Motley's Crew
Motley's Crew | |
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Mike Motley and Mr. Drudge having a "few words" with each other | |
Author(s) |
Ben Templeton[1] Tom Forman[1] (deceased) |
Current status / schedule | No longer in publication |
Launch date | September 6, 1976[1] |
End date | January 1, 2000[1] |
Syndicate(s) | Tribune Media Services |
Genre(s) |
Humor Politics Real Life Marriage |
Motley's Crew was an American newspaper comic strip by Ben Templeton and Tom Forman with satirical social commentary.[1][2] With readership spread among 250 newspapers in the United States alone, the comic strip acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans during its 23 years of operation.[2] The comic strip in general was about a blue-collar worker named Mike Motley and his wife Mabel Motley.[2] Truman Motley (Mike and Mabel's son) eventually fell in love and married a woman named Tacoma. From that marriage came two sons. Mabel's older brother Abel was often collaborating with his wife Buffy.[1] Her role in being the middleman in the "friendly rivalry" between her brother Abel and her husband Mike is ultimately cancelled out by his mutual respect of both Abel and Buffy; they have a desire to visit Mabel on an occasional basis.
According to a 1997 comics poll conducted by the New York Daily News, Motley's Crew was elected as the 28th most favorite comic strip among readers and visitors to the official Internet site.[3] The comic strip was considered to be more popular than B.C. (still in publication) but less popular than Broom-Hilda (still in publication).[3] However, it also voted as the 30th least favorite comic strip in the same poll; indicating that more people liked the Motley's Crew comic strip than hated it.[3] Templeton and Forman created the comic in 1976.[4] It was first syndicated by what is known today as Tribune Media Services on September 6 of that year. Templeton and Forman were working together on it until Forman's death in 1996. After Forman's death, Templeton continued alone.[4] It continued until January 1, 2000.[5]
The final week's strips dealt with the cast trying to cope with the possible effects of the Y2K bug.[6] Earl had the computers in the factory "bug proofed" but for the year 3000.[6] Mike had to fix the computers so they were ready for the year 2000 instead.[6] On the first day of the year 2000, the final comic strip ever to be printed presented long-time fans and casual readers with a sign with the words "This space for rent."[5] This concept was similar to Sam Malone closing the Cheers bar permanently after the final episode of Cheers.
Since then, Motley's Crew comic strips have been sought by collectors of contemporary comic strips. Archived comic strips can be viewed at on Google News Archives by simply typing in the name of the comic strip.[7] However, not all issues of the Motley's Crew comic strip are available to view on the Google News because they stopped scanning old newspapers in May 2011.
Cast of characters
Mabel and Mike Motley
Mabel Motley | |
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Information | |
Occupation | Homemaker |
Nationality | United States |
In the comic strip Motley's Crew, Mabel Motley (née unknown[1]) was a stay-at-home mother. Her eyes were drawn throughout the comic strip series as a simple narrow dot. Mabel's primary task in the family was to cook and clean while her husband was working and providing a paycheck for the family unit. Eventually, she became a grandmother later in the lifetime of the comic strip. Mabel revealed some of the aspects of her personality during her time as a wife and a mother. She would frequently complained about her husband spending his weekend afternoons doing nothing but watching sports on the television. With all the masculine elements that the comic strip portrayed, having Mike Motley married to her provided a feminine balance to the comic strip.
Mabel jokingly described her marriage to Mike as a "no-huddle marriage" when they were receiving marriage counseling.[8] She proudly maintains a "smoke-free" house to the chagrin of her husband's friend Cronin.[9] Some issues of the comic strip would show Mabel having a developed bust line, particularly if she is wearing a nightgown.[10] Gardening to an extremely strict daily routine was also a part of her life; even to the point of doing it in a terrible rainstorm and worrying her adult son Truman.[11]
Mabel had to have a formal outfit in reserve for her husband in order to create an image that her side of the family had a more expensive taste in apparel.[1][12] This one-time gag appeared on the August 28, 1997 episode of the comic strip.[1][12] Mike was chosen to wear an effeminate white tie outfit consisting of a black jacket, white bow tie, white tuxedo shirt, white vest and black formal trousers for Abel and Buