List of Falconidae

Falcons and caracaras
Brown falcon Falco berigora
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Falconiformes
Family:	Falconidae Vigors, 1824

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey and includes caracaras, laughing falcon, forest falcons, falconets, pygmy falcons, falcons and kestrels. They are small to medium-sized birds of prey, ranging in size from the black-thighed falconet, which can weight as little as 35 grams (1.2 oz), to the gyrfalcon, which can weigh as much as 1,735 grams (61.2 oz). They have strongly hooked bills, sharply curved talons and excellent eyesight. The plumage is usually composed of browns, whites, chestnut, black and grey, often with barring of patterning. There is little difference in the plumage of males and females, although a few species have some sexual dimorphism in boldness of plumage. They differ from other Falconiformes in killing with their beaks instead of their talons. They have a "tooth" on the side of their beak for the purpose.

They are classified in eleven genera and 67 species of which two are extinct.

Caracaras

Caracaras are principally birds of South and Central America. They are classified in five genera and 11 species of which one is extinct since 1906. Unlike the Falco falcons in the same family, the birds in the five relevant genera are not fast-flying aerial hunters, but are comparatively slow and are often scavengers (a notable exception being the red-throated caracara).

Genus Daptrius Vieillot, 1816 - 1 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Black caracara	Daptrius ater Vieillot, 1816	LC[2]	South America : Amazonia
Genus Ibycter Vieillot, 1816 - 1 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Red-throated caracara	Ibycter americanus Boddaert, 1783	LC[3]	Central & South America : Southern Mexico to southern Brazil
Genus Phalcoboenus d'Orbigny, 1834 - 4 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Carunculated caracara	Phalcoboenus carunculatus Des Murs, 1853	LC[4]	South America : Ecuador, southwest Colombia
Mountain caracara	Phalcoboenus megalopterus Meyen, 1834	LC[5]	South America : Peru to central Chile
White-throated caracara	Phalcoboenus albogularis Gould, 1837	LC[6]	South America : Southern Chile, southern Argentina
Striated caracara	Phalcoboenus australis Gmelin, 1788	NT[7]	South America : Southern islands
Genus Caracara Merrem, 1826 - 3 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Northern crested caracara	Caracara cheriway Jacquin, 1784	LC[8]	Southern US to northern South America	49-58[9]	107-130[9]	800-1,300[9]
Guadalupe caracara	Caracara lutosa† Ridgway, 1876	EX[10]	Guadalupe Island, Mexico Extinct probably since 1906[11]
Southern crested caracara	Caracara plancus Miller, 1777	LC[12]	Central and southern South America	49-59[13]	120-132[13]	900-1,600[13]
Genus Milvago Spix, 1824 - 2 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Yellow-headed caracara	Milvago chimachima Vieillot, 1816	LC[14]	Central & South America : Costa Rica to northern Argentina	38-46[15]		325 (avg) ♀:310-360 ♂:280-330
Chimango caracara	Milvago chimango Ridgway, 1876	LC[16]	South America : Southern Cone	37-40

Laughing falcon

Genus Herpetotheres Vieillot, 1817 - 1 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Laughing falcon	Herpetotheres cachinnans Linnaeus, 1758	LC[17]	Central & South America : Mexico to northern Argentina	46-56[18]	79-94[19]	♀:600-800[18] ♂:410-680[18]

Forest falcons

Forest falcons are endemic to the Americas. They are classified as 7 species in one genus. They are adapted for agility in thick cover rather than outright speed in the open air. They have short wings, long tails, and extraordinarily acute hearing. While generally visually inconspicuous, their songs are commonly heard.

Genus Micrastur G.R. Gray, 1841 - 7 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Barred forest falcon	Micrastur ruficollis Vieillot, 1817	LC[20]	Central & South America : Southern Mexico to northern Argentina
Plumbeous forest falcon	Micrastur plumbeus Sclater, WL, 1918	VU[21]	Central & South America : Southwestern Colombia, northwestern Ecuador	30-36[22]
Lined forest falcon	Micrastur gilvicollis Vieillot, 1817	LC[23]	South America : Amazonia
Cryptic forest falcon	Micrastur mintoni Whittaker, 2003	LC[24]	South America : From eastern Amazonia south to Bolivia
Slaty-backed forest falcon	Micrastur mirandollei Schlegel, 1862	LC[25]	Central & South America : Costa Rica to eastern Brazil
Collared forest falcon	Micrastur semitorquatus Vieillot, 1817	LC[26]	Central & South America : Central Mexico to northern Argentina
Buckley's forest falcon	Micrastur buckleyi Swann, 1919	LC[27]	South America : Western Amazonia

