of the United Nations (UN).[13] From 1974 to 1976, he worked as the Director of Tourism in Ghana. In 1980 he became the head of personnel for the office of the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in Geneva. In 1983 he became the director of administrative management services of the UN Secretariat in New York. In the late 1980s, Annan was appointed as an Assistant Secretary-General of the UN in three consecutive positions: Human Resources, Management and Security Coordinator (1987–1990); Program Planning, Budget and Finance, and Controller (1990–1992); and Peacekeeping Operations (March 1993 – December 1996).[14]

When Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali established the Department of Peacekeeping Operations in 1992, Annan was appointed to the new department as Deputy to then Under Secretary-General Marrick Goulding. Annan was subsequently appointed to succeed Goulding and assumed the office of USG DPKO in March 1993. He was therefore Head of peacekeeping during the battle of Somalia and the resulting collapse of the UNOSOM II peacekeeping mission, and during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994.

In 2003 Canadian ex-General Roméo Dallaire, who was force commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda, claimed that Annan was overly passive in his response to the imminent genocide. In his book Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (2003), General Dallaire asserted that Annan held back UN troops from intervening to settle the conflict, and from providing more logistical and material support. Dallaire claimed that Annan failed to provide responses to his repeated faxes asking for access to a weapons depository; such weapons could have helped Dallaire defend the endangered Tutsis. In 2004, ten years after the genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people were killed, Annan said, "I could and should have done more to sound the alarm and rally support."[15]

In his book "Interventions, a life in War and Peace", Annan again argued that DPKO could have made better use of the media to raise awareness of the violence in Rwanda and put pressure on governments to provide the troops necessary for an intervention. Annan explained that the events in Somalia and the collapse of the UNOSOM II mission fostered a hesitation amongst UN Member states to approve robust peacekeeping operations. As a result, when the UNAMIR mission was approved just days after the battle, the resulting force lacked the troop levels, resources and mandate to operate effectively.[16]

Annan served as Under-Secretary-General from March 1994 to October 1995. He was appointed a Special Representative of the Secretary-General to the former Yugoslavia, serving for five months before returning to his duties as Under-Secretary-General in April 1996.[17]

Secretary-General of the United Nations

Appointment

On 13 December 1996, the United Nations Security Council recommended Annan to replace the previous Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt, whose second term faced the veto of the United States.[18][19] Confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly,[20] he started his first term as Secretary-General on 1 January 1997. He was reelected for a second term in 2001, which was unusual since this meant a third term for Africa. The Asian states didn't protest although it should have been their turn because Annan was so popular among the UN member states and UN staff.[21]

Activities

Annan with the President of Russia Vladimir Putin at United Nations Headquarters in New York City on 16 November 2001.

Recommendations for UN reform

Silk carpet portrait of Kofi Annan at the UN headquarters

Soon after taking office in 1997, Annan released two reports on management reform. On 17 March 1997, the report ‘Management and Organisational Measures’ (A/51/829) introduced new management mechanisms through the establishment of a cabinet-style body to assist him and be grouping the UN’s activities in accordance with four core missions. A comprehensive reform agenda was issued on 14 July 1997 entitled ‘Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform’ (A/51/950). Key proposals included the introduction of strategic management to strengthen unity of purpose, the establishment of the position of Deputy Secretary-General, a 10-percent reduction in posts, a reduction in administrative costs, the consolidation of the UN at the country level, and reaching out to civil society and the private sector as partners. Annan also proposed to hold a Millennium Summit in 2000.[22] After years of research, Annan presented a progress report, In Larger Freedom, to the UN General Assembly, on 21 March 2005. Annan recommended Security Council expansion and a host of other UN reforms.[23]

On 31 January 2006, Kofi Annan outlined his vision for a comprehensive and extensive reform of the UN in a policy speech to the United Nations Association UK. The speech, delivered at Central Hall, Westminster, also marked the 60th Anniversary of the first meetings of the UN General Assembly and UN Security Council.[24]

On 7 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his proposals for a fundamental overhaul of the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is entitled: "Investing in the United Nations, For a Stronger Organization Worldwide".[25]

On 30 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his analysis and recommendations for updating the entire work programme of the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is entitled: "Mandating and Delivering: Analysis and Recommendations to Facilitate the Review of Mandates".[26]

Regarding the UN Human Rights Council, Annan has said "declining credibility" had "cast a shadow on the reputation of the United Nations system. Unless we re-make our human rights machinery, we may be unable to renew public confidence in the United Nations itself." However, he does believe that, despite its flaws, the council can do good.[27][28]

In March 2000, Annan appointed the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations to assess the shortcomings of the then existing system and to make specific and realistic recommendations for change. The panel was composed of individuals experienced in conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding, and became known as the "Brahimi Report", after Lakhdar Brahimi, Chair of the Panel. The report issued by the panel called for:

  1. renewed political commitment on the part of Member States;
  2. significant institutional change;
  3. increased financial support.

