Leominster, Massachusetts

Leominster, Massachusetts
City

Downtown Leominster

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Nickname(s): Pioneer Plastics City

Location in Worcester County and the state of Massachusetts.
Leominster, Massachusetts

Located right behind Jupiter

Coordinates: 42°31′30″N 71°45′37″W / 42.52500°N 71.76028°W / 42.52500; -71.76028Coordinates: 42°31′30″N 71°45′37″W / 42.52500°N 71.76028°W / 42.52500; -71.76028
Country United States
State Massachusetts
County Worcester
Settled 1640
Incorporated 1740
Government
 • Type Mayor-council city
 • Mayor Dean J. Mazzarella
 • City Council Robert A. Salvatelli
John Dombrowski
James Lanciani, Jr
Claire M. Freda
Gail P. Feckley (Ward 1)
Wayne A. Nickel (Ward 2)
David R. Cormier (Ward 3)
Mark C. Bodanza (Ward 4)
Richard M. Marchand (Ward 5)
Area
 • Total 29.7 sq mi (77.7 km2)
 • Land 28.9 sq mi (74.3 km2)
 • Water 0.9 sq mi (2.1 km2)
Elevation 400 ft (123 m)
Population (2014)
 • Total 40,760
 • Density 1,400/sq mi (520/km2)
Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) Eastern (UTC-4)
ZIP code 01453
Area code(s) 351 / 978
FIPS code 25-35075
GNIS feature ID 0617697
Website http://www.leominster-ma.gov

Leominster (/ˈlɛmənstər/ LEM-ən-stər) is a city in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the second-largest city in Worcester County, with a population of 40,759 at the 2010 census. Leominster is located north of Worcester and west of Boston. Both Route 2 and Route 12 pass through Leominster. Interstate 190, Route 13, and Route 117 all have starting/ending points in Leominster. Leominster is bounded by Fitchburg and Lunenburg to the north, Lancaster to the east, Sterling and Princeton to the south, and Westminster to the west.

History

Probably taking the name from Leominster, Herefordshire, England. The region was originally inhabited by various divisions of the Pennacook or Nipmuc Native Americans, who lived along the Nashua River. The river provided fertile soil for the cultivation of corn, beans, squash and tobacco.[1] European settlers began arriving in the mid-17th century and in 1653, the area of Leominster was first founded as part of the town of Lancaster.[2]

The European settlers and native people lived peacefully for a number of years, until the start of King Philip's War in 1675.[1][2] The violent war between the native Indians and early settlers killed hundreds of people and drove off the inhabitants from the area.[1][2] After the war, Lancaster remained virtually deserted until a new land grant was offered to residents in 1701.[1][2] To prevent further conflict with the native Indians, the settlers negotiated with Chief Sholan of the Nashaway tribe for the land.[2] It would be the only parcel of land to be legally purchased in Central Massachusetts.[2]

North Leominster train depot in 1915

By 1737, the area of Leominster had gained enough residents to be incorporated as a separate town. The town of Leominster was officially incorporated on July 4, 1740.[1][2]

Around the time of the Civil War, Leominster was a major contributor in the Underground Railroad. The Emory Stearn Schoolhouse and the John Drake home, led anti-slavery campaigns and helped house fugitive slaves.[3]

In Leominster’s early existence, the town was primarily a small farming community, but towards the beginning of the 19th century, the economy quickly shifted into manufacturing.[1] The town became a regional transportation hub around 1800, with the opening of the Fifth Massachusetts Turnpike and the connections of the Union Turnpike and Cambridge and Concord Turnpikes in 1808.[4] However, manufacturing in Leominster was truly made possible by the opening of the Fitchburg Railroad that ran through North Leominster and into Boston, and the Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad that ran through the center of town.[4] By the 1850s, paper mills, piano makers, and comb manufacturers had established factories along the Monoosnoc Brook and Nashua River.[1][2] While the earliest settlers in Leominster were primarily of British ancestry, many immigrants soon gathered to work in Leominster’s expanding factories.[1] The first group of immigrants was primarily Irish, followed by the French and the Italians into the early 20th century.[1] These new waves of immigrants caused the population to surge from just 2,069 in 1840 to 19,744 by 1920.[5] In 1915, Leominster was officially chartered as a city.[6]

Monument Square in 1907.

