List of HVDC projects

This is a list of notable high-voltage direct-current power transmission projects.

HVDC projects for long-distance transmission have two (or rarely, more) converter stations and a transmission line interconnecting them. Generally overhead lines are used for interconnection, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and connects two AC grids at different frequencies or phase counts. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves, thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.

Legend

Line type:

• Thury = Series-connected generators as designed by René Thury
• Merc = Mercury-arc valve rectifier and inverter
• Thyr = Thyristor rectifier and inverter
• IGBT = Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

Line status:

  Under construction

  Planned

  Decommissioned

Transmission lines

Africa

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Volt (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Cahora Bassa	Mozambique - Songo 15°36′41″S 32°44′59″E / 15.61139°S 32.74972°E	South Africa - Apollo 25°55′11″S 28°16′34″E / 25.91972°S 28.27611°E	1420 (0/1420)	533	1920	1979	Thyr	First HVDC with voltage above 500 kV ABB refurb 2013-2014	[1][2][3]
Inga-Shaba	Democratic Republic of Congo - Kolwezi 10°39′27″S 25°27′08″E / 10.65750°S 25.45222°E	Democratic Republic of Congo - Inga 05°31′27″S 13°36′39″E / 5.52417°S 13.61083°E	1700 (0/1700)	500	560	1982	Thyr	Upgraded in 2014 Supplier: ABB, GE	[1][4][5][6]
Caprivi Link	Namibia - Gerus 20°18′53″S 16°27′9″E / 20.31472°S 16.45250°E	Namibia - Zambezi 17°30′6″S 24°13′20″E / 17.50167°S 24.22222°E	950 (950/0)	350	300	2010	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	[1][7]

Australia and Oceania

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Volt (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
HVDC Inter-Island 1	New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E	New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E	611 (40/571)	270	600	1965	Merc	Built as 250 kV 600 MW link Paralleled to operate at 270 kV as positive pole with HVDC Inter-Island 2 in 1992. Partially decommissioned in 2007, fully decommissioned in August 2012. Supplier: ABB	[1]
HVDC Inter-Island 2	New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E	New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E	611 (40/571)	350	700	1992	Thyr	Negative pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 3 (previously HVDC Inter-Island 1) Restricted to 500 MW due to cable rating. Supplier: ABB	[1]
HVDC Inter-Island 3	New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E	New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E	611 (40/571)	350	735	2013	Thyr	Positive pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 2 Supplier: Siemens	[8]
Terranora interconnector (Directlink)	Australia - Mullumbimby 28°34′15″S 153°27′8″E / 28.57083°S 153.45222°E	Australia - Bungalora 28°15′20″S 153°28′20″E / 28.25556°S 153.47222°E	59 (59/0)	80	180	2000	IGBT	Land cable Supplier: ABB	[1]
Murraylink	Australia - Red Cliffs 34°17′31″S 142°14′19″E / 34.29194°S 142.23861°E	Australia - Berri 34°14′17″S 140°36′01″E / 34.23806°S 140.60028°E	176 (176/0)	150	200	2002	IGBT	Underground XLPE cable Supplier: ABB	[1]
Basslink	Australia - LoyYang, Vic 38°15′45″S 146°36′29″E / 38.26250°S 146.60806°E	Australia - GeorgeTown, Tas 41°6′53″S 146°53′31″E / 41.11472°S 146.89194°E	370 (298/72)	400	500	2006	Thyr	One of the longest HVDC cable in operation Supplier: Siemens	[1][9][10]