Falconets and pygmy falcons

Genus Spiziapteryx Kaup, 1852 - 1 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Spot-winged falconet	Spiziapteryx circumcincta Kaup, 1852	LC[28]	Southern central South America
Genus Polihierax Kaup, 1847 - 2 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Pygmy falcon	Polihierax semitorquatus Smith, 1836	LC[29]	Eastern and southern Africa
White-rumped falcon	Polihierax insignis Walden, 1872	NT[30]	Southeast Asia
Genus Microhierax Sharpe, 1874 - 5 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Collared falconet	Microhierax caerulescens Linnaeus, 1758	LC[31]	Northeast India through Southeast Asia
Black-thighed falconet	Microhierax fringillarius Drapiez, 1824	LC[32]	Malay Peninsula, Greater Sundas	14-16
White-fronted falconet	Microhierax latifrons Sharpe, 1879	NT[33]	Borneo
Philippine falconet	Microhierax erythrogenys Vigors, 1831	LC[34]	Philippines
Pied falconet	Microhierax melanoleucos Blyth, 1843	LC[35]	northeast India to southern China and central Vietnam

Falcons and kestrels

Falcons are roughly divisible into three or four groups. The first contains the kestrels (probably excepting the American kestrel); the second group contains slightly larger (on average) and more elegant species, the hobbies and relatives. Third are the peregrine falcon and its relatives: variably sized powerful birds which also have a black malar area (except some very light color morphs), and often a black cap also. Very similar to these and sometimes included therein are the 4 or so species of hierofalcons (literally, "hawk-falcons").

Genus Falco Linnaeus, 1758 - 40 species
Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Range[1]	Length (cm)	Wing span (cm)	Weight (g)	Picture
Lesser kestrel	Falco naumanni Fleischer, 1818	LC[36]	Southwestern, central and eastern Europe and Africa	27-33	63-72
Common kestrel	Falco tinnunculus Fleischer, 1818	LC[37]	Widespread in Europe, Africa and Asia	32-39	65-82	♀:154-314 ♂:136-252
Rock kestrel	Falco rupicolus Daudin, 1800	not assessed	Southern Africa
Malagasy kestrel	Falco newtoni Gurney, 1863	LC[38]	Madagascar, Aldabra Island	up to 30	♀:188-203 ♂:180-195	♀:up to 128 ♂:112-118
Mauritius kestrel	Falco punctatus Temminck, 1821	VU[39]	Mauritius	26-30.5	approx 45	up to 250
Reunion kestrel	Falco duboisi† Cowles, 1994	EX[40]	Réunion, extinct since c.1700
Seychelles kestrel	Falco araea Oberholser, 1917	VU[41]	Seychelles Islands	18-23	40-45
Spotted kestrel	Falco moluccensis Bonaparte, 1850	LC[42]	Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, Java and Bali
Nankeen kestrel	Falco cenchroides Vigors and Horsfield, 1827	LC[43]	Widespread in Australia	31-35
American kestrel	Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758	LC[44]	Widespread in North, Central and South America	19-31	50-61	♀:118-166 ♂:80-120
Greater kestrel	Falco rupicoloides Smith, 1829	LC[45]	Eastern and southern Africa	29-37	68-84	165-334
Fox kestrel	Falco alopex Heuglin, 1861	LC[46]	Central and western Africa	32-38	76-88	250-300
Grey kestrel	Falco ardosiaceus Vieillot, 1823	LC[47]	Central, western and southwestern Africa	28-33	58-72	up to 300
Dickinson's kestrel	Falco dickinsoni Sclater, 1864	LC[48]	Central, western and southwestern Africa	27-30	61-68	167-246
Banded kestrel	Falco zoniventris Peters, 1854	LC[49]	Madagascar	27-30	60-68
Red-necked falcon	Falco chicquera Daudin, 1800	LC[50]	Central, western and southern Africa, India	30-36	85
Red-footed falcon	Falco vespertinus Linnaeus, 1766	NT[51]	Central Europe, southern Africa	28-34	65-75
Amur falcon	Falco amurensis Radde, 1863	LC[52]	Eastern Asia, southeastern Africa
Eleonora's falcon	Falco eleonorae Gene, 1839	LC[53]	Southern Europe and also northern Africa, eastern Africa, Madagascar	36-42	87-104
Sooty falcon	Falco concolor Temminck, 1825	NT[54]	Eastern Libya to southwestern Pakistan, southeast Africa, Madagascar	32-37	78-90
Aplomado falcon	Falco femoralis Temminck, 1822	LC[55]	Widespread in Central & South America	30-40	avg.90	♀:271-460 ♂:208-305
Merlin	Falco columbarius Linnaeus, 1758	LC[56]	Widespread in Northern Hemisphere	24-33	50-73	♀:190-300 ♂:125-210
Bat falcon	Falco rufigularis Daudin, 1800	LC[57]	Northern Mexico to northeastern Argentina	♀:30.5 ♂:23
Orange-breasted falcon	Falco deiroleucus Temminck, 1825	LC[58]	Southern Mexico to northeastern Argentina	35-40		325-700
Eurasian hobby	Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758	LC[59]	Widespread in Europe, southern Africa, northern Asia
African hobby	Falco cuvierii Smith, 1830	LC[60]	Eastern, central, western and southeastern Africa	20	70
Oriental hobby	Falco severus Horsfield, 1821	LC[61]	Northwestern India to Solomon Islands
Australian hobby	Falco longipennis Swainson, 18371	LC[62]	Widespread in Australia
New Zealand falcon	Falco novaeseelandiae Gmelin, 1788	NT[63]	Widespread in New Zealand		about 45	up to 450
Brown falcon	Falco berigora Gmelin, 1788	LC[64]	Widespread in Australia	40-50
Grey falcon	Falco hypoleucos Gould, 1841	NT[65]	Australia	30-45	85-95	350-600
Black falcon	Falco subniger Gray, 1843	LC[66]	Australia	♀:around 55 ♂:around 45
Lanner falcon	Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825	LC[67]	Southern Europe, Arabian Peninsula, and widespread in Africa	43-50	95-105
Laggar falcon	Falco jugger J.E. Gray, 1834	NT[68]	Pakistan to Burma, India
Saker falcon	Falco cherrug Gray, 1834	VU[69]	Central and southern Europe, northeastern Africa and northern Asia	47-55	105-129
Gyrfalcon	Falco rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758	LC[70]	Arctic coasts of Northern America, Europe and Asia	♀:51-65 ♂:48-61	♀:124-160 ♂:110-130	♀:1,180-2,100 ♂:805-1350
Prairie falcon	Falco mexicanus Schlegel, 1850	LC[71]	North America and Mexico	avg 40	avg 100	avg 720
Peregrine falcon	Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771	LC[72]	Widespread worldwide	34-58	74-120	♀:910-1,500 ♂:424-750
Barbary falcon	Falco pelegrinoides Temminck, 1829	LC[73]	Southwestern Europe and northern Africa	33-39	76-98
Taita falcon	Falco fasciinucha Reichenow & Neumann, 1895	NT[74]	Eastern and southeastern Africa		♀:22.9-24.0 ♂:20.2-20.8	♀:297-346 ♂:212-233