While many different industries established themselves in Leominster, it was the comb industry that particularly flourished.[7] Construction of combs was a time-consuming and painstaking process, involving preparation of the natural materials such as animal horn, roughing out of a basic form, and finally, individual cutting of the teeth.[8] By 1853, there were already 146 employees working in 24 different comb factories across the town.[2] By the mid-1800s, however, availability of the natural materials used to make combs, such as animal horns and hooves, was diminishing rapidly, and an alternative material was needed.[7]

The solution would come in a new material called celluloid invented in 1868.[7] The new plastic would revolutionize the comb industry and give Leominster the nickname the “Comb City.” [7] The versatility of celluloid would also give manufactures the opportunity to expand to many different products outside of combs.[7] The largest plastic manufacturer in the city was the Viscoloid Company founded by Bernard Wendell Doyle in 1901.[7] In 1914, the Viscoloid Company pioneered making toys out of pyroxylin plastic, and by 1923 the company was the largest employer in Leominster.[7] Viscoloid would be sold to The DuPont Company in 1925, and renamed the Dupont Viscoloid Company.

The second invention to revolutionize plastic production in Leominster was the development of modern injection molding.[7] Samuel Foster, a Leominster resident of German ancestry, first worked for the Viscoloid Company, then established his own business, Foster Grant. In 1931, Foster visited Jack Goodman's New York factory and learned about an injection molding machine,[8] invented in Germany in the early 1920s.[7] Foster ordered several of the new machines, and had them secretly shipped via Worcester to his Foster Grant manufacturing factory in Leominster, where his mechanics focused on getting them to work and modifying them.[8] Molding technology made it possible for Foster Grant to make not only combs, but a wide variety of other articles, including plastic sunglasses, selling 20 million pair in 1937.[8] The new technology would pay great dividends for the plastic industry in the city and the country.[7] Soon the city would be coined the “Pioneer Plastics City” for its important history in the plastics industry.[7]

The former Whitney Carriage Company Complex

Leominster was also the home of Tupperware, founded in 1938 by Earl Tupper. His "wonderbowl," with its airtight "burping" seal became popular after Brownie Wise convinced him to demonstrate and sell Tupperware at home parties.[9][10]

Leominster also boasted large manufactures Standard Tool Company, Selig Manufacturing Co. Inc, C.E. Buckley, Inc. (manufacturer of religious articles) and the Whitney Carriage Company, which was once the largest manufacturer of baby carriages in the world.[7]

In 1956, the plastic pink flamingo lawn-ornament was invented in Leominster for Union Products. The famous lawn-ornament was designed by Don Featherstone, and was modelled after pictures of flamingos in National Geographic.[7][11]

Although the Great Depression slowed the plastic industry in Leominster, it was not until the late 20th century that there was a full-scale decline in plastic manufacturing. Following the national trend, manufactures were moving out of the cities to cheaper alternatives across the country and overseas.[7] Despite the changing landscape, the population of Leominster would continually rise into the 21st century, surpassing her twin city of Fitchburg in 2000 as the second largest city in Worcester County. The Latino communities of Leominster also saw huge growth towards the later half of the 20th century.[12]

Twin City Plaza mall on Route 2

In recent decades, Route 2 and the building of I-190 have further altered the city into a more commercial and suburban landscape.[7] The construction of the Twin City Plaza, Mall at Whitney Field and other shopping centers have all contributed to significant commercial growth in the city and have made Leominster one of Central Massachusetts’ largest retail destination. Inexpensive land cost has also made the city an attractive living destination for commuters to both Worcester and Boston.[7] Nevertheless, Leominster still preserves some of its manufacturing heritage and many plastic manufactures retain establishment in the city.[7]

Geography

View across Monument Square in downtown Leominster, the site of the city's traditional New England common

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 29.8 square miles (77 km2), of which 28.9 square miles (75 km2) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2), or 2.96%, is water.