Asia

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Volt (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Hokkaido - Honshu	Japan - Hakodate 41°55′55″N 140°39′47″E / 41.93194°N 140.66306°E	Japan - Kamikita 40°48′06″N 141°11′52″E / 40.80167°N 141.19778°E	193 (44/149)	250	300	1979	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Hitachi, Toshiba	[1]
Zhou Shan	China - Ningbo 29°55′25″N 121°46′51″E / 29.92361°N 121.78083°E	China - Gao Tongge 30°02′13″N 122°04′03″E / 30.03694°N 122.06750°E	54 (12/42)	100	50	1982	Thyr		[1]
Gezhouba - Shanghai	China - Gezhouba 30°43′44″N 111°14′39″E / 30.72889°N 111.24417°E	China - Nan Qiao 30°57′22″N 121°24′48″E / 30.95611°N 121.41333°E	1046 (0/1046)	500	1200	1989	Thyr	Power line shares pylons of HVDC Hubei - Shanghai in most part of its track Supplier: ABB, Siemens	[11]
Sileru-Barsoor	India - Sileru 17°52′01″N 81°39′21″E / 17.86694°N 81.65583°E	India - Barsoor 19°8′20″N 81°23′47″E / 19.13889°N 81.39639°E	196 (0/196)	200	100	1989	Thyr	Supplier: BHEL	[1]
Ekibastuz–Tambov	Kazakhstan - Ekibastuz 51°48′57″N 75°18′58″E / 51.81583°N 75.31611°E	Russia - Tambov 52°46′25″N 41°19′17″E / 52.77361°N 41.32139°E	2414 (0/2414)	750	6000	(1990)	Thyr	Abandoned around 1990 owing to collapse of Soviet Union
Rihand-Delhi	India - Rihand 24°01′13″N 82°47′21″E / 24.02028°N 82.78917°E	India - Dadri 28°35′36″N 77°36′16″E / 28.59333°N 77.60444°E	814 (0/814)	500	1500	1990	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, BHEL	[12]
Haenam-Cheju	South Korea - Haenam 34°22′03″N 126°35′34″E / 34.36750°N 126.59278°E	South Korea - Jeju 33°32′06″N 126°35′44″E / 33.53500°N 126.59556°E	101 (101/0)	180	300	1996	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom	[1]
Chandrapur-Padghe	India - Chandrapur 20°0′36″N 79°17′06″E / 20.01000°N 79.28500°E	India - Padghe 19°21′26″N 73°11′18″E / 19.35722°N 73.18833°E	752 (0/752)	500	1500	1999	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[13]
Leyte - Luzon	Philippines - Ormoc, Leyte 11°5′19″N 124°38′21″E / 11.08861°N 124.63917°E	Philippines - Naga, Camarines Sur 13°36′40″N 123°14′19″E / 13.61111°N 123.23861°E	451 (21/430)	350	440	1998	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Marubeni	[1]
Kii Channel	Japan - Anan 33°49′40″N 134°38′14″E / 33.82778°N 134.63722°E	Japan - Kihoku 34°12′50″N 135°30′07″E / 34.21389°N 135.50194°E	100 (50/50)	250	1400	2000	Thyr	Supplier: Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi	[1]
Tian-Guang	China - Tianshengqiao 24°54′56″N 105°05′47″E / 24.91556°N 105.09639°E	China - Beijiao 23°18′58″N 113°15′05″E / 23.31611°N 113.25139°E	960 (0/960)	500	1800	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[1]
Talcher-Kolar	India - Talcher, Orissa 21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E / 21.10028°N 85.06361°E	India - Kolar, Karnataka 13°10′39″N 78°7′0″E / 13.17750°N 78.11667°E	1450 (0/1450)	500	2000	2003	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[1]
Thailand-Malaysia	Thailand - Khlong Ngae 6°42′56″N 100°27′8″E / 6.71556°N 100.45222°E	Malaysia - Gurun 5°48′45″N 100°32′6″E / 5.81250°N 100.53500°E	110 (0/110)	300	300	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[1]
Three Gorges - Changzhou	China - Longquan 30°47′6″N 111°31′48″E / 30.78500°N 111.53000°E	China - Zhengping 31°36′42″N 119°59′27″E / 31.61167°N 119.99083°E	890 (0/890)	500	3000	2003	Thyr	From north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid Supplier: ABB, Siemens. Sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Hubei-Shanghai	[1][14][15]
Three Gorges - Guangdong	China - Jingzhou 30°27′26″N 112°08′18″E / 30.45722°N 112.13833°E	China - Huizhou 23°16′15″N 114°12′5″E / 23.27083°N 114.20139°E	940 (0/940)	500	3000	2004	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[1][16]
Three Gorges - Shanghai	China - Yidu 30°31′45″N 111°22′35″E / 30.52917°N 111.37639°E	China - Shanghai 31°14′13″N 121°11′13″E / 31.23694°N 121.18694°E	1060 (0/1060)	500	3000	2006	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[1][17]
Guizhou - Guangdong I	China - Anshun, Guizhou 26°16′23″N 105°48′21″E / 26.27306°N 105.80583°E	China - Zhaoqing, Guangdong 22°54′57″N 112°29′11″E / 22.91583°N 112.48639°E	980 (0/980)	500	3000	2004	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[1]
Guizhou - Guangdong II	China - Xingren 25°27′56″N 105°15′14″E / 25.46556°N 105.25389°E	China - Shenzhen 22°45′1″N 113°59′28″E / 22.75028°N 113.99111°E	1200 (0/1200)	500	3000	2007	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Yunnan - Guangdong	[1]
Ballia - Bhiwadi	India - Ballia 26°04′16″N 83°42′48″E / 26.07111°N 83.71333°E	India - Bhiwadi 28°11′0″N 76°48′58″E / 28.18333°N 76.81611°E	800 (0/800)	500	2500	2010	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[1]
Xiangjiaba-Shanghai	China - Fulong 28°32′47″N 104°25′04″E / 28.54639°N 104.41778°E	China - Fengxia 30°55′32″N 121°46′16″E / 30.92556°N 121.77111°E	1980 (0/1980)	800	6400	2010	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[1][18]
Yunnan - Guangdong	China - Yunnan province 25°11′24″N 102°11′30″E / 25.19000°N 102.19167°E	China - Zengcheng 23°15′19″N 113°40′44″E / 23.25528°N 113.67889°E	1418 (0/1418)	800	5000	2010	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Guizhou - Guangdong II	[1]
Qinghai - Tibet	China - Geermu 36°21′20″N 95°11′05″E / 36.35556°N 95.18472°E	China - Lhasa 29°52′39″N 91°11′44″E / 29.87750°N 91.19556°E	1038 (0/1038)	400	1500	Scheduled 2012	Thyr	Powerline reaches altitudes up to 5300 m above sea level Supplier: CET, SGCC	[1]
