1992 Landers earthquake

1992 Landers earthquake
Palm Springs
Los Angeles
Date June 28, 1992 (1992-06-28)
Magnitude 7.3 Mw
Depth 0.68 miles (1.09 km)
Epicenter 34°13′01″N 116°25′59″W / 34.217°N 116.433°W / 34.217; -116.433[1]
Type Strike-slip
Areas affected Southern California
United States
Total damage $92 million [2]
Max. intensity IX (Violent)
Foreshocks 6.1 Mw April 23 at 4:51 [3]
Casualties 3 killed
400+ injured

The 1992 Landers earthquake occurred on June 28 with an epicenter near the town of Landers, California.[4] The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.3 and was the largest earthquake to have occurred in the contiguous United States in 40 years.[5]

Earthquake

At 4:57 a.m. local time (11:57 UTC) on June 28, 1992, a large M7.3 earthquake awoke much of Southern California. Though it turned out it was not the so-called "Big One" as many people would think, it was still a very strong earthquake. The shaking lasted for two to three minutes. Although this earthquake was much more powerful than the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the damage and loss of life were minimized by its location in the sparsely-populated Mojave Desert.

The earthquake was a right-lateral strike-slip event, and involved the rupture of several different faults over a length of 75 to 85 km (47 to 53 mi).[4][6] The names of those that were involved are the Johnson Valley, Kickapoo (also known as Landers), Homestead Valley, Homestead/Emerson, Emerson Valley and Camp Rock faults.[4][6]

The surface rupture extended for 70 km (43 mi), with a maximum horizontal displacement of 5.5 m (18 ft) and a maximum vertical displacement of 1.8 m (5.9 ft).[7]

Damage

Damage to the Yucca Lanes Bowling Center from the 1992 quake

Damage to the area directly surrounding the epicenter was severe. Roads were buckled, buildings and chimneys collapsed. There were also large surface fissures. To the west in the Los Angeles Basin damage was much less severe. The majority of damage in the Los Angeles area involved items which had fallen off shelves. Unlike the 1994 Northridge earthquake nineteen and a half months later, no freeway bridges collapsed because of the epicenter's remote location. Electricity was disabled to thousands of residents, but was generally restored within two to three hours. There was also some damage to homes from water displaced from swimming pools.

Loss of life in this earthquake was minimal. Two people died as a result of heart attacks. A 3-year-old boy from Massachusetts, who was visiting Yucca Valley with his parents, died when bricks from a chimney collapsed into a living room where he was sleeping [8] and more than 400 people sustained injuries as a result of the earthquake.[2]

USGS ShakeMap for the event

Related events

The quake was preceded by the 6.1 magnitude Joshua Tree earthquake on April 23, 1992, which was located to the south of the future Landers epicenter.[9] The 6.5 magnitude Big Bear earthquake, which hit about three hours later after the Landers mainshock, was originally considered an aftershock. However, the United States Geological Survey determined that this was a separate, but related, earthquake. These two earthquakes are considered a regional earthquake sequence, rather than a main shock and aftershock.[10] The 5.7 magnitude Little Skull Mountain (LSM) earthquake the following day, June 29, 1992, at 10:14 UTC near Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is also considered part of the regional sequence and may have been triggered by surface wave energy produced by the Landers earthquake. Foreshock activity, in the form of a significant increase in micro-earthquakes, was observed at Little Skull Mountain following the Landers earthquake, and the activity continued until the main LSM earthquake.[11]

Theories

The Landers earthquake and the other large quakes associated with it in the Mohave region have been attributed to two possible long-term trends. One of these is that the San Andreas Fault may be in the process of being replaced as the plate boundary (between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate) by a new trend across the Mohave and east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The other is that these quakes were a manifestation of the propagation of rifting coming up from the Gulf of California.[12] Research is ongoing.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Landers Earthquake". Southern California Earthquake Data Center. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  2. 1 2 USGS. "M7.3 - Southern California". United States Geological Survey.
  3. ↑ Hauksson, E.; Jones, L. M.; Hutton, K.; Eberhart-Phillips, D. (1993). "The 1992 Landers Earthquake Sequence: Seismological observations". Journal of Geophysical Research (American Geophysical Union) 98 (B11): 19835–19858. doi:10.1029/93jb02384.
  4. 1 2 3 "Landers Earthquake". Southern California Earthquake Data Center. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
  5. ↑ LaMacchia, Diane (July 17, 1992). "Yucca Valley earthquake surprised experts". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
  6. 1 2 Sébastien Leprince; François Ayoub, Yann Klinger, Jean-Philippe Avouac (July 2007). "Co-Registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation (COSI-Corr): an Operational Methodology for Ground Deformation Measurements" (PDF). Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2007. IGARSS 2007. (IEEE International): 1943–1946. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423207.
  7. ↑ "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  8. ↑ Gebe Martinez (June 30, 1992). "The Landers and Big Bear Quakes : Death of Toddler Touches Many in Close-Knit Town". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
  9. ↑ The 1992 Landers Earthquake Sequence: Seismological Observations
  10. ↑ "EL SALVADOR". Earthquake Report. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
  11. ↑ "The 1992 Little Skull Mountain Earthquake Sequence, Southern Nevada Test Site" (PDF). USGS.
  12. ↑ LaMacchia, Diane (July 17, 1992). "Yucca Valley earthquake surprised experts". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, March 08, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.