Leominster is primarily located on a plateau above the Nashua River.[1] The river runs through the eastern proportion of the city and then cuts through the northern part of the city as it meanders towards Fitchburg.[13] Northern and Western Leominster have a more rugged terrain defined by scattered hills.[14] The most prominent hills are both the North and South Monoosnoc Hills in the western part of the city. The South Monoosnoc Hill is the highest point in the town at 1,020 feet.[14] In the 19th century, the south hill was quarried for granite used in home foundations.[14] West of the two hills lies the No town Reservoir and Leominster State Forest. To the east, lies the Monoosnoc Brook which winds through the center of town and was an important power source for early manufacturers.[14]

Villages

The city is divided into several small "villages" such as French Hill, a large hill covered in planned blocks of "triple decker" apartment houses located from 1st Street to 12th Street. It is called French Hill because this is where the large immigrant French population took root. In the early 20th century, on Lincoln Terrace, immigrating Italian families began to arrive in the area and built a semi-closed society which existed for many years. The French population built a new church and moved closer to it. Other areas include Morse Hollow, North Leominster, Rice Hill, the Flats, the Bowery, the West Side, and the Car Barn area, located along the Fitchburg border, so-called because the Fitchburg & Leominster Railway trolley cars were stored and maintained in this area. It now has buses. A granite marker showing the birthplace of Johnny Appleseed can be found on Johnny Appleseed Lane.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
17901,189—    
18001,486+25.0%
18101,584+6.6%
18201,790+13.0%
18301,861+4.0%
18402,069+11.2%
18503,121+50.8%
18603,522+12.8%
18703,894+10.6%
18805,772+48.2%
18907,269+25.9%
190012,392+70.5%
191017,580+41.9%
192019,744+12.3%
193021,810+10.5%
194022,226+1.9%
195024,075+8.3%
196027,929+16.0%
197032,939+17.9%
198034,508+4.8%
199038,145+10.5%
200041,303+8.3%
201040,759−1.3%
201441,150+1.0%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][5]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[25]

As of the census[26] of 2000, there were 41,303 people, 16,491 households, and 10,900 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,430.3 people per square mile (552.2/km²). There were 16,976 housing units at an average density of 587.9 per square mile (227.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.50% White, 3.70% African American, 0.15% Native American, 2.44% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 4.32% from other races, and 2.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.00% of the population (7.9% Puerto Rican, 2.0% Uruguayan, 1.1% Dominican, 0.7% Mexican, 0.3% Guatemalan, 0.3% Colombian).[27]

There were 16,491 households out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the city the population was spread out with 25.5% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $44,893, and the median income for a family was $54,660. Males had a median income of $41,013 versus $30,201 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,769. About 7.2% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.0% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

As of 2000, the management and professional fields were the city's largest sector, and employed over 32% of Leominster's workforce.[28] 26.8% of the workforce is employed in sales and office occupations, and 20.2% are employed in education, health and social services.[28] Manufacturing constitutes 25.5% of the city's employees.[28] 84.3% of workers commute alone to the workplace, and 9.1% carpool. 1.7% use public transportation and another 1.7% walk.[28] The average one-way commute time is about 25 minutes.[28]

Culture

Leominster has a long cultural history including various theatres, performance groups, exhibits and entertainment events. The Leominster Colonial Band, founded by Italian immigrants in 1910, has presented a free summer concerts series since the 1930s. Their annual Christmas concert, begun in 1990, is a favorite city tradition. Since 1973, the Thayer Symphony Orchestra has been performing in Central Massachusetts.[29][30] Composed of orchestra professional, community volunteers, and student musicians, Thayer Symphony Orchestra’s popularity forced them to move to the Straos Dukakus Performing Arts Center at Montachusett Regional Vocational School in Fitchburg in 2000.[29][30] The Orchestra’s concerts sell-out annually.[29] Since 1996, the Central Massachusetts Repertory Theater has performed at the Congregation Agudat Achim synagogue in Leominster.[29] The Leominster Art Association promotes the arts in Leominster from their home on Route 13.[31] Every spring, the Association holds an three-day exhibition of local art downtown at St. Leo’s Church.[29] At the exhibition, a high school senior from Central Massachusetts is award a $500 scholarship annually to continue their art education[29]