Ningdong - Shangdong	China - Yinchuan 38°06′56″N 106°30′55″E / 38.11556°N 106.51528°E	China - Qingdao 36°18′41″N 119°52′53″E / 36.31139°N 119.88139°E	1335 (0/1335)	660	4000	2011	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom	[1]
Baoji - Denyang	China - Baoji 34°34′47″N 107°19′49″E / 34.57972°N 107.33028°E	China - Denyang 31°19′22″N 104°34′51″E / 31.32278°N 104.58083°E		500	3000	2010	Thyr		???
Hulunbeir - Liaoning	China - Hulunbeir 48°31′04″N 119°43′30″E / 48.51778°N 119.72500°E	China - Shenyang 41°07′25″N 122°46′44″E / 41.12361°N 122.77889°E	920 (0/920)	500	3000	2010	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[1][19]
North Shaanxi - Nanjing	China - North Shanxi 39°39′35″N 112°27′45″E / 39.65972°N 112.46250°E	China - Nanjing 32°54′47″N 118°35′33″E / 32.91306°N 118.59250°E				2017	Thyr		???
Hubei - Shanghai	China - Jingmen 30°49′21″N 112°07′15″E / 30.82250°N 112.12083°E	China - Fenjing 30°52′00″N 121°00′58″E / 30.86667°N 121.01611°E	970 (0/970)	500	3000	2011	Thyr	Power line shares pylons of HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai in most part of its track, sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Shanghai-Changzhou	???
Sumatera - Java	Indonesia - Java	Indonesia - Sumatera	700 (700/0)	500	3000	Under construction 2013	Thyr		[1]
Jindo - Jeju	South Korea - Jindo 34°23′08″N 126°28′24″E / 34.38556°N 126.47333°E	South Korea - Jeju 33°27′17″N 126°11′15″E / 33.45472°N 126.18750°E	105 (105/0)	250	400	2014	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom (converter stations), LS Cable and System (cables).	[1][20][21]
Nanhui Wind Farm Integration	China	China	8.4 (8.4/0)	30	18	2011	IGBT		[22]
Jinping - Sunan	China - Jinping 27°50′11″N 102°08′30″E / 27.83639°N 102.14167°E	China - Suzhou 31°03′44″N 120°37′20″E / 31.06222°N 120.62222°E	2090 (0/2090)	800	7200	2013	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[23]
Mundra - Haryana	India - Mundra 22°49′46″N 69°33′22″E / 22.82944°N 69.55611°E	India - Mohindergarh 28°21′40″N 76°12′56″E / 28.36111°N 76.21556°E	960 (0/960)	500	2500	Under construction 2012	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[1]
Xiluodo - Guangdong	China - Zhaotong 28°07′21″N 104°22′27″E / 28.12250°N 104.37417°E	China - Conghua 23°34′00″N 113°27′03″E / 23.56667°N 113.45083°E	1286 (0/1286)	500	6400	2013	Thyr		???
Dalian City Infeed	China - Dalian North	China - Dalian South	43 (43/0)	320	1000	2013?	Thy		[24]
Xiluodo - West Zhejiang	China - Xiluodu 28°27′37″N 104°20′20″E / 28.46028°N 104.33889°E	China - Jinghua 28°53′46″N 119°43′00″E / 28.89611°N 119.71667°E	1680	800	8000	2014	Thyr		???
North-East Agra	India - Agra 27°05′01″N 78°04′22″E / 27.08361°N 78.07278°E	India - Biswanath	1728 (0/1728)	800	6000	Planned commissioning 2016	Thyr	Will supply electricity to serve 90 million people Bipole Ultra high voltage, multiterminal (intermediate converter station at Alipurdauar) Supplier: ABB	[25]
Champa-Kurukshetra	India - Champa	India - Kurukshetra	1365 (0/1365)	800	2 x 3000	2016-2017	Thyr	2 Bipoles. Supplier: Alstom	[26]
Nanao Multi-terminal VSC HVDC	China	China	32 (10/32)	+/-160	200/100/50	2013	IEGT/IGBT	SEPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) is technically responsible for the entire project. Multiple suppliers are involved: three different VSC HVDC valve suppliers, two different HVDC land/sea cable suppliers and three different control & protection system/equipment suppliers.	[27] [28]
Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC Interconnection	China	China	134 (134/0)	200	400	?	IGBT		[29]
Humeng - Shandong	China	China		800	6400	2015	Thyr		???
Inner Mongolia - Linyi	China - Shizhustan 38°46′40″N 106°52′00″E / 38.77778°N 106.86667°E	China - Linyi 35°33′07″N 118°37′07″E / 35.55194°N 118.61861°E		800	6400	2017	Thyr		???
Irkutsk - Beijing	Russia - Irkutsk	China - Beijing		800	6400	2015	Thyr		???
Nuozhadu - Guangdong	China - Nuozhadu 22°39′20″N 100°40′00″E / 22.65556°N 100.66667°E	China - Jiangmen 22°42′33″N 112°52′12″E / 22.70917°N 112.87000°E	1413	800	6400	2013	Thyr		???
Jinsha River II - East China	China	China		800	6400	2016	Thyr		???
Xilin Hot - Taizhou	China - Xilin Hot 44°14′40″N 116°30′22″E / 44.24444°N 116.50611°E	China - Taizhou 33°07′25″N 119°58′05″E / 33.12361°N 119.96806°E		800	6400	2017	Thyr		???
Goupitan - Guangdong	China	China			3000	2016	Thyr		???
Jiuquan- Xiangtan	China - Qiaowan 40°36′03″N 96°43′22″E / 40.60083°N 96.72278°E	China - Xiangtan 27°38′55″N 112°47′25″E / 27.64861°N 112.79028°E		800	6400	2016	Thyr		???
Yinchuan - Zhuji	China - Yinchuan 37°43′45″N 106°32′22″E / 37.72917°N 106.53944°E	China - Zhuji 29°56′25″N 120°13′12″E / 29.94028°N 120.22000°E		800	6400	2017	Thyr		???
Hami - Central China	China-Hami 42°35′15″N 93°27′27″E / 42.58750°N 93.45750°E	China-Zhengzhou 34°48′46″N 114°03′24″E / 34.81278°N 114.05667°E	2192	800	6400	2014	Thyr		???
Jinsha River II - Fujian	China	China		800	6400	2018	Thyr		???
Northwest Yunnan - Guangdong	China - Xinsong 26°24′55″N 99°49′12″E / 26.41528°N 99.82000°E	China - Dongfang 22°44′17″N 113°52′07″E / 22.73806°N 113.86861°E		800	6400	2017	Thyr		???
Humeng - Liaoning	China	China		800	6400	2018	Thyr		???
Bakun HVDC	Malaysia - Similajau	Malaysia - Bentong	1700 (670/1030)	500	?	?	Thyr	Unfinished	???
Xinjiang - Anhui	China - Wuicaiwan 44°39′00″N 89°07′25″E / 44.65000°N 89.12361°E	China - Anhui 31°00′20″N 118°34′20″E / 31.00556°N 118.57222°E	3333	1100	10000	2017	Thyr		???
Shanghai - Shensi	Shanghai – China	Shensi – China	123 (63/60)	50	?	?	Thyr		???