The Panel further noted that in order to be effective, UN peacekeeping operations must be properly resourced and equipped, and operate under clear, credible and achievable mandates. In a letter transmitting the report to the General Assembly and Security Council, Annan stated that the Panel’s recommendations were "essential to make the United Nations truly credible as a force for peace." Later that same year, the United Nations Security Council adopted several provisions relating to peacekeeping following the report, in Resolution 1327.

Millennium Development Goals

In 2000, ahead of the Millennium Summit, Annan issued a report entitled "We the peoples: the role of the United Nations in the 21st century". The report argued that the significant geopolitical evolutions and increased globalization experienced over the previous 50 years required the United Nations to reassess and transform the way it operates. The report called for member states to "put people at the centre of everything we do. No calling is more noble, and no responsibility greater, than that of enabling men, women and children, in cities and villages around the world, to make their lives better."

In the final chapter of the report, Annan drew on the findings of earlier work by the UN, The World Bank, the IMF and OECD, and identified priority areas on which the UN should focus in order to "free our fellow men and women from the abject and dehumanizing poverty in which more than 1 billion of them are currently confined" These served as the basis for the subsequent Millennium Development Goals, which were developed with additional input from the Millennium Forum, a group comprised 1,000 non-governmental and civil society organizations from more than 100 countries .

At the end of the Millennium Summit, delegates adopted the Millennium Declaration, in which they committed to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and set out a series of time-bound targets which subsequently become known as the Millennium Development Goals.

The United Nations Global Compact

In an address to The World Economic Forum on 31 January 1999, then Secretary General Annan argued that the "goals of the United Nations and those of business can, indeed, be mutually supportive" and proposed that the private sector and the United Nations initiate "a global compact of shared values and principles, which will give a human face to the global market."[29]

On 26 July 2000, the United Nations Global Compact was officially launched at UN headquarters in New York. It is a principle-based framework for businesses which aims to "Catalyse actions in support of broader UN goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)."[30] The Compact established ten core principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption, and under the Compact, companies commit to the ten principles and are brought together with UN agencies, labour groups and civil society to effectively implement them.

Establishment of The Global Fund

Towards the end of the 1990s, increased awareness of the destructive potential of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS pushed public health issues to the top of the global development agenda. In April 2001, Annan issued a five-point "Call to Action" to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Stating it was a "personal priority", Annan proposed the establishment of a Global AIDS and Health Fund, "dedicated to the battle against HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases"[31] to stimulate the increased international spending needed to help developing countries confront the HIV/AIDS crisis. In June of that year, the General Assembly of the United Nations committed to the creation of such a fund during a special session on AIDS, and the permanent secretariat of the Global Fund was subsequently established in June 2002.

Responsibility to Protect

Following the failure of Annan and the International Community to intervene in the genocide in Rwanda and in Srebrenica, Annan asked whether the international community had an obligation in such situations to intervene to protect civilian populations. In a speech to the General Assembly in September 1999 "to address the prospects for human security and intervention in the next century,"[32] Annan argued that individual sovereignty- the protections afforded by the Declaration of Human Rights and the Charter of the UN, were being strengthened, while the notion of state sovereignty was being redefined by globalization and international cooperation. As a result, the UN and its Member States had to re-consider their willingness to act to prevent conflict and civilian suffering.

In September 2001 the Canadian government established an ad-hoc committee to address this balance between State sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty published its final report in 2001, which focused not on the right of states to intervene but on a responsibility to protect populations at risk. The report moved beyond the question of military intervention, arguing that a range of diplomatic and humanitarian actions could also be utilized to protect civilian populations.

In 2005, Annan included the doctrine of ‘Responsibility to Protect’ in his report 'Larger Freedom', when that report was endorsed by the UN General Assembly, it amounted to the first formal endorsement by UN Member States of the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect.