The Starburst Festival is held every June at Doyle Field.[29] The festival includes live entertainment, concessions, musical presentations, and a band concert by the Starburst Orchestra and fireworks, drawing over 8,000 visitors each year.[29] The Leominster “citizens of the Year” awards are also presented to one man and one woman resident during the festival.[29]

In September, Leominster hosts the Johnny Appleseed Festival in celebration of the fall season and city’s local hero Johnny Appleseed.[29] Held at Monument Square since 1994, the festival features crafts, booths, entertainment and a parade. The festival boasts over a hundred local booths, and a food court sponsored by local restaurants and multicultural groups. Leominster was formerly home to the National Plastics Center and Museum, until the museum closed in 2008.[32]

Recreation

The Leominster Recreation Department maintains 103 acres of property in Leominster, including numerous parks and playgrounds.[33] Notable parks include Monument Square, Arthur A. Fournier Sr. Memorial Park, Evelyn Hachey Park, Justin DesSantis Field, Bachand Field and Barret Park, which houses the Recreation Department's main offices. Doyle Field, located downtown on Priest Street, is the city’s main athletic complex, including eight tennis courts, a soccer field and track, baseball field, playground, combination football-soccer stadium, and clubhouse.[33] Dedicated in 1931, Doyle field opened with a seating capacity of 6,200 and temporary bleachers for nearly 10,000 spectators.[34] In 2005, the field went under a huge renovation project to be completed in 2020.[34][35] The project was broken up into 3 phases and phases 1 and 2 have been mostly completed through 2012.[35] The renovation has costs $5 million through 2012.[35] The renovation includes replacing bleachers, installing new turf, new locker rooms, concessions, press box, entertainment pavilion, ticket booths and expanding seating capacity from 4,572 to 6,912 seats.[35]

Crow Hill Pond at Leominster State Forest

The Doyle Community Park & Center is a 167-acre open-space reservation managed by the Trustees of Reservation.[36] The reservation includes the Doyle Conservation center which houses the trustees Central Massachusetts headquarters, conference meeting rooms, and serves as an event venue.[36]

The city is also home to the 4,300-acre Leominster State Forest, a popular hiking destination.[37] Within the state forest are Crow Hill Pond and Paradise Pond, both popular summer picnic and swimming getaways. During the winter season the forest is open to cross country skiing, snow shoeing and snowmobiling.[37]

Local golf courses include Monoosnock Country Club (9 holes) and Grand View Country Club (9 holes). Other courses in the area include Red Tail Golf Course (18 holes) and Oak Hill Country Club (18 holes).

Sports

Leominster High School has a long tradition of excellence in sports, and success is a huge focal point for the city. The Leominster High Blue Devils Football is one of the most successful high school football programs in the state including a record 11 State Super Bowl titles.[38] The Leominster Blue Devils main rival is the Red Raiders of Fitchburg High School. The two football programs have played every year since 1894, and have played 103 consecutive Thanksgiving Day Games, and is second to only Needham and Wellesley for oldest high school football rivalry in the state.

Legendary Leominster Football players and coaches include Lou Little, Ronnie Cahill, and Frank Novak.[34]

The city is also home to the Wachusett Dirt Dawgs of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League. The team was one of three expansion teams to the league in 2012.[39] The Dirt Dawgs play at the newly renovated Doyle Baseball Field.[40] Leominster hosts New England Football League semi-pro team, The Leominster Razorbacks.[41]

Government

City Hall in downtown Leominster

Leominster operates under a mayor-council form of government in which the mayor holds sole executive power.[42] The city is divided into five wards and voters select a mayor, a council member representing their ward and four at-large council members.[42] The mayor has the power to appoint department heads and members of city boards, subject to approval by the city council.[42] The current mayor of Leominster is Dean J. Mazzarella.[43] Mazzeralla was sworn in on January 3, 1994 and is serving his eleventh term as mayor.[43] He is the longest running mayor in Leominster history.[6]

View of Downtown Leominster

Education

Public education in the city is operated by the Leominster Public School District. Leominster has four neighborhood elementary schools that serve students in grades K-5 (Fall Brook, Johnny Appleseed, Northwest, Southeast), two middle schools (Samoset and Skyview) for grades 6–8, and Leominster High School for grades 9–12. Leominster High school is composed of an academic unit and a vocational unit called the Center for Technical Education. The district also operates three preschool programs: the Bennett School, Lincoln Preschool at Samoset and Priest Street School.

Leominster Public Library, 2010

Leominster is also home to two private schools, St. Leo Catholic School and St. Anna Catholic School. St. Leo’s School is part of Leominster’s St. Leo Parish, while St. Anna’s School is part of St. Anna Parish; both are affiliated with the Diocese of Worcester.

Post-secondary education opportunities include the Leominster campus of Mount Wachusett Community College and Fitchburg State University in neighboring Fitchburg.[44]

The Leominster Public library is the city’s main public library. Established in 1856, the public library moved from different locations until a permanent structure opened in 1910.[45][46] In order to secure finances for the new structure, a library trustee applied for aid from philanthropist Andrew Carnegie.[47] Carnegie donated $27,500, citing only if the town would appropriate 10 percent of that amount annually for the support of the library.[47] In fiscal year 2008, the city of Leominster spent 1.39% ($1,183,076) of its budget on its public library—some $28 per person.[48]

Media

Newspapers

The Sentinel & Enterprise, a daily paper based in Fitchburg, is the main source of printed media in Leominster. The paper formed in 1973 by the merger of the Fitchburg Sentinel and the Leominster Enterprise, which dated back to 1873.[49] The paper maintains a satellite news bureau in Leominster. Worcester County is also served by the daily Worcester Telegram & Gazette out of Worcester. Locally, the Leominster Champion serves as a weekly community paper. On The Scene Magazine serves greater Leominster as a monthly entertainment publication.[50]

Television

Leominster Access Television (LATV) is the city’s public access television station providing residents with local programs and meetings. The station broadcasts the annual Leominster-Fitchburg Thanksgiving football game every year.

Transportation

The MBTA station in North Leominster

Commuter rail service from Boston's North Station is provided by the MBTA with a stop in North Leominster on its Fitchburg Line.[51]

Extensive local bus transportation is provided by the Montachusett Regional Transit Authority, also known as the Montachusett Area Regional Transit or MART. This service operates specifically in Leominster, Fitchburg, and Gardner. MAX provides intercity bus service to Worcester, Fitchburg, Amherst, and Northampton with intermediate stops.<[52]

Fitchburg Municipal Airport, an airport in neighboring Fitchburg, serves as the air-hub of the area.