Europe

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Volt (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Miesbach-Munich Power Transmission	Germany - Miesbach	Germany - Munich	58 (0/58)	2	0.0025	1882	Single machine	Demonstration facility Dismantled
Gorzente River - Genoa DC transmission scheme	Italy - Gorzente River	Italy - Genoa	?	6	?	1889	Thury	Upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power of 2.5 MW and a length of 120 km Dismantled
La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission scheme	Switzerland - ?	Switzerland - ?	?	14	?	1897	Thury	Dismantled
St. Maurice - Lausanne DC transmission scheme	Switzerland - St. Maurice	Switzerland - Lausanne	?	22	3.7	1899	Thury	Dismantled
Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme	France - Lyon	France - Moutiers	200 (10/190)	75	30	1906	Thury	Dismantled in 1936
Wilesden-Ironbridge DC transmission scheme	UK - Wilesden	UK - Ironbridge	?	100	?	1910	Thury	Dismantled
Chambéry DC transmission scheme	France - ?	France - ?	?	150	?	1925	Thury	Dismantled in 1937
HVDC Zurich-Wettingen	Switzerland - Wettingen 47°27′25″N 8°19′15″E / 47.45694°N 8.32083°E	Switzerland - Zurich	20 (0/20)	50	0.5	1939	Merc	Experimental facility built by BBC Dismantled
HVDC Charlottenburg-Moabit	Germany - Berlin-Moabit	Germany - Berlin-Charlottenburg	4.6 (0/4.6)	100	14	1942	Merc	Experimental facility built by Siemens Dismantled in 1945
Lehrte-Misburg HVDC	Germany - Lehrte 52°22′54″N 9°55′03″E / 52.38167°N 9.91750°E	Germany - Hannover/Misburg	?	80	16	1944	Merc	Experimental facility Dismantled
Elbe-Project	Germany, Vockerode 51°50′40″N 12°21′50″E / 51.84444°N 12.36389°E	Germany - Berlin, Marienfelde 52°25′49″N 13°22′42″E / 52.43028°N 13.37833°E	115 (115/0)	200	60	1945	Merc	Never placed in service Dismantled
HVDC Trollhattan-Merud	Sweden - Trollhattan	Sweden - Merud	50 (0/50)	45	6.5	1946	Merc	Experimental facility built by ASEA Dismantled
Moscow–Kashira	Russia - Moscow 55°39′32″N 37°38′16″E / 55.65889°N 37.63778°E	Russia - Kashira	100 (100/0)	200	30	1951	Merc	Built of parts of HVDC Elbe-Project Shut down	[1]
Gotland 1	Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E	Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E	98 (98/0)	200	20	1954	Merc	World's first commercial HVDC link. Expanded by ABBin 1970, decommissioned in 1986	[1][30]
Cross-Channel	France - Echingen 50°41′48″N 1°38′21″E / 50.69667°N 1.63917°E	UK - Lydd 50°54′54″N 0°56′50″E / 50.91500°N 0.94722°E	64 (64/0)	100	160	1961	Merc	Shut down in 1984	[1]
Volgograd-Donbass	Russia - Volzhskaya 48°49′34″N 44°40′20″E / 48.82611°N 44.67222°E	Ukraine - Mikhailovskaya 48°39′13″N 38°33′56″E / 48.65361°N 38.56556°E	475 (0/475)	400	750	1965	Merc/Thyr	Shut down in 2014	[1]
Konti-Skan 1	Denmark - Vester Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E	Sweden - Stenkullen 57°48′15″N 12°19′13″E / 57.80417°N 12.32028°E	176 (87/89)	250	250	1965	Merc	Replaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors	[1]
SACOI 1	Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E)	France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E	483 (365/118)	200	200	1965	Merc	Replaced in 1986 by Thyr, multiterminal scheme	[1]
Kingsnorth	UK - Kingsnorth 51°25′11″N 0°35′46″E / 51.41972°N 0.59611°E	UK - London-Beddington 51°22′23″N 0°7′38″W / 51.37306°N 0.12722°W	85 (85/0)	266	320	1975	Merc	Bipolar scheme Supplier: English Electric Shut down in 1987	[31]
Kingsnorth	UK - Kingsnorth	UK - London-Willesden 51°32′03″N 0°15′29″W / 51.53417°N 0.25806°W	111 (111/0)	266	320	1975	Merc	Opposite pole of Kingsnorth - Beddington. Cable wholly underground except for Thames crossing - crossed on upstream side of Putney District line railway bridge
Skagerrak 1 + 2	Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E	Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E	230 (130/100)	250	500	1977	Thyr	Supplier: STK(Nexans) Control system upgrade by ABB in 2007	[32][33][34]
Gotland 2	Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E	Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E	99.5 (92.9/6.6)	150	130	1983	Thyr
Interconnexion France Angleterre (new)	France - Les Mandarins 50°54′11″N 1°47′5″E / 50.90306°N 1.78472°E	UK - Sellindge 51°6′21″N 0°58′32″E / 51.10583°N 0.97556°E	72 (72/0)	270	2000	1986	Thyr	2 bipolar systems Supplier: Alstom	[1][35]
Gotland 3	Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E	Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E	98 (98/0)	150	130	1987	Thyr
Konti-Skan 2	Denmark - Vester, Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E	Sweden - Lindome 57°36′24″N 12°6′40″E / 57.60667°N 12.11111°E	147 (87/60)	285	300	1988	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Fenno-Skan	Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E	Sweden - Dannebo 60°24′14″N 18°08′10″E / 60.40389°N 18.13611°E	233 (200/33)	400	500	1989	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
SACOI 2	Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E)	France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E	422 (118/304)	200	300	1992	Thyr	Multiterminal scheme Supplier: Alstom
Skagerrak 3	Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E	Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E	230 (130/100)	350	440	1993	Thyr	Supplier: Nexans ABB	[32]
Baltic Cable	Germany - Lübeck- Herrenwyk 53°53′46″N 10°48′9″E / 53.89611°N 10.80250°E	Sweden - Kruseberg 55°30′1″N 13°8′45″E / 55.50028°N 13.14583°E	262 (250/12)	450	600	1994	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Kontek	Denmark - Bjæverskov 55°27′1″N 12°0′27″E / 55.45028°N 12.00750°E	Germany - Bentwisch 54°6′3″N 12°13′1″E / 54.10083°N 12.21694°E	170 (170/0)	400	600	1996	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Hellsjön-Grängesberg	Sweden - Hellsjön 60°02′50″N 15°08′52″E / 60.04722°N 15.14778°E	Sweden - Grängesberg 60°03′53″N 14°59′39″E / 60.06472°N 14.99417°E	10 (0/10)	180	3	1997	IGBT	Experimental HVDC Supplier: ABB
Visby-Nas	Sweden - Nas 57°05′58″N 18°14′27″E / 57.09944°N 18.24083°E	Sweden - Visby 57°37′29″N 18°21′18″E / 57.62472°N 18.35500°E	70 (70/0)	80	50	1999	Thyr
SwePol	Poland - Wierzbięcin 54°30′8″N 16°53′28″E / 54.50222°N 16.89111°E	Sweden - Stärnö 56°9′11″N 14°50′29″E / 56.15306°N 14.84139°E	245 (245/0)	450	600	2000	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[36]
Tjæreborg	Denmark - Tjæreborg/Enge 55°26′52″N 8°35′34″E / 55.44778°N 8.59278°E	Denmark - Tjæreborg/Substation 55°28′07″N 8°33′36″E / 55.46861°N 8.56000°E	4.3 (4.3/0)	9	7	2000	IGBT	Interconnection to wind power generating stations
Italy-Greece	Greece - Arachthos 39°11′00″N 20°57′48″E / 39.18333°N 20.96333°E	Italy - Galatina 40°9′53″N 18°7′49″E / 40.16472°N 18.13028°E	310 (200/110)	400	500	2001	Thyr
Moyle	UK - Auchencrosh 55°04′10″N 4°58′50″W / 55.06944°N 4.98056°W	UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 54°50′34″N 5°46′11″W / 54.84278°N 5.76972°W	63.5 (63.5/0)	250	250^1	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Nexans	[37]
HVDC Troll	Norway - Kollsnes 60°33′01″N 4°50′26″E / 60.55028°N 4.84056°E	Norway - Offshore platform Troll A 60°40′00″N 3°40′00″E / 60.66667°N 3.66667°E	70 (70/0)	60	80	2004	IGBT	Power supply for offshore gas compressor Supplier: ABB	[38]
Estlink	Estonia - Harku 59°23′5″N 24°33′37″E / 59.38472°N 24.56028°E	Finland - Espoo 60°12′14″N 24°33′06″E / 60.20389°N 24.55167°E	105 (105/0)	150	350	2006	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	[38]
NorNed	Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′4″N 6°51′57″E / 53.43444°N 6.86583°E	Norway - Feda 58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E / 58.28278°N 6.86528°E	580 (580/0)	450	700	2008	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Nexans	[38]
