Economy of Libya

Economy of Libya

Libya's economy relies heavily on oil. The ENI Oil Bouri DP4 in the Bouri Field is the biggest platform in the Mediterranean sea.
Currency Libyan dinar (LD)
calendar year
Trade organisations
 OPEC, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Statistics
GDP $41.50 billion (2014)[1]
GDP rank 61st (nominal)
73rd (PPP)
GDP growth
 -24% [1]
GDP per capita
 $15,900 (2014) [1]
GDP by sector
 agriculture 2%, industry 45.5, services 52.5% (2014)
2.8% (2014)
Population below poverty line
 NA%
Labour force
 1.438 million (2014)
Labour force by occupation
 agriculture 17%, industry 23%, services and government 59% (2013)
Unemployment 20.70% (2009), 19.5% (2011)
Main industries
 petroleum, steel, iron, food processing, textiles, cement
External
Exports $52.02 billion (2012 est.), $38.45 billion (2013 est.)
Export goods
 crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas, chemicals
Main export partners
  Italy 17.7%
 France 13.1%
 Germany 11.9%
 Netherlands 8.5%
  Switzerland 6.1%
 Spain 6%
 Greece 4.8%
 Austria 4.3% (2014)[2]
Imports $18.1 billion (2012 est.), $27.15 billion (2013 est.)
Import goods
 machinery, transport equipment, semi-finished goods, food, consumer products
Main import partners
  Italy 15.1%
 China 12.3%
 Turkey 11.8%
 Egypt 5.7%
 South Korea 5.1%
 Tunisia 4.7%
 Spain 4.4% (2014)[3]
FDI stock
 $16.84 billion (31 December 2012 est.), $17.92 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$5.278 billion (31 December 2012 est.), $6.319 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
Public finances
$4.267 billion (2005)
Revenues Increase$41.54 billion (2013 est.)
Expenses $41.87 (2013 est.)
Economic aid recipient ODA $9 million (2010), $642 million (2011), $87 million (2012) [4]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The Economy of Libya depends primarily upon revenues from the petroleum sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and over half of GDP. These oil revenues and a small population have given Libya the highest nominal per capita GDP in Africa.[5]

After 2000, Libya recorded favourable growth rates with an estimated 10.6% growth of GDP in 2010. This development was interrupted by the Libyan Civil War, which resulted in contraction of the economy by 62.1% in 2011. After the war the economy rebounded by 104.5% in 2012, but it has yet to achieve its pre-war level.

Macro-economic trend

Libya had seen fantastic growth rate, however these proved unsustainable in the face of global oil recession and international sanctions. Consequently, the GDP per capita shrank by 40% in the 1980s. Successful diversification and integration into the international community helped current GDP per capita to cut further deterioration to just 3.2% in the 1990s.

Libyan GDP per capita was about $40 in the early 1920s and it rose to $1,018 by 1967. In 1947 alone, per capita GDP rose by 42 percent.

Below is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Libya at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Libyan dinars (LYD).

Year GDP USD to LYD Inflation Index
(2000 = 100) 		Per Capita Income
(as % of USA)
1980 10,882 0.29 LYD 25 104.37
1985 8,227 0.29 LYD 45 46.13
1990 8,185 0.28 LYD 57 30.42
1995 10,679 0.34 LYD 89 24.45
2000 17,668 0.51 LYD 100 20.70
2005 50,693 1.22 LYD 80 18.49

Notes:
1. For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 0.77 Libyan Dinars only.

Mean wages were $9.51 per man-hour in 2009 (amounts to a compensation of $1598 for 21 working days of 8 hours).

Oil sector

See also: Energy in Libya

Libya is an OPEC member and holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa (followed by Nigeria and Algeria), 41.5 Gbbl (6.60×109 m3) as of January 2007, up from 39.1 Gbbl (6.22×109 m3) in 2006. About 80% of Libya’s proven oil reserves are located in the Sirte Basin, which is responsible for 90% of the country’s oil output.[6] The state-owned National Oil Corporation (NOC) dominates Libya's oil industry, along with smaller subsidiaries, which combined account for around 50% of the country's oil output. Among NOC's subsidiaries, the largest oil producer is the Waha Oil Company (WOC), followed by the Agoco, Zueitina Oil Company (ZOC), and Sirte Oil Company (SOC). Oil resources, which account for approximately 95% of export earnings, 75% of government receipts, and over 50% of GDP. Oil revenues constitute the principal foreign exchange source. Reflecting the heritage of the command economy, three quarters of employment is in the public sector, and private investment remains small at around 2% of GDP.[7]

Falling world oil prices in the early 1980s and economic sanctions caused a serious decline in economic activity, eventually leading to a slow private sector rehabilitation. At 2.6% per year on average, real GDP growth was modest and volatile during the 1990s. Libya's GDP grew in 2001 due to high oil prices, the end of a long cyclical drought, and increased foreign direct investment following the suspension of UN sanctions in 1999. Real GDP growth has been boosted by high oil revenues, reaching 4.6% in 2004 and 3.5% in 2005. Despite efforts to diversify the economy and encourage private sector participation, extensive controls of prices, credit, trade, and foreign exchange constrain growth.