Iraq

In the years after 1998 when UNSCOM was kicked out by the government of Saddam Hussein and during the Iraq disarmament crisis, in which the United States blamed UNSCOM and former IAEA director Hans Blix for failing to properly disarm Iraq, Scott Ritter the former UNSCOM chief weapons inspector, blamed Annan for being slow and ineffective in enforcing Security Council resolutions on Iraq and was overtly submissive to the demands of the Clinton administration for regime removal and inspection of sites, often Presidential palaces, that were not mandated in any resolution and were of questionable intelligence value, which severely hampered UNSCOM's ability to cooperate with the Iraqi government and contributed to their expulsion from the country.[33][34] Ritter also claimed that Annan regularly interfered with the work of the inspectors and diluted the chain of command by trying to micromanage all of the activities of UNSCOM, which caused intelligence processing (and the resulting inspections) to be backed up and caused confusion with the Iraqis as to who was in charge and as a result, they generally refused to take orders from Ritter or Rolf Ekéus without explicit approval from Annan, which could have taken days, if not weeks. He later believed that Annan was oblivious to the fact the Iraqis took advantage of this in order to delay inspections. He claimed that on one occasion, Annan refused to implement a no-notice inspection of the SSO headquarters and instead tried to negotiate access, but the negotiation ended up taking nearly six weeks, giving the Iraqis more than enough time to clean out the site.[35]

During the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Annan called on the United States and the United Kingdom not to invade without the support of the United Nations. In a September 2004 interview on the BBC, when questioned about the legal authority for the invasion, Annan said he believed it was not in conformity with the UN charter and was illegal.[36][37]

Other diplomatic activities

In 1998, Annan was deeply involved in supporting the transition from military to civilian rule in Nigeria. The following year, he supported the efforts of East Timor to secure independence from Indonesia. In 2000, he was responsible for certifying Israel 's withdrawal from Lebanon, and in 2006, he led talks in New York between the presidents of Cameroon and Nigeria which led to a settlement of the dispute between the two countries over the Bakassi peninsula.

Annan and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad disagreed sharply on Iran's nuclear program, on an Iranian exhibition of cartoons mocking the Holocaust, and on the then upcoming International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust, an Iranian Holocaust denial conference in 2006.[38] During a visit to Iran instigated by continued Iranian uranium enrichment, Annan said "I think the tragedy of the Holocaust is an undeniable historical fact and we should really accept that fact and teach people what happened in World War II and ensure it is never repeated."[38]

Annan supported sending a UN peacekeeping mission to Darfur, Sudan. He worked with the government of Sudan to accept a transfer of power from the African Union peacekeeping mission to a UN one. Annan also worked with several Arab and Muslim countries on women's rights and other topics.

Beginning in 1998, Annan convened an annual UN "Security Council Retreat" with the 15 States' representatives of the Council. It was held at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) Conference Center at the Rockefeller family estate at Pocantico, and was sponsored by both the RBF and the UN.[39]

Lubbers sexual-harassment investigation

In June 2004, Annan was given a copy of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) report on the complaint brought by four female workers against Ruud Lubbers, UN High Commissioner for Refugees for sexual harassment, abuse of authority, and retaliation. The report also reviewed a long-serving staff member's allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct against Werner Blatter, Director of UNHCR Personnel. The investigation found Lubbers guilty of sexual harassment; no mention was made publicly of the other charge against a senior official, or two subsequent complaints filed later that year. In the course of the official investigation, Lubbers wrote a letter which some considered was a threat to the female worker who had brought the charges.[40] On 15 July 2004, Annan cleared Lubbers of the accusations, saying they were not substantial enough legally.[41] His decision held until November 2004. When the OIOS issued its annual report to the UN General Assembly, it stated that it had found Lubbers guilty of sexual harassment. These events were widely reported and weakened Annan's influence.

On 17 November 2004, Annan accepted an OIOS report clearing Dileep Nair, UN Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services, of political corruption and sexual harassment charges. Some UN staff in New York disagreed with this conclusion, leading to extended debate on 19 November.

The internal UN-OIOS report on Lubbers was leaked, and sections accompanied by an article by Kate Holt were published in a British newspaper. In February 2005, he resigned as head of the UN refugee agency. Lubbers said he wanted to relieve political pressure on Annan.[42]

Oil-for-Food scandal

In December 2004, reports surfaced that the Secretary-General's son Kojo Annan received payments from the Swiss company Cotecna Inspection SA, which had won a lucrative contract under the UN Oil-for-Food Program. Kofi Annan called for an investigation to look into the allegations.

Annan appointed the Independent Inquiry Committee,[43] which was led by former US Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker,[44] then the director of the United Nations Association of the US. In his first interview with the Inquiry Committee, Annan denied having had a meeting with Cotecna. Later in the inquiry, he recalled that he had met with Cotecna's chief executive Elie-Georges Massey twice. In a final report issued on 27 October, the committee found insufficient evidence to indict Kofi Annan on any illegal actions, but did find fault with Benon Sevan, a Turkish-Cypriot national who had worked for the UN for about 40 years. Appointed by Annan to the Oil-For-Food role, Sevan repeatedly asked Iraqis for allocations of oil to the African Middle East Petroleum Company. Sevan's behavior was "ethically improper", Volcker said to reporters. Sevan repeatedly denied the charges and argued that he was being made a "scapegoat".[45] The Volcker report was highly critical of the UN management structure and the Security Council oversight. It strongly recommended a new position be established of Chief Operating Officer (COO), to handle the fiscal and administrative responsibilities than under the Secretary General's office. The report listed the companies, both Western and Middle Eastern, that benefited illegally from the program.[44]