Valhall HVDC	Norway - Lista 58°04′37″N 6°46′29″E / 58.07694°N 6.77472°E	Norway - Valhall, Offshore platform	292 (292/0)	150	78	2011	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Nexans	[39][40]
BritNed	UK - Grain 51°26′24″N 0°43′0″E / 51.44000°N 0.71667°E	Netherlands - Maasvlakte 51°57′27″N 4°01′17″E / 51.95750°N 4.02139°E	245 (245/0)	450	1000	2010*	Thyr	Operational since April 2011. Supplier: Siemens	[38][41] [42][43]
StoreBælt	Denmark - Fraugde 55°22′01″N 10°30′25″E / 55.36694°N 10.50694°E	Denmark - Herslev 55°31′53″N 11°19′01″E / 55.53139°N 11.31694°E	56 (56/0)	400	600	2010*	Thyr	Operational since August 2010. Supplier: Siemens	[38]
Cometa	Spain - Morvedre 39°38′28″N 0°14′7″W / 39.64111°N 0.23528°W	Spain - Santa Ponsa 39°32′2″N 2°30′21″E / 39.53389°N 2.50583°E	247 (247/0)	250	400	2011*	Thyr	Expected completion 2011 Supplier: Siemens (converter stations); Prysmian/Nexans (cables)	[38]
SAPEI	Italy - Latina 41°25′47″N 12°48′25″E / 41.42972°N 12.80694°E	Italy - Fiume Santo 40°50′29″N 8°18′21″E / 40.84139°N 8.30583°E	435 (435/0)	500	1000	2011	Thyr	The largest HVDC link in the Mediterranean Sea. Supplier: ABB	[38][44][45]
Fenno-Skan 2	Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E	Sweden - Finnbole 60°25′30″N 17°3′42″E / 60.42500°N 17.06167°E	303 (200/103)	500	800	2011	Thyr
BorWin1	Germany - Diele	Germany - BorWin Alpha platform	200 (200/0)	±150	400	2012	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	[46][47][48]
BorWin2	Germany - Diele 53°7′30″N 7°18′29″E / 53.12500°N 7.30806°E	Germany - BorWin Beta platform 54°21′18″N 6°01′30″E / 54.35500°N 6.02500°E	200 (200/0)	±300	800	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	[49]
East West Interconnector	Ireland - Woodland 53°28′16″N 6°34′3″W / 53.47111°N 6.56750°W	UK - Shotton, Wales 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W / 53.22722°N 3.07278°W	130 (130/0)	±200	500	2012	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	[50]
DolWin1	Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98250°N 7.25722°E	Germany - DolWin Alpha platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E / 53.99500°N 6.42111°E	165 (165/0)	±320	800	2015	IGBT	Supplier:ABB	[51]
HelWin1	Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E	Germany - HelWin Alpha platform 54°27′07″N 7°44′20″E / 54.45194°N 7.73889°E	130 (130/0)	±250	576	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	[52]
Fenno-Skan 1 Upgrade	Sweden - Finnböle	Finland - Rauma	233 (200/33)	400	500	2013	Thyr	Upgrade Supplier:ABB	[53][54][55]
SylWin1	Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E	Germany - SylWin Alpha platform 55°03′47″N 7°14′28″E / 55.06306°N 7.24111°E	205 (205/0)	±320	864	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	[56]
Estlink 2	Estonia - Püssi 59°22′13″N 27°04′05″E / 59.37028°N 27.06806°E	Finland - Anttila 60°22′36″N 25°22′01″E / 60.37667°N 25.36694°E	171 (157/14)	450	650	2014	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Nexans
HVDC France–Spain aka INELEF	France - Baixas 42°43′56″N 2°48′14″E / 42.73222°N 2.80389°E	Spain - Santa Llogaia 42°13′59″N 2°56′39″E / 42.23306°N 2.94417°E	64 (64/0)	±320	2000	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, Cables: Prysmian	[57] [58][59]
Skagerrak 4	Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E	Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E	244 (244/0)	500	700	2015	IGBT	Suppliers: Nexans, ABB	[60]
SydVästlänken	Sweden - Barkeryd 57°44′52″N 14°39′19″E / 57.74778°N 14.65528°E	Sweden - Hurva 55°49′59″N 13°36′08″E / 55.83306°N 13.60222°E	260 (197/63)	±300	2x720	2013- 2015	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom
LitPol Link HVDC is B2B	Lithuania - Alytus	Poland - Elk	160 (0/160)	70	500	2016 ^8 [61]	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[62][63][64]
Åland - Finland	Åland - Ytterby	Finland - Naantali (sv:Nådendal) 60°27′49″N 22°03′49″E / 60.46361°N 22.06361°E	158 (158/0)	80	100	2016	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	[65][66][67]
Troll A 3&4	Norway - Kollsnes	Norway - Troll A 3&4 platform	70 (70/0)	66	100	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	[68][69][70][71][72][73]
Western HVDC Link	UK - Hunterston	UK - Flintshire Bridge	422 (422/0)	600	2200	~2017 ^2	Thyr	Supplier: Prysmian Group, Siemens First subsea 600kV link	[74]
HVDC NordBalt	Sweden - Nybro 56°46′1″N 15°51′35″E / 56.76694°N 15.85972°E	Lithuania - Klaipėda 55°40′54″N 21°15′29″E / 55.68167°N 21.25806°E	450 (450/0)	300	700	2016	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	[75]
DolWin2	Germany - Heede 52°58′52″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98111°N 7.25722°E	Germany - DolWin Beta platform 53°58′41″N 6°55′23″E / 53.97806°N 6.92306°E	135 (135/0)	±320	900	2016	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	[76]
HelWin2	Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E	Germany - HelWin Beta platform 54°27′11″N 7°44′20″E / 54.45306°N 7.73889°E	130 (130/0)	±320	690	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens
DolWin3	Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98250°N 7.25722°E	Germany - DolWin Gamma platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E / 53.99500°N 6.42111°E	160 (160/0)	±320	900	2017	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom	[77]
BorWin3	Germany - Diele	Germany - BorWin Gamma platform	200 (200/0)	±320	900	2019	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens
HVDC MON.ITA Project	Italy-Cepagatti 42°24′11″N 14°7′46″E / 42.40306°N 14.12944°E	Montenegro - Lastva Grbaljska 42°18′53″N 18°47′35″E / 42.31472°N 18.79306°E	415 (415/0)	±500	1000	2017	IGBT	Supplier: Toshiba (converter stations); Nexans (cables).	[78][79][80]
Caithess Moray HVDC ^4	UK - Spittal	UK - Blackhillock	160	320	1200	2018		Supplier: ABB	[81][82]
NORD.LINK	Norway - Tonstad 58°39′29″N 6°43′29″E / 58.65806°N 6.72472°E	Germany - Wilster 53°55′18″N 9°20′41″E / 53.92167°N 9.34472°E	623 (570/53)	525	1400	2020	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[83][84][85]
Nemo Link	Belgium - near Bruges	UK - Richborough Energy Park	140 (140/0)	400	1000	2019	IGBT	Converter stations: Siemens , cables: J-power systems [86]	[87][88]
ALEGrO	Belgium - Visé	Germany - Aachen	100 (100/0)	320	1000	2019-20^9	IGBT		[89]
NSN	Norway - Kvilldal	UK - Blyth	730	515	1400	2020	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Prysmian Group, Nexans	[90][91][92][93]
France-Italy via Fréjus Road Tunnel	France, Grand-Île	Italy, it:Piossasco	190	±320	2x600	2019	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom (converter stations); Prysmian (cables).	[94][95][96][97]
COBRAcable	Denmark - Endrup via Fanø	Nederlands - Eemshaven	325	400	700	2019^5			[98][99][100]
ElecLink	France - Les Mandarins	UK - Sellindge	70	320	1000	2019			[101]
IFA2	France - Tourbe, Normandie	UK -Pilling, Hampshire	240	400	1000	2020			[102][103][104]
FAB Link	France - Menuel on Cherbourg Peninsula	UK - Exeter via Alderney			1000/1400	2021			[105][106]
Western Isles HVDC	UK - Arnish Point near Stornoway	UK - Beauly	156	320	600	2021 ^6			[107]
Shetland HVDC Connection	UK - Upper Kergord	UK - near Staxigoe[108]	345 (345/0)	300	550/600	2021^3	Thyr		[109][110]
HVDC Italy-Croatia	Italy - Candia	Croatia - Konjsko	?			2017	Thyr		citation needed ^7
Viking Link	Denmark - Revsing	UK - Bicker Fen	740		1000-1400	2022			[111][112]
NorthConnect	Norway - Simadalen	UK - Peterhead	650		1400	2022			[113]
EuroAsia Interconnector	Israel via Cyprus and Crete	Greece - Attica	1520	600	2000	2022			[114][115]
Eastern HVDC Link	UK - Peterhead	UK - Hawthorn	305	400	2000	2024			[116]