Notable people

Johnny Appleseed, Harper's Magazine, 1871

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Leominster Historical Commission Book Committee; Tremblay, Gilbert P. (2006). "Early History of Leominster". Combing through Leominster's History. Office of the Mayor. pp. 9–28.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wilder, David (1852). "History of Leominster". History of Leominster. pp. 5–9. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  3. ↑ Capalbo, Danielle M. (January 27, 2008). "Old house in Leominster has a history". The Boston Globe.
  4. 1 2 Leominster Historical Commission Book Committee; Tremblay, Gilbert P. (2006). "Transportation". Combing through Leominster's History. Office of the Mayor. pp. 133–144.
  5. 1 2 "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). 1: Number of Inhabitants. Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21–7 through 21-09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  6. 1 2 Leominster Historical Commission Book Committee; Tremblay, Gilbert P. (2006). "Leominster, The City". Combing through Leominster's History. Office of the Mayor. pp. 29–42.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Leominster Historical Commission Book Committee; Tremblay, Gilbert P. (2006). "Business and Industry". Combing through Leominster's History. Office of the Mayor. pp. 145–174.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Gross, Daniel A. (2015). "Plastic Town". Distillations Magazine 1 (3): 26–33. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  9. ↑ "Tupperware inventor born, July 28, 1907". Mass Moments. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  10. ↑ "Biography: Earl Silas Tupper". PBS: American Experience. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  11. ↑ "Retro pink flamingos to hatch in New York". MSNBC. 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18967357/. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. Published: May 31, 2007. From the Associated Press, on the purchase and re-production of Don Featherstone's original plastic-flamingo design.
  12. ↑ Leominster Historical Commission Book Committee; Tremblay, Gilbert P. (2006). "The Immigration Experience". Combing through Leominster's History. Office of the Mayor. pp. 107–132.
  13. ↑ Wilder, David (1852). "Ponds, Rivers, etc.". History of Leominster. pp. 22–24. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Wilder, David (1852). "Surface, Soil and Productions". History of Leominster. pp. 25–42. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  15. ↑ "TOTAL POPULATION (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010.
  16. ↑ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  17. ↑ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  18. ↑ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  19. ↑ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  20. ↑ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  21. ↑ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  22. ↑ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  23. ↑ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  24. ↑ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  26. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  27. ↑ QT-P10|Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 2010 Census Summary File 1
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 "Leominster city, Massachusetts Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Leominster Historical Commission Book Committee; Tremblay, Gilbert P. (2006). "Arts and Culture in Leominster". Combing through Leominster's History. Office of the Mayor. pp. 175–204. ,
  30. 1 2 "Thayer Symphoney Orchestra Today". Thayer Symphoney Orchestra. 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  31. ↑ History. Leominster Art Association. 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  32. ↑ Radvon, Erik (November 11, 2008). "National Plastics Center and Museum closing Lancaster Street facility by year's end". Leominster Champion. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  33. 1 2 "Leominster Recreation Department". City of Leominster, Massachusetts. 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  34. 1 2 3 Leominster Historical Commission Book Committee; Tremblay, Gilbert P. (2006). "Leominster Sports". Combing through Leominster's History. Office of the Mayor. pp. 205–222. ,
  35. 1 2 3 4 "Doyle Field Renovation Project". The Doyle Field Foundation Inc. 2005–2009. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  36. 1 2 "About Doyle Community Park & Center Renovation Project". Trustees of Reservations. 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  37. 1 2 "Leominster State Forest". Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  38. ↑ Stout, Matt (December 3, 2011). "new, old school look to Leominster". ESPN Boston.
  39. ↑ "FCBL expands to Pittsfield, Old Orchard Beach, Wachusett". Ballpark Digest. 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  40. ↑ Gearan, Jay (July 12, 2012). "Wachusett Dirt Dawgs launch inaugural season". Worcester Telegram & Gazette.
  41. ↑ "Razorbacks are best kept secret in Leominster | September 18, 2009 | www.leominsterchamp.com | Leominster Champion". www.leominsterchamp.com. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  42. 1 2 3 "Executive Branch" (PDF). City of Leominster, Massachusetts. 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  43. 1 2 "Major's Office". City of Leominster, Massachusetts. 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Our Campuses". Mount Wachusett Community College. 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  45. ↑ C.B. Tillinghast. The free public libraries of Massachusetts. 1st Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1891. Google books
  46. ↑ http://www.leominsterlibrary.org/ Retrieved 2010-11-10
  47. 1 2 Leominster Historical Commission Book Committee; Tremblay, Gilbert P. (2006). "Public Library". Combing through Leominster's History. Office of the Mayor. pp. 145–174.
  48. ↑ July 1, 2007 through June 30, 2008; cf. The FY2008 Municipal Pie: What’s Your Share? Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Board of Library Commissioners. Boston: 2009. Available: Municipal Pie Reports. Retrieved 2010-08-04
  49. ↑ Elfland, Mike. "Sentinel & Enterprise Sale Set". Telegram & Gazette (Worcester, Mass.), January 8, 1997.
  50. ↑ "Leominster Champion". Leominster Champion. 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  51. ↑ MBTA website.mbta.com. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
  52. ↑ "MAX Service Schedules". TrueNorth Transit Group. Retrieved 23 December 2015.

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