Nobel Peace Prize

In 2001, its centennial year, the Nobel Committee decided that the Peace Prize was to be divided between the United Nations (UN) and Kofi Annan. Annan was awarded the Peace Prize for having revitalized the UN and for having given priority to human rights. The Nobel Committee also recognized his commitment to the struggle to containing the spread of HIV in Africa and his declared opposition to international terrorism.

Relations between the United States and the United Nations

Annan with Condoleezza Rice, 2007

Kofi Annan supported[46] his deputy Secretary-General Mark Malloch Brown, who openly criticized the United States in a speech on 6 June 2006: "[T]he prevailing practice of seeking to use the UN almost by stealth as a diplomatic tool while failing to stand up for it against its domestic critics is simply not sustainable. You will lose the UN one way or another. [...] [That] the US is constructively engaged with the UN [...] is not well known or understood, in part because much of the public discourse that reaches the US heartland has been largely abandoned to its loudest detractors such as Rush Limbaugh and Fox News."[47] Malloch later said his talk was a "sincere and constructive critique of U.S. policy toward the U.N. by a friend and admirer."[48]

The talk was unusual because it violated unofficial policy of not having top officials publicly criticize member nations.[48] The interim U.S. ambassador John R. Bolton, appointed by President George W. Bush, was reported to have told Annan on the phone: "I've known you since 1989 and I'm telling you this is the worst mistake by a senior UN official that I have seen in that entire time."[48] Observers from other nations supported Malloch's view that conservative politicians in the US prevented many citizens from understanding the benefits of US involvement in the UN.[49]

UN Resolution 61/225: World Diabetes Day

Kofi Annan witnessed the United Nations General Assembly's passage of UN Resolution 61/225, to establish World Diabetes Day. The Resolution was the second UN General Assembly Resolution on a health-related issue (the other being HIV/AIDS). Resolution 61/225 is the only Health-related UN Resolution to pass by consensus. Sponsored by the Republic of South Africa and Bangladesh, the Resolution was passed on 20 December 2006.

UN Resolution 60/7: International Holocaust Remembrance day

Annan also witnessed the establishment of International Holocaust Remembrance Day, designated by the UN General Assembly on 1 November 2005 during the 42nd plenary session. The Resolution urges every member nation of the U.N. to honor the memory of Holocaust victims, and encourages the development of educational programs about Holocaust history to help prevent future acts of genocide. It rejects any denial of the Holocaust as an event and condemns all manifestations of religious intolerance, incitement, harassment or violence against persons or communities based on ethnic origin or religious belief. International Holocaust Remembrance day is celebrated on 27 January, the day Soviet troops liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau,the largest Nazi camp.

Farewell addresses

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On 19 September 2006, Annan gave a farewell address to world leaders gathered at the UN headquarters in New York, in anticipation of his retirement on 31 December. In the speech he outlined three major problems of "an unjust world economy, world disorder, and widespread contempt for human rights and the rule of law", which he believes "have not resolved, but sharpened" during his time as Secretary-General. He also pointed to violence in Africa, and the Arab-Israeli conflict as two major issues warranting attention.[50]

On 11 December 2006, in his final speech as Secretary-General, delivered at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri, Annan recalled Truman's leadership in the founding of the United Nations. He called for the United States to return to President Truman's multilateralist foreign policies, and to follow Truman's credo that "the responsibility of the great states is to serve and not dominate the peoples of the world". He also said that the United States must maintain its commitment to human rights, "including in the struggle against terrorism."[51][52]

Post-UN career

Following his two terms as Secretary General, Annan was immediately suggested as a candidate to become Ghana's next President.[53]

Kofi Annan Foundation

In 2007, Kofi Annan established the Kofi Annan Foundation, an independent, not-for profit organization which works to promote better global governance and strengthen the capacities of people and countries to achieve a fairer, more peaceful world.