Although UN sanctions were suspended in 1999, foreign investment in the Libyan gas and oil sectors were severely curtailed due to the U.S. Iran and Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA), which caps the amount foreign companies can invest in Libya yearly at $20 million (lowered from $40 million in 2001). As of May 2006, the U.S. has removed Libya from its list of states that sponsor terrorism and has normalised ties and removed sanctions. This clears the road for U.S. oil companies to exploit Libyan oil and is expected to have a positive impact on the Libyan economy.

The NOC hopes to raise oil production from 1.80 million bpd in 2006 to 2 million bpd by 2008. FDI into the oil sector is likely, which is attractive due to its low cost of oil recovery, high oil quality, and proximity to European markets.[8] Most Libyan oil is sold on a term basis, including to the country's Oilinvest marketing network in Europe; to companies like Agip, OMV, Repsol YPF, Tupras, CEPSA, and Total; and small volumes to Asian and South African companies.[9]

Statistic Amount
Proven Oil Reserves (2007E) 41.5 Gbbl (6.60×10^9 m3)
Oil Production (2006E) 1.8 million barrels per day (290×10^3 m3/d) (95% crude)
Oil Consumption (2006E) 284,000 barrels per day (45,200 m3/d)
Net Oil Exports (2006E) 1.5 million barrels per day (240×10^3 m3/d)
Crude Oil Distillation Capacity (2006E) 378 kbbl/d (60.1×10^3 m3/d)
Proven Natural Gas Reserves (2007E) 52.7×10^12 cu ft (1.49×1012 m3)
Natural Gas Production (2006E) 3,999×10^9 cu ft (1.132×1011 m3)
Natural Gas consumption (2005E) 206×10^9 cu ft (5.8×109 m3)

Notes:
1. Energy Information Administration (2007)

Field Development and Exploration

Further information: Oil reserves in Libya
Oil is Libya's major resource.

In November 2005, Repsol YPF discovered a significant oil deposit of light, sweet crude in the Murzuq Basin. Industry experts believe the discovery to be one of the biggest made in Libya for several years. Repsol YPF is joined by a consortium of partners including OMV, Total and Norsk Hydro. Also located in Murzuq Basin is Eni’s Elephant field. In October 1997, a consortium led by British company Lasmo, along with Eni and a group of five South Korean companies, announced that it had discovered large recoverable crude reserves about 800 kilometres (500 mi) south of Tripoli.[10] Lasmo estimated field production would cost around $1 per barrel. Elephant began production in February 2004.

WOC's Waha fields currently produce around 350,000 bbl/d (56,000 m3/d). In 2005, ConocoPhillips and co-venturers reached an agreement with NOC to return to its operations in Libya and extend the Waha concession 25 years. ConocoPhillips operates the Waha fields with a 16.33% share in the project. NOC has the largest share of the Waha concession, and additional partners include Marathon and Amerada Hess.[11]

Refining and Downstream

Libya has five domestic refineries:

Refinery Capacity Operator
Zawia Refinery 120,000 ZOC
Ras Lanuf Refinery 220,000 Rasco
El-Brega Refinery 10,000 SOC
Tobruk Refinery 20,000 Agoco
Sarir Refinery 10,000 Agoco

Notes:
1. Amounts in barrels per day.

Diversification

Pivot irrigation in Kufra, southeast Cyrenaica. Oil wealth has enabled Libya to pursue extravagant projects such as agriculture and the Great Manmade River in the Sahara Desert.
Modern buildings in Tripoli

In 2007, mining and hydrocarbon industries accounted for well over 95 percent of the Libyan economy. Diversification of the economy into manufacturing industries remain a long-term issue.