¹ Moyle currently running at 250 MW but being restored to 450 MW in 2016.^[37] National Grid says it will be 450 MW to Northern Ireland and 295 MW to Wales.^{[117]
2 [117]} gives completion as 2017/18 see Chapter 3, section 3.4
³ 2021 date is that quoted to support the Shetland Wind Farm that SSE is a part investor in.^[118]
4 Caithness Moray HVDC will serve a number of renewable energy sources in the north of Scotland - see map ^[107]
5 Contracts due to be placed in 2016.
⁶ Decision on project expected in 2017 following consultation - see SSE PD reference.
⁷ Citation needed to show project is planned rather than just possible.
⁸ As of 9 December 2015, LitPol Link started trial operations.^[119]
9 Elia says construction expected to start in late 2017.

North America

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Volt (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady	USA - Mechanicville,NY 42°54′45″N 73°40′49″W / 42.91250°N 73.68028°W	USA - Schenectady, NY	37 (0/37)	12	5	1932	Merc	Experimental, frequency conversion 40 to 60 Hz Dismantled after WW II	[120]
Vancouver Island 1	Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W	Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W	75 (42/33)	260	312	1968	Merc	Supplier: ASEA	[1]
Vancouver Island 2	Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W	Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W	75 (33/42)	280	370	1977	Thyr	Supplier: GE	[1]
Pacific DC Intertie	USA - Celilo, OR 45°35′39″N 121°6′51″W / 45.59417°N 121.11417°W	USA - Sylmar, CA 34°18′39″N 118°29′21″W / 34.31083°N 118.48917°W, 34°18′42″N 118°28′53″W / 34.31167°N 118.48139°W	1362 (0/1362)	500	3100	1970	Thyr	Transmission voltage 400 kV until 1984 Maximum transmission power 1440 MW until 1982 From 1982 to 1984 1600 MW From 1984 to 1989 2000 MW Merc replaced by Thyr in 2004 Original supplier: ASEA, GE In 1989 upgraded by ABB In 2004 upgraded by ABB and Siemens	[1][1][121][122]
Nelson River Bipole 1	Canada - Gillam, Manitoba 56°21′41″N 94°36′48″W / 56.36139°N 94.61333°W	Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′34″N 97°25′42″W / 49.99278°N 97.42833°W	1835 (940/895)	463.5	1854	1971	Thyr	Used the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built Poles converted to Thyr in 1993 Original supplier: English Electric, Alstom In 1993 upgraded by Alstom In 2004 upgraded by Siemens	[1][123]
Nelson River Bipole 2	Canada - Sundance, Manitoba 56°30′14″N 94°8′24″W / 56.50389°N 94.14000°W	Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′34″N 97°25′42″W / 49.99278°N 97.42833°W	940 (0/940)	500	2000	1978-1985	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[1][123]
Square Butte	USA - Center, ND (Young) 47°4′18″N 101°11′45″W / 47.07167°N 101.19583°W	USA - Adolph, MN (Arrowhead) 46°46′25″N 92°17′39″W / 46.77361°N 92.29417°W	749 (0/749)	250	500	1977	Thyr	Supplier: GE In 2004 Control system upgrade by ABB	[1][124][125]
CU	USA - Underwood, ND (Coal Creek) 47°22′24″N 101°9′23″W / 47.37333°N 101.15639°W	USA - Rockford, MN (Dickinson) 45°6′40″N 93°48′36″W / 45.11111°N 93.81000°W	687 (0/687)	400	1000	1979	Thyr	Supplier: ABB In 2004, control system upgrade by ABB	[1][126]
Path 27	USA - Intermountain, UT 39°30′2″N 112°34′51″W / 39.50056°N 112.58083°W	USA - Adelanto, CA 34°33′4″N 117°26′14″W / 34.55111°N 117.43722°W	785 (0/785)	500	1920	1986	Thyr
Quebec - New England Transmission	Canada - Radisson, QC 53°43′33″N 77°44′17″W / 53.72583°N 77.73806°W	Canada - Nicolet, QC 46°04′47″N 72°14′58″W / 46.07972°N 72.24944°W; USA - Ayer, MA 42°34′13″N 71°31′27″W / 42.57028°N 71.52417°W	1105 (5/1100)	450	2250	1991	Thyr	3 terminals Converter stations near Windsor, QC and Monroe, NH were decommissioned in 2007. Supplier: ABB	[1]
Cross Sound Cable	USA - New Haven, CT 41°17′12″N 72°54′8″W / 41.28667°N 72.90222°W	USA - Shoreham, Long Island, NY 40°57′33″N 72°52′3″W / 40.95917°N 72.86750°W	40 (40/0)	150	330	2002	IGBT	Buried underwater cable Supplier: ABB	[127]
Neptune Cable	USA - Long Island (Hicksville) NY 40°45′38″N 73°33′4″W / 40.76056°N 73.55111°W	USA -Sayreville, NJ 40°28′25.38″N 74°21′11.1″W / 40.4737167°N 74.353083°W	105 (105/0)	500	660	2007	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[128]
Trans Bay Cable	USA - Pittsburg, CA 38°01′51″N 121°53′48″W / 38.03083°N 121.89667°W	USA - San Francisco, CA 37°45′17″N 122°23′09″W / 37.75472°N 122.38583°W	85 (85/0)	200	400	2010	IGBT	First HVDC system using Modular Multi-Level Converter Supplier: Siemens, Pirelli	[129][130][131]
Western Alberta Transmission Line	Canada – Genesee, AB 53°21′13″N 114°18′33″W / 53.35361°N 114.30917°W	Canada – Langdon, AB 50°57′37″N 113°43′11″W / 50.96028°N 113.71972°W	350 (0/350)	500	1000	2015/2016	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[132][133]
Eastern Alberta Transmission Line	Canada – Newell, AB 50°30′41″N 112°01′02″W / 50.51139°N 112.01722°W	Canada – Heathfield, AB 53°51′28″N 113°13′52″W / 53.85778°N 113.23111°W	485 (0/485)	500	1000	2015/2016	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[132]
Labrador-Island Link	Canada - Muskrat Falls, NL	Canada - Soldiers Pond, NL	1135 (35/1100)	350	900	~2017	Thyr	Drilling for cable landfall began in 2014. Supplier: Alstom Grid	[134][135]
Maritime Link	Canada - Bottom Brook, NL 48°31′52″N 58°15′39″W / 48.53111°N 58.26083°W	Canada - Woodbine, NS 45°59′30″N 60°16′26″W / 45.99167°N 60.27389°W	360 (170/190)	200	500	~2017	IGBT	Right-of-way clearing began in 2014. Supplier: ABB	[136][137][138][139]
TransWest Express	USA – Sinclair, WY	USA – Boulder City, NV	1165 (0/1165)	600	3000			Final EIS expected in April 2015.	[140][141]
Rock Island Clean Line	USA - O'Brien County, IA	USA - Grundy County, IL	805 (0/805)	600	3500	~2017	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[142]
Plains & Eastern Clean Line	USA - Texas County, OK	USA - Shelby County, TN	1207 (0/1207)	600	3500	~2018	Thyr	Approved March 2016	[143][144][145]
New England Clean Power Line	USA - Alburgh, VT	USA - Ludlow, VT	248 (248/0)	320	1000	~2019			[146][147]
Juan de Fuca Cable Project	USA - Port Angeles, WA 48°06′10″N 123°25′00″W / 48.10278°N 123.41667°W	Canada - Victoria, BC 48°29′26″N 123°27′30″W / 48.49056°N 123.45833°W	35 (35/0)	150	550	?	IGBT	Buried undersea (30.5 km) and underground (2.5 km at each end) Supplier: ABB	[148][149]