The Foundation believes that fair and peaceful societies rest on three pillars: Peace and Security, Sustainable Development and Human Rights and the Rule of Law, and they have made it their mission to mobilise the leadership and the political resolve needed to tackle threats to these three pillars ranging from violent conflict to flawed elections and climate change, with the aim of achieving a fairer, more peaceful world.[54]

The Foundation provides the analytical, communication and co-ordination capacities needed to ensure that these objectives are achieved. Kofi Annan's contribution to peace worldwide is delivered through mediation, political mentoring, advocacy and advice. Through his engagement, Kofi Annan aims to strengthen local and international conflict resolution capabilities. The Foundation provides the analytical and logistical support to facilitate this in co-operation with relevant local, regional and international actors.[55] The Foundation is guided by the following values and principles:[56]

The Foundation works mainly through private diplomacy, where Kofi Annan provides informal counsel and participates in discreet diplomatic initiatives to avert or resolve crises by applying his unique experience and inspirational leadership. He is often asked to intercede in crises, sometimes as an impartial independent mediator, sometimes as a special envoy of the international community. In recent years he has provided such counsel to Burkina Faso, Kenya, Myanmar, Senegal, Syria/Iraq and Columbia.

KNDR

Following the outbreak of violence during the 2007 Presidential elections in Kenya, the African Union established a Panel of Eminent African Personalities to assist in finding a peaceful solution to the crisis.

The panel, headed by Annan, managed to convince the two principal parties to the conflict, President Mwai Kibaki’s Party of National Unity (PNU) and Raila Odinga’s Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), to participate in the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Process (KNDR). Over the course of 41 days of negotiations, several agreements regarding taking actions to stop the violence and remedying its consequences were signed. On 28 February President Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga signed a coalition government agreement. Kofi Annan and was widely lauded by many Kenyans for this landmark achievement.

Joint Special Envoy for Syria

Annan meets with former Iranian President, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

On 23 February 2012, Annan was appointed as the UN-Arab League envoy to Syria, in an attempt to end the civil war taking place.[57] He developed a six-point plan for peace:[58]

  1. commit to work with the Envoy in an inclusive Syrian-led political process to address the legitimate aspirations and concerns of the Syrian people, and, to this end, commit to appoint an empowered interlocutor when invited to do so by the Envoy;
  2. commit to stop the fighting and achieve urgently an effective United Nations supervised cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties to protect civilians and stabilise the country.
    To this end, the Syrian government should immediately cease troop movements towards, and end the use of heavy weapons in, population centres, and begin pullback of military concentrations in and around population centres.
    As these actions are being taken on the ground, the Syrian government should work with the Envoy to bring about a sustained cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties with an effective United Nations supervision mechanism.
    Similar commitments would be sought by the Envoy from the opposition and all relevant elements to stop the fighting and work with him to bring about a sustained cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties with an effective United Nations supervision mechanism;
  3. ensure timely provision of humanitarian assistance to all areas affected by the fighting, and to this end, as immediate steps, to accept and implement a daily two-hour humanitarian pause and to coordinate exact time and modalities of the daily pause through an efficient mechanism, including at local level;
  4. intensify the pace and scale of release of arbitrarily detained persons, including especially vulnerable categories of persons, and persons involved in peaceful political activities, provide without delay through appropriate channels a list of all places in which such persons are being detained, immediately begin organizing access to such locations and through appropriate channels respond promptly to all written requests for information, access or release regarding such persons;
  5. ensure freedom of movement throughout the country for journalists and a non-discriminatory visa policy for them;
  6. respect freedom of association and the right to demonstrate peacefully as legally guaranteed.

On 2 August, he resigned as U.N. and Arab League joint special envoy to Syria,[59] citing the intransigence of both the Assad government and the rebels, as well as the stalemate on the Security Council as preventing any peaceful resolution of the situation.[60] He also stated that the lack of international unity and ineffective diplomacy among the world leaders has made the peaceful resolution in Syria an impossible task.[61]

Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security

Annan served as the Chair of the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. The Commission was launched in May 2011 as a joint initiative of the Kofi Annan Foundation and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. It comprised 12 eminent individuals from around the world, including Ernesto Zedillo, Martti Ahtisaari, Madeleine Albright and Amartya Sen, and aimed to highlight the importance of the integrity of elections to achieving a more secure, prosperous and stable world. The Commission released its final report: Democracy, a Strategy to Improve the Integrity of Elections Worldwide, in September 2012.

Other activities

At the South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011 with former US president Jimmy Carter

Annan has become involved with several organizations with both global and African focuses. In 2007, Annan was named chairman of the prize committee for the Mo Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership, was chosen to lead the new formation of Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), was appointed president of the Global Humanitarian Forum in Geneva, and was selected for the MacArthur Foundation Award for International Justice.