Although agriculture is the second-largest sector in the economy, Libya depends on imports in most foods. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit farm output, and domestic food production meets only about 25% of demand. Domestic conditions limit output, while higher incomes and a growing population have caused food consumption to rise. Because of low rainfall levels in Libya, agricultural projects such as the Kufra oasis rely on underground water sources. Libya's primary agricultural water source remains the Great Manmade River (GMMR), but significant resources are being invested in desalinization research to meet growing demand. Libyan agricultural projects and policies are overseen by a General Inspector; there is no Ministry of Agriculture, per se.[12]

Labor market

Libya posted a 3.3% rate of population growth during 1960-2003. In 2003, 86% of the population was urban, compared to 45% in 1970. Although no reliable estimates are available, unemployment is reportedly acute: over 50% of the population under the age of 20. Moreover, despite the bias of labor market regulations favoring Libyan workers, the mismatch of the educational system with market demand has produced a large pool of expatriate workers, with typically better-suited education and higher productivity. However, because of shortages for manual labor, Libya has also attracted important numbers of less skilled immigrants. Expatriate workers represent an estimated fifth of the labor force.[13]

Although significant, the proportion of expatriate workers is still below oil producing countries in the Persian Gulf. Foreign workers mainly come from the Maghreb, Egypt, Turkey, India, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Poland, Chad, Sudan, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[14][15] They tend to earn relatively high wages, taking either skilled or hard manual jobs. Census data for 2000 show the share of expatriates earning over LD 300 (US$230) per month was 20%, compared to 12% for Libyan nationals. A campaign encouraging conversion of qualified civil servants to entrepreneurs, in the face of public sector over employment and declining productivity, does not seem to be producing the desired results thus far.[7]

External trade and finance

Libyan export destinations in 2006.
A proportional representation of Libyan exports.

The Government is in the process of preparing a financial sector reform program. Recent legislation setting corporate governance standards for financial institutions makes progress towards better management and greater operational independence of public banks. However, Libyan public banks still lack management structures supported by skills in critical areas like credit, investment, risk management, and information and control systems.

The new banking law reinforces the independence of the Central Bank of Libya (CBL) and offers a legal framework for regulating banking activities, even if some provisions call for improvement. Despite progress brought by the new banking Law that specifies and limits its duties and responsibilities, the CBL remains the owner of the public banks, with the associated potential conflict of interest between ownership and regulation.

Financial sector reform has also progressed with partial interest rate liberalization. Interest rates have been liberalized on deposits, while a lending rate ceiling has been set above the discount rate. The Libyan Stock Exchange, established in 2007, is the first exchange of its kind in the country.

As of 13 March 2011, Libya Oil Holdings has had its €38m stake in Irish exploration firm Circle Oil frozen on foot of a European Union order that's been put in place to put pressure on the Gaddafi regime.[16]

Statistics

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 11%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Industrial production growth rate: 2.7% (2009)

Electricity - production: 24 billion kWh (2007 est)

Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1998)

Electricity - consumption: 22.17 billion kWh (2007 est)

Electricity - exports: 104 million kWh (2007)

Electricity - imports: 77 million kWh (2007)

Agriculture - products: wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables, peanuts, soybeans, cattle, corn

International rankings

Organisation Survey Ranking
Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal 2006 Index of Economic Freedom 152 out of 157
The Economist The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005 70 out of 111
Energy Information Administration Greatest Oil Reserves by Country, 2006 9 out of 20
Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index (2007) 155 out of 169
Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 131 out of 180
United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index 2005 58 out of 177

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "CIA World Factbook Libya". Central Intelligence Agency. February 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  2. ↑ "Export Partners of Libya". CIA World Factbook. 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  3. ↑ "Imports Partners of Libya". CIA World Factbook. 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  4. ↑ http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/documentupload/LBY.JPG OECD Statistics
  5. ↑ USD 12,062 as of 2010 (IMF estimate); rank 48 worldwide, followed by Equatorial Guinea with USD 11,081 on rank 51.
  6. ↑ Oil and Gas Journal, 2007
  7. 1 2 World Bank 2006
  8. ↑ International Crude Oil Market Handbook
  9. ↑ EIA 2007
  10. ↑ "OMV’s 1st Oil Find in Libya since Revolution". http://www.libya-businessnews.com/. Libya Business News. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2015. External link in |website= (help)
  11. ↑ EIA 2007 p.3
  12. ↑ Doing Business In LIBYA: A Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies, March, 2006
  13. ↑ Although, in the absence of a labor force survey, estimates are surrounded by considerable uncertainty
  14. ↑ http://www.seenews.com/news/latestnews/bosnia_senergoinvestsees2007profitunchanging_signscontractsinlibya_-151444/ Bosnia's Energoinvest Sees 2007 Profit Flat, Signs Contracts in Libya, Algeria
  15. ↑ http://www.arabianbusiness.com/506991-bosnian-firm-clinches-52mn-libya-deal?ln=en Bosnian firm clinches $52mn Libya deal
  16. ↑ Libya Stake in Circle Oil Frozen

References

External links

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