South America

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Volt (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Itaipu 1	Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W	Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W	785 (0/785)	600	3150	1984	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[1]
Itaipu 2	Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W	Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W	805 (0/805)	600	3150	1987	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	[1]
Rio Madeira	Brazil, Porto Velho 08°54′53″S 63°57′27″W / 8.91472°S 63.95750°W	Brazil, Araraquara 21°49′59″S 48°20′52″W / 21.83306°S 48.34778°W	2375 (0/2375)	600	7100	2013	Thyr	The longest transmission link in the world Suppliers: ABB, Alstom	[150]

Back to back

Name	Location	Volt (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Carnegie Steel Company B2B	USA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	?	?	?	Merc	built for an interconnection between 60 Hz-utility system and a 25 Hz System, dismantled	[151]
Sakuma B2B	Japan - Sakuma 35°04′57″N 137°47′56″E / 35.08250°N 137.79889°E	125	300	1965	Merc	replaced in 1993 by new converter using light-triggered thyristors
Eel River B2B	Canada - Eel River, NB 48°01′05″N 66°26′39″W / 48.01806°N 66.44417°W	80	320	1972	Thyr	life extension project 2014	[152][153]
Shin Shinano B2B	Japan - Shin Shinano 36°08′14″N 137°52′58″E / 36.13722°N 137.88278°E	125	600	1977	Thyr	Supplier: Toshiba, Hitachi
Acaray B2B	Paraguay - Ciudad de Este 25°27′26″S 54°37′26″W / 25.45722°S 54.62389°W	25.6	50	1981	Thyr
Vyborg B2B	Russia - Vyborg 60°40′49″N 28°55′7″E / 60.68028°N 28.91861°E	±85	1065	1982	Thyr	extended up to 1420 MW in 2001
Dürnrohr B2B	Austria - Dürnrohr 48°19′46″N 15°52′48″E / 48.32944°N 15.88000°E	145	550	1983	Thyr	shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Artesia, New Mexico (Eddy County HVDC B2B) B2B	USA - Artesia, NM 32°48′51.7″N 104°14′29.6″W / 32.814361°N 104.241556°W	82	200	1983	Thyr
Chateauguay B2B	Canada – Châteauguay, QC 45°15′11″N 73°52′11″W / 45.25306°N 73.86972°W	140	1000	1984	Thyr	Control system upgrade by ABB in 2009	[154][155]
Oklaunion B2B	USA - Oklaunion, TX 34°5′6″N 99°11′1″W / 34.08500°N 99.18361°W	82	200	1984	Thyr	ABB replacement in 2014	[156][157]
Blackwater, New Mexico B2B	USA - Blackwater, NM 34°18′3″N 103°10′27″W / 34.30083°N 103.17417°W	57	200	1984	Thyr	Valve cooling and control systems upgrade by ABB in 2009	[158][159]
Madawaska, Quebec B2B	Canada - Dégelis, QC 47°30′31″N 68°31′25″W / 47.50861°N 68.52361°W	140	350	1985	Thyr
Miles City, Montana B2B	USA - Miles City, MT 46°24′31″N 105°47′36″W / 46.40861°N 105.79333°W	82	200	1985	Thyr
Highgate, VT B2B	USA - Highgate, VT 44°56′17″N 73°3′15″W / 44.93806°N 73.05417°W	56	200	1985	Thyr	Refurbishment by ABB in 2012,	[160]
Uruguaiana B2B	Brazil - Uruguaiana 29°48′22″S 57°0′17″W / 29.80611°S 57.00472°W	17.9	53.9	1986	Thyr
Broken Hill B2B	Australia - Broken Hill 31°59′10″S 141°25′9″E / 31.98611°S 141.41917°E	8.33	40	1986	Thyr
Virginia Smith B2B	USA - Sidney, NE 41°9′51″N 102°59′15″W / 41.16417°N 102.98750°W	50	200	1988	Thyr		[161]
Vindhyachal B2B	India - Vindhyachal 24°05′38″N 82°40′44″E / 24.09389°N 82.67889°E	176	500	1989	Thyr
McNeill B2B	Canada - Mc Neill, AB 50°35′56″N 110°01′25″W / 50.59889°N 110.02361°W	42	150	1989	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Wolmirstedt B2B	Germany - Wolmirstedt 52°16′21″N 11°38′10″E / 52.27250°N 11.63611°E	160	600	(1992)	Thyr	construction work was stopped after reunification, static inverter hall is today part of a recycling yard
Etzenricht B2B	Germany - Etzenricht 49°37′52″N 12°6′56″E / 49.63111°N 12.11556°E	160	600	1993	Thyr	shut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009
Vienna-Southeast B2B	Austria - Vienna 48°7′22″N 16°25′6″E / 48.12278°N 16.41833°E	142	600	1993	Thyr	shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Chandrapur B2B	India - Chandrapur 20°5′21″N 79°8′36″E / 20.08917°N 79.14333°E	205	2x500	1998	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Welsh HVDC Converter Station B2B	USA - Titus County, TX 33°03′30.3″N 94°50′36.54″W / 33.058417°N 94.8434833°W	162	600	1998	Thyr
Garabi HVDC	Brazil - Garabi 28°15′19″S 55°40′18″W / 28.25528°S 55.67167°W	±70	2200	1999	Thyr	Brazil-Argentina Interconnection. Supplier: ABB In 2002, the second phase 'Garabi 2' was supplied by ABB .	[162]
Vizag 1	India - Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka 17°38′33″N 83°7′57″E / 17.64250°N 83.13250°E	205	500	1999	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Minami-Fukumitsu B2B	Japan - Minami - Fukumitsu 36°29′46″N 136°54′57″E / 36.49611°N 136.91583°E	125	300	1999	Thyr
Rivera B2B	Uruguay - Rivera 30°56′29″S 55°33′34″W / 30.94139°S 55.55944°W	22	70	2000	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Eagle Pass, Texas B2B	USA - Eagle Pass, TX 28°42′58.8″N 100°29′26.88″W / 28.716333°N 100.4908000°W	15.9	36	2000	IGBT
Sasaram B2B	India - Sasaram 25°07′42″N 83°42′29″E / 25.12833°N 83.70806°E	205	500	2003	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Rapid City DC Tie B2B	USA - Rapid City, SD 44°00′37″N 103°9′54″W / 44.01028°N 103.16500°W	13	200	2003	Thyr		[163][164]
Vizag 2	India - Visakhapatnam 17°38′26″N 83°8′10″E / 17.64056°N 83.13611°E	176	500	2005	Thyr	Installed at Gazuwaka. Supplier:ABB. This is similar in specs to Vizag I and connects the Eastern and Southern grids.	[165]
Lingbao B2B	China - Lingbao 34°32′56″N 110°50′49″E / 34.54889°N 110.84694°E	168	360	2005	Thyr	Supplier: NR(Protection&Control), Extension project 2010:  Supplier: ABB	[166][167]
Lamar Co., Colorado B2B	USA - Lamar, CO 38°12′25.08″N 102°31′43.92″W / 38.2069667°N 102.5288667°W	63.6	210	2005	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens; Combination of B2B HVDC & Grid Power Flow Controller (GPFC)	[168]
Higashi-Shimuzu B2B	Japan - Shimuzu 35°03′24″N 138°29′58″E / 35.05667°N 138.49944°E	125	300	2006	Thyr
Sharyland B2B	USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W	21	150	2007	Thyr
Al Fadhili B2B	Saudi Arabia - Al Fadhili 26°53′52″N 49°20′47″E / 26.89778°N 49.34639°E	222	3x600	2008	Thyr	Used mainly for Dynamic Reserve Power Sharing rather than economic energy transfer. Supplier: Alstom	[169]
Outaouais B2B	Canada - Buckingham, QC 45°36′01″N 75°26′47″W / 45.60028°N 75.44639°W	315	625 (2x)	2009	Thyr	Expected completion 2009. Supplier:ABB	[38]
Heihe B2B	China - Heihe 50°15′19″N 127°25′37″E / 50.25528°N 127.42694°E	±125	750	2011	Thyr	Supplier: NR(Protection&Control)[170]
Gaoling B2B	China - Gaoling 40°10′49″N 120°00′22″E / 40.18028°N 120.00611°E	±500	1500	2008	Thyr
Shandong - East B2B	China		1200	2011	Thyr
Melo B2B	Uruguay - Melo 32°25′02″S 54°05′34″W / 32.41722°S 54.09278°W	±79	500	2011	Thyr	Supplier:Alstom
North - Central B2B	China		1000	2012	Thyr
Rio Madeira B2B	Brazil – Porto Velho 8°54′46″S 63°57′27″W / 8.91278°S 63.95750°W	100	800	2013	Thyr	Supplier: ABB[171]	[172][173][174][175]
Ridgefield B2B ( Hudson Project)	USA - Ridgefield, NJ 40°49′56″N 74°00′44″W / 40.83222°N 74.01222°W	185	660	2013	Thyr
Bheramara B2B	Bangladesh – Bheramara 24°04′03″N 89°0′04″E / 24.06750°N 89.00111°E	158	500	2013	Thyr
Akhaltsikhe B2B	Georgia - Akhaltsikhe 41°38′58″N 42°59′13″E / 41.64944°N 42.98694°E	96	700	2013	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	[176]
Mackinac B2B	USA - Saint Ignace, MI ~45°51′31″N 84°44′09″W / 45.85861°N 84.73583°W	70	200	2014	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	[177]
Railroad DC Tie	USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W	21	150	2014	Thyr
Alytus B2B	Lithuania - Alytus 54°26′19″N 23°58′02″E / 54.43861°N 23.96722°E	±70	500	2015	Thyr		[178]
Mogocha B2B	Russia - Mogocha 53°43′30″N 119°47′22″E / 53.72500°N 119.78944°E	±32	2x100	2017	IGBT		[179]
Tres Amigas SuperStation	USA - Clovis, NM	?	5000	?	IGBT