Annan serves as Chair of The Elders, a group of independent global leaders who work together on peace and human rights issues.[62][63] In November 2008, Annan and fellow Elders Jimmy Carter and Graça Machel attempted to travel to Zimbabwe to make a first-hand assessment of the humanitarian situation in the country. Refused entry, the Elders instead carried out their assessment from Johannesburg, where they met Zimbabwe- and South Africa-based leaders from politics, business, international organisations and civil society.[64] In May 2011, following months of political violence in Côte d'Ivoire, Annan travelled to the country with Elders Desmond Tutu and Mary Robinson to encourage national reconciliation.[65] On 16 October 2014, Kofi Annan attended the One Young World Summit in Dublin. During a session with fellow Elder Mary Robinson, Kofi Annan encouraged 1,300 young leaders from 191 countries to lead on intergenerational issues such as climate change and the need for action to take place now, not tomorrow.[66][67] During the Summit he told leaders from 191 countries that addressing the effects of climate change was a general issue, for both the young and old.

“We don’t have to wait to act. The action must be now. You will come across people who think we should start tomorrow. Even for those who believe action should begin tomorrow, remind them tomorrow beings now, tomorrow beings today, so lets all move forward."[68]

Annan currently serves on the board of directors of the United Nations Foundation, a public charity created in 1998 with entrepreneur and philanthropist Ted Turner's historic $1 billion USD gift to support UN causes. The UN Foundation builds and implements public-private partnerships to address the world's most pressing problems, and broadens support for the UN.[69]

Annan chairs the Africa Progress Panel (APP), a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa. Every year, the Panel releases a report, the Africa Progress Report, that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies. In 2012, the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs, Justice, and Equity.[70] The 2013 report will outline issues relating to oil, gas, and mining in Africa.

Kofi Annan was appointed the Chancellor of the University of Ghana in 2008.[71]

In May 2009 Annan became a global fellow of the School of International and Public Affairs of Columbia University. The Global Fellows program brings students together with global practitioners to share firsthand knowledge of experiences in the life of an international or public figure. He is also a fellow of The Committee on Global Thought appointed by the University.

On 2 September 2009, Annan was unveiled as the first Li Ka Shing Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy of the National University of Singapore (NUS). The announcement was made during the school's 5th anniversary celebrations.[72]

On 7 October 2010, Annan was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Global Center for Pluralism, Canada’s new international research and education center dedicated to the study and practice of pluralism worldwide. The Global Center for Pluralism is an initiative of His Highness the Aga Khan in partnership with the Government of Canada. The Center is located in Ottawa, Canada. Dedicated to the creation of successful societies, the Center is founded on the premise that tolerance, openness and understanding towards the cultures, social structures, values and faiths of other peoples are essential to the very survival of an interdependent world. Pluralism is no longer simply an asset or a prerequisite for progress and development.

Memoir

On 4 September 2012, Annan published his memoir, Interventions: A Life in War and Peace, written with Nader Mousavizadeh, ISBN 978-159420420-3. The book is described as a personal biography of so-called global statecraft.

Personal life

In 1965 Kofi Annan married Titi Alakija, a Nigerian woman from a well-to-do family. Several years later they had a daughter, Ama, and later a son, Kojo. The couple separated in the late 1970s. In 1984, Annan married Nane Lagergren, a Swedish lawyer at the U.N. and the niece of Raoul Wallenberg.

Honours and awards

Honours

2000: Companion of the Order of the Star of Ghana[73]
2000: Grand Cross Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
2001: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania
2005: Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (Portugal)
2006: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion[74]
2007: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
2007: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) from Queen Elizabeth II (UK)[75]
2008: Grand Cross 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[76]

Awards

2000: Kora All Africa Music Awards in the category of Lifetime Achievement[6]
2001: Nobel Foundation, The Nobel Peace Prize, jointly presented to Kofi Annan and the United Nations[2]
2002: winner of the "Profiles in Courage Award", given by the JFK Memorial Museum
2002: The American Whig-Cliosophic Society James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service.[77]
2003: Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[78]
2003: Freedom Prize of the Max Schmidheiny Foundation at the University of St. Gallen
2004: Freedom medal[79]
2006: International World Order of Culture, Science and Education, Award of the European Academy of Informatization, Belgium
2006: Inter Press Service, International Achievement Award for Annan's lasting contributions to peace, security, and development
2006: Olof Palme Prize
2007: Wooden Crossbow, special award from the Swiss World Economic Forum
2007: People in Europe Award of Verlagsgruppe Passau
2007: MacArthur Foundation, MacArthur Award for International Justice
2007: North-South Prize of the Council of Europe
2008: Peace of Westphalia Prize
2008: Harvard University Honors Prize
2008: Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize
2008: Peace of Westphalia Prize – Münster (Westfalen)
2008: Open Society Award – CEU Business School Budapest
2011: Gothenburg Award [80]
2012: Confucius Peace Prize[81]