Notes and references

1. "Master List: Raptors". IOC World Birld List. International Ornithological Congress. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
2. BirdLife International (2009). "Daptrius ater". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
3. BirdLife International (2009). "Ibycter americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
4. BirdLife International (2009). "Phalcoboenus carunculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
5. BirdLife International (2009). "Phalcoboenus megalopterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
6. BirdLife International (2009). "Phalcoboenus albogularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
7. BirdLife International (2009). "Phalcoboenus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
8. BirdLife International (2009). "Caracara cheriway". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
9. "Crested Caracara Life History". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
10. BirdLife International (2009). "Caracara lutosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
11. Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram (1908): The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island. Condor 10(3): 101-106. doi:10.2307/1360977 PDF fulltext
12. BirdLife International (2009). "Caracara plancus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
13. "Info about the Southern Caracara". Zootierliste.de. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
14. BirdLife International (2009). "Milvago chimachima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
15. "Info about the Yellow-headed Caracara". Zootierliste.de. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
16. BirdLife International (2009). "Milvago chimango". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
17. BirdLife International (2009). "Herpetotheres cachinnans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
18. Jiménez, Mariano II & Jiménez, Mariano G. (2003). "El Halcón Guaicurú Herpetotheres cachinnans". El Zoológico Electrónico. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
19. Howell, Steven N.G. & Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.
20. BirdLife International (2009). "Micrastur ruficollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
21. BirdLife International (2009). "Micrastur plumbeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
22. "Species factsheet: Micrastur plumbeus". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
23. BirdLife International (2009). "Micrastur gilvicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
24. BirdLife International (2009). "Micrastur mintoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
25. BirdLife International (2009). "Micrastur mirandollei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
26. BirdLife International (2009). "Micrastur semitorquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
27. BirdLife International (2009). "Micrastur buckleyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
28. BirdLife International (2009). "Spiziapteryx circumcincta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
29. BirdLife International (2009). "Polihierax semitorquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
30. BirdLife International (2009). "Polihierax insignis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
31. BirdLife International (2009). "Microhierax caerulescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
32. BirdLife International (2009). "Microhierax fringillarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
33. BirdLife International (2009). "Microhierax latifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
34. BirdLife International (2009). "Microhierax erythrogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
35. BirdLife International (2009). "Microhierax melanoleucos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
36. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco naumanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
37. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco tinnunculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
38. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco newtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
39. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
40. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco duboisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
41. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco araea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
42. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco moluccensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
43. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco cenchroides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
44. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco sparverius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
45. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco rupicoloides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
46. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco alopex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
47. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco ardosiaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
48. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco dickinsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
49. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco zoniventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
50. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco chicquera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
51. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco vespertinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
52. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco amurensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
53. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco eleonorae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
54. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
55. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
56. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco columbarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
57. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco rufigularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
58. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco deiroleucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
59. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco subbuteo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
60. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco cuvierii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
61. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco severus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
62. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco longipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
63. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco novaeseelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
64. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco berigora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
65. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco hypoleucos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
66. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco subniger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
67. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco biarmicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
68. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco jugger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
69. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco cherrug". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
70. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco rusticolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
71. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
72. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco peregrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
73. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco pelegrinoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
74. BirdLife International (2009). "Falco fasciinucha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 May 2012.