Maps

Europe

  Existing

  Under construction

  Options under consideration

Medium to large HVDC interconnections in western Europe.

1. Iceland – UK (option), 1.1 GW
2. Moyle: Auchencrosh, UK – Ballycronan More, Northern Ireland, UK
3. NSN Norway Kvilldal – UK Blyth, 1.4 GW under construction
4. Viking cable (option): Germany – Norway, 600 MW but NORD.LINK 1.4 GW under construction
5. Kattegat (option): Norway – Zealand, Denmark; or Norway – southern Sweden
6. Fenno-Skan: Rauma, Finland – Dannebo, Sweden
7. Vyborg
8. Estlink: Harku, Estonia – Espoo, Finland
9. NorNed: Feda, Norway – Eemshaven, Netherlands
10. Skagerrak 1, 2, 3, and 4: Tjele, Denmark – Kristiansand, Norway
11. Konti-Skan 1 and 2: VesterHassing, Denmark – Stenkullen, Sweden
12. Gotland: Västervik, Sweden – Ygne, Sweden
13. NordE.ON 1: Diele, Germany – Borkum 2 platform, Germany
14. StoreBælt: Fyn, Denmark – Zealand, Denmark
15. (purposely left blank)
16. SwePol: Stärnö, Sweden – Wierzbięcin (Słupsk), Poland
17. Baltic Cable: Lübeck- Herrenwyk, Germany – Kruseberg, Sweden
18. Kontek: Bjæverskov, Denmark – Bentwisch, Germany
19. East West Interconnector: Leinster, Ireland – Anglesey, Wales, UK. Operational since 2012
20. BritNed: UK – Netherlands. Operational since April 2011.
21. HVDC Cross-Channel: Les Mandarins, France – Sellindge, UK
22. HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia: "SACOI" – Codrongianos, Sardinia, Italy – Lucciana, Corsica, France – Suvereto, Italy (mainland)
23. Sapei, Sardinia – Italian mainland
24. Cometa: Valencia, Spain – Mallorca, Spain

    25 — 28 EuroMed options:

25. Algeria – Spain
26. Algeria – Sardinia
27. Tunis – Sicily
28. Tripoli – Sicily
29. HVDC Italy-Greece: Arachthos, Greece – Galatina, Italy

See also

• Electrode line
• European super grid
• High-voltage direct current
• Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme
• Scotland-Norway interconnector
• HVDC converter station
• Submarine power cable
• Transmission tower
• Uno Lamm
• Valve hall
• List of high voltage underground and submarine cables
• Desertec

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