Legitimacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

The Kosovo War
Before March 1999

Kosovo Liberation Army
Battle of Belaćevac Mine
Battle of Lodja
Battle of Glodjane
Battle of Junik
Attack on Prekaze
Lapušnik prison camp
Gornje Obrinje massacre
Račak massacre

NATO intervention

Massacre at Krusha e Madhe
Bela Crkva massacre
Civilian casualties
Izbica massacre
Podujevo massacre
Suva Reka massacre
Ćuška massacre
Battle of Košare

Other articles

Legitimacy
Humanitarian bombing
War crimes in the Kosovo War
Organ theft in Kosovo
Kosovo Relocated
Specialist Judicial Institution

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The legitimacy of the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been questioned by various parties. The key basis governing the legality of any act of war is international law. In this case, any course of action is also bound by other foundations such as the NATO and UN charters, both of which were drafted in accordance with pre-existing international regulation. Various pieces of legislation have been cited to substantiate claims as to whether or not the bombing was legal.

Supporters of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia argued that the bombing brought to an end the ethnic cleansing of Kosovo's Albanian population, and that it hastened (or caused) the downfall of Slobodan Milošević's government, which they saw as having been responsible for the international isolation of Yugoslavia, war crimes, and human rights violations.

Others view the action as of dubious legality. Some opponents of the bombing have argued that NATO targeted non-military buildings, resulting in civilian casualties.[1][2]

Legal arguments

NATO's argument for the bombing's legitimacy

NATO described the conditions in Kosovo as posing a risk to regional stability. As such, NATO and certain governments asserted they had a legitimate interest in developments in Kosovo, due to their impact on the stability of the whole region which, they claimed, is a legitimate concern of the Organisation.[3]

The UN Charter

The prohibition against the use of force in the UN Charter can be found in article 2(4) with two specific exceptions against this prohibition provided for in the Charter. The first is in Chapter VII, where the Security Council has been given power in order to fulfill its responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Article 42 states that should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.[4]

The second specific exception is found in article 51, regarding the right to self-defence. The article states that nothing in the present charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.[4]

While NATO did not have the backing of the United Nations Security Council to use force in Yugoslavia, nor claims an armed attack occurred against another state, its advocates contend that its actions were consistent with the United Nations Charter, claiming that the UN Charter prohibits unprovoked attacks only by individual states but condones such attacks by military coalitions of several states, such as NATO. The principal issue remains whether the member states of NATO, the U.S. and the European powers, violated the UN Charter by attacking a fellow UN member state in the absence of an attack or a threat of imminent attack on them and in the absence of UN Security Council authorization.

The United Nations considers NATO to be a "regional arrangement" under UN Article 52, which allows them to deal with matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action provided that such arrangements or agencies and their activities are consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. However, the UN policy on military intervention by regional arrangements in UN Article 53 states the Security Council can, where appropriate, "utilize such regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. However, no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council."

NATO's charter

NATO had justified the actions in Kosovo under Article 4 of its charter, which allows involved parties to consult together whenever political independence or security of any of the parties is threatened. Because the NATO actions in Kosovo were taken after consultation with all members, were approved by a NATO vote, and were undertaken by several NATO members, NATO contends that its actions were in accordance with its charter. Some however argue that Article 5 of NATO's charter restricts NATO's use of force to situations where a NATO member has been attacked. It has been argued therefore that NATO's actions were in violation of the charter of NATO itself.[5] Critics of this theory argue that the purpose of Article 5 is to require all NATO members to respond when any NATO member is attacked, not to restrict the circumstances under which NATO will choose to use force.