Honorary degrees

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lefevere, Patricia (11 December 1998). "Annan: `Peace is never a perfect achievement' – United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
  2. 1 2 Annan, Kofi. "The Nobel Peace Prize 2001". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  3. ↑ "United Nations Department of Political Affairs - Syria". Un.org. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  4. ↑ Jonathan Marcus (24 February 2012). "Syria faces ultimatum from international conference.". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  5. ↑ "Kofi Annan resigns as UN Syria envoy". Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  6. 1 2 "LIFE TIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS INEVITABLY RAISE THE QUESTION – WHO’S NEXT?". koraawards.co.za. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  7. ↑ "Kofi Annan – The Man To Save The World?", Saga Magazine, November 2002
  8. ↑ Akan dictionary entry for Kofi dictionary.kasahorow.com
  9. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (10 January 1997). "New U.N. Chief Promises Reforms but Says He Won't Cut Jobs". New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
  10. ↑ Kofi Annan – Center of the Storm. Life Map. A Chief's Son PBS
  11. ↑ "The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World". The Boston Globe. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  12. ↑ "Kofi Annan", The Elders
  13. ↑ Stanley Meisner (2007). Kofi Annan: A Man of Peace in a World of War. ISBN 978-0-470-28169-7. p27
  14. ↑ "FORMER SECRETARY-GENERAL". United Nations. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  15. ↑ "UN chief's Rwanda genocide regret". BBC News. 26 March 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  16. ↑ Kofi Annan with Nader Mousavizadeh (2012). Interventions: A Life in War and Peace. ISBN 978-1-59420-420-3. Chapter II.
  17. ↑ Former Secretary General Kofi Annan UN.org
  18. ↑ "BIO/3051 – "Kofi Annan of Ghana recommended by Security Council for appointment as Secretary-General of United Nations"" (Press release). UN. 13 December 1996. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  19. ↑ Traub, James (2006). The Best Intentions. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-374-18220-5.
  20. ↑ "GA/9208 -"General Assembly appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana as seventh Secretary-General"" (Press release). UN. 17 December 1996. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  21. ↑ http://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/life/job.html
  22. ↑ "The Millennium Assembly and the Millennium Summit". March 2000. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  23. ↑ "In Larger Freedom". United Nations website. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  24. ↑ "Annan addresses UNA-UK in London". United Nations website. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
  25. ↑ "Reforming the United Nations". United Nations website. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  26. ↑ "Reforming the United Nations, Mandate Review". United Nations website. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  27. ↑ Annan, Kofi. "Kofi Annan: Despite flaws, UN Human Rights Council can bring progress". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  28. ↑ Halvorssen, Thor. "Chavez and Nazarbayev Celebrate Tyrannical Victory at U.N. Human Rights Council". The Daily Caller. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  29. ↑ "SECRETARY-GENERAL PROPOSES GLOBAL COMPACT ON HUMAN RIGHTS, LABOUR, ENVIRONMENT, IN ADDRESS TO WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM IN DAVOS". Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  30. ↑ "About the UN Global Compact". Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  31. ↑ "SECRETARY-GENERAL PROPOSES GLOBAL FUND FOR FIGHT AGAINST HIV/AIDS AND OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES AT AFRICAN LEADERS SUMMIT". Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  32. ↑ "SECRETARY-GENERAL PRESENTS HIS ANNUAL REPORT TO GENERAL ASSEMBLY". Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  33. ↑ "Transcript of Scott Ritter's September 3, 1998 Senate testimony". Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  34. ↑ "Chief U.N. Arms Inspector Disturbed by Criticism of Ex-Inspector". New York Times. 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
  35. ↑ "The Iraqi Threat: How Real Is It?". October 2002. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  36. ↑ "Iraq war illegal, says Annan". BBC News. 16 September 2004. Retrieved 12 December 2006. When pressed on whether he viewed the invasion of Iraq as illegal, he said: 'Yes, if you wish. I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN charter from our point of view, from the charter point of view, it was illegal.'
  37. ↑ "Excerpts: Annan interview". BBC News. 16 September 2004. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  38. 1 2 "Iranian PM snubs Annan over nuclear program". CBC News. 3 September 2006.
  39. ↑ "Pocantico Conferences 2005". Rockefeller Brothers Fund website. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  40. ↑ "UN report slams Lubbers for 'regular sexual harassment'". Expatica. 18 February 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  41. ↑ FIONA FLECK and WARREN HOGE (16 July 2004). "Annan Clears Refugee Chief Of Harassment Accusations". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  42. ↑ "UN refugee chief quits over sex claims", The Age, 21 February 2005
  43. ↑ "About the Committee". Independent Inquiry Committee into The United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme website. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  44. 1 2 "Members". Independent Inquiry Committee into The United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme website. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  45. ↑ "Former U.N. Oil-for-Food Chief Benon Sevan Indicted Over Bribes From Saddam's Regime". Fox News. 16 January 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  46. ↑ "Annan Backs Deputy in Dispute With U.S.". Washingtonpost.com. 8 June 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  47. ↑ Brown, Mark Malloch (6 June 2006). "UN needs US, US needs UN to face challenges – HIV/AIDS, SUDAN – that defy national solutions, says Deputy Secretary-General in New York address". United Nations website. UN. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  48. 1 2 3 "Speech by U. N. Leader Draws Angry Response From US". Fox News. Associated Press. 7 June 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  49. ↑ "Iraq Study Group's Suggestion That U.S. Engage Iran And Syria In Talks About Iraq Leads To More Debate Than Resolve, In Washington And Iraq" – CNN NEWSROOM Transcripts (Aired 11 December 2006 – 09:00ET)
  50. ↑ Leopold, Evelyn (16 September 2006). "UN's Annan depicts polarized world in farewell speech". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  51. ↑ "Annan chides US in final speech". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
  52. ↑ Annan, Kofi (11 December 2006). "Independence, Missouri, 11 December 2006 – Secretary-General's address at the Truman Presidential Museum and Library followed by Questions and Answers". United Nations website. UN. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
  53. ↑ Annan 'for president': Africa: News: News24 Archived September 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ↑ "Mission Statement". Kofi Annan Foundation. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  55. ↑ "Kofi Annan Foundation - GPPlatform". Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  56. ↑ "Mission Statement". Kofi Annan Foundation. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  57. ↑ Syria faces ultimatum from international conference. BBC News. 23 February 2012
  58. ↑ Kofi Annan's six-point plan for Syria, 27 March 2012, Aljazeera
  59. ↑ Syrian rebels pound military airport, 2 August 2012, CNN.com
  60. ↑ Press conference by Kofi Anon, Joint Special Envoy for Syria. United Nations Office at Geneva. 2 August 2012.
  61. ↑ Black, Ian (2 August 2012). "Kofi Annan resigns as Syria envoy". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  62. ↑ "Kofi Annan appointed Chair of The Elders". TheElders.org. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  63. ↑ "Kofi Annan". TheElders.org. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  64. ↑ "Annan, Carter say barred from Zimbabwe". Reuters. 22 November 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  65. ↑ "The Elders encourage plans for truth and reconciliation process in Côte d'Ivoire". TheElders.org. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  66. ↑ "Kofi Annan Partners With One Young World To Hold Global Discussion With Young People". Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  67. ↑ Kofi Annan - The One Young World Summit 2014. 17 October 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2016 – via YouTube.
  68. ↑ "Kofi Annan tells One Young World: 'We must tackle climate change now '". Independent.ie. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  69. ↑ United Nations Foundation Board of Directors Archived August 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  70. ↑ "Africa Progress Report 2012". Africa Progress Panel. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  71. ↑ "Kofi Annan appointed Chancellor of University of Ghana". General News of Wednesday, 30 July 2008 (Ghana Home Page). Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  72. ↑ Kofi Annan joins LKY school. 3 September 2009. The Straits Times
  73. ↑ "Ghana honours famous son Kofi Annan News". BBC News. 2 August 2000. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  74. ↑ "On receiving 'knight grand cross' of the Netherlands, secretary-general expresses appreciation for country's 'generous assistance to less fortunate peoples'". United Nations. 12 April 2006.
  75. ↑ "Honorary knighthood for Kofi Annan". Metro. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
  76. ↑ ""Work for a better world" – Speech by Federal President Horst Köhler at a dinner in honour of Mr Kofi Annan, former United Nations Secretary-General". official website of the Federal President of Germany. 5 May 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  77. ↑ Archives-trim.un.org
  78. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  79. ↑ Four Freedoms Award#Freedom Medal
  80. ↑ "Award Winner 2011 - Kofi Annan shares the award with food supply project Tigray in Ethiopia". The GOthenburg Award for Sustainable Development. The GOthenburg Award for Sustainable Development. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  81. ↑ "Annan, agriculture scientist win Confucius Peace Prize". scmp.com. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  82. ↑ "コフィ・アナン国際連合事務総長への名誉博士称号授与並びに記念講演会の開催" (in Japanese). The University of Tokyo. 28 April 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2015.

External links

Biographies, interviews, and profiles
Articles
Speeches
Lectures
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Boutros Boutros-Ghali		 Secretary-General of the United Nations
1997–2006 		Succeeded by
Ban Ki-moon
New office United Nations and Arab League Envoy to Syria
2012 		Succeeded by
Lakhdar Brahimi
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