The Vienna Convention

Interpretation of Article 52 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in the signing of the Rambouillet Agreement by Serbia may conclude that the agreement is void due to the threat or use of force.[6]

Other views

Former Canadian ambassador James Bissett

James Byron Bissett, former Canadian ambassador to Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, stated that "Canada participated in a series of NATO-sanctioned war crimes against Yugoslavia". He stated that "NATO and the United States claimed that more than 100,000 ethnic Albanians had been killed as the result of Serb genocide". "The forensic experts found fewer than 2,000 graves and many of the people in those graves were Serbs," Bissett said. "There were more civilians killed in Serbia by the NATO bombing campaign."[7]

Noam Chomsky

Noam Chomsky was also very critical of the campaign and its aerial bombing in particular, where public utilities as well as military targets were bombed.[8][9] He viewed the bombing of the Radio Television of Serbia as an act of terrorism.[10]

Distraction from the Lewinsky scandal

Some opponents of the NATO intervention cited its timing, coming as it did on the heels of the Monica Lewinsky scandal, as an indication that the conflict was intended for political gain rather than for any humanitarian purpose.[11]

International acceptance of NATO actions

Kofi Annan

UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan supported the intervention in principle, saying "there are times when the use of force may be legitimate in the pursuit of peace", but was critical of unilateral action by NATO. He argued "under the [UN] Charter the Security Council has primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security - and this is explicitly acknowledged in the North Atlantic Treaty. Therefore, the Council should be involved in any decision to resort to the use of force."[12][13][14]

Russian attempt to end the bombing

On the day the bombing started, Russia called for the UN Security Council to meet to consider "an extremely dangerous situation caused by the unilateral military action of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia". However, a draft resolution, tabled jointly by Russia, Belarus and India, to demand "an immediate cessation of the use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" was defeated. There were only three votes in favour (Russia, China and Namibia) and twelve against, with no abstentions. Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil, Gabon, Gambia, Malaysia, and Slovenia, along with the US, Britain, France, Canada, and Netherlands voted against it.[15][16][17]

Rejection of Russia's condemnation amounted to political, but not legal, support of NATO's intervention. When the war ended with the Kumanovo Treaty and the bombing stopped, the creation on 10 June 1999 of the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), by Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999), amounted to a legal ratification post festum (after the event).[18]

References

  1. ↑ Coleman, Katharina Pichler (2007). International Organisations and Peace Enforcement: The Politics of International Legitimacy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87019-1.
  2. ↑ Erlanger, Steven (2000-06-08). "Rights Group Says NATO Bombing in Yugoslavia Violated Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
  3. ↑ Pugh, Michael Charles; Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu (2003). The United Nations & Regional Security: Europe and Beyond. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-58826-232-4.
  4. 1 2 Kaplan, William; Donald Malcolm McRae; Maxwell Cohen (1993). Law, Policy and International Justice: Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-1114-9.
  5. ↑ Boggs, Carl (2001). The End of Politics: Corporate Power and the Decline of the Public Sphere. Guilford Press. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-57230-504-5.
  6. ↑ Thomas, George (1999-05-15). "NATO and international law". On Line Opinion. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
  7. ↑ "Canadian diplomat claims NATO war crimes". B92. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  8. ↑ Chomsky, Noam (1999). The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-1633-8.
  9. ↑ Loeb, Vernon (1999-04-24). "Bit Players Become 'Frontline' States". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
  10. ↑ Chomsky, Noam (19 January 2015). "Chomsky: Paris attacks show hypocrisy of West's outrage". CNN International. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  11. ↑ , From Watergate to Monicagate: ten controversies in modern journalism and media By Herbert N. Foerstel, pg 131-135.
  12. ↑ "UN Press Release SG/SM/6938, 24 March 1999". Retrieved 2014-07-15.
  13. ↑ Annan, Kofi; with Nader Mousavizadeh (2012). Interventions. A Life in War and Peace. Penguin Books. pp. 92–97.
  14. ↑ Fischer, Horst; Avril McDonald (2000). Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law: 2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 27.
  15. ↑ "UN Press Release SC/6659, 26 March 1999". Retrieved 2014-07-15.
  16. ↑ Williams, Ian (1999-04-19). "Balkan Crisis Report - The UN's Surprising Support". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
  17. ↑ Denitch, Bogdan; Ian Williams (1999-04-08). "The Case Against Inaction". The Nation. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
  18. ↑ Henkin, Louis. 1999. Kosovo and the Law of "Humanitarian Intervention". [ed.] The American Journal of International Law. The American Journal of International Law. 10 1, 1999, Vol. 93, 4, pp. 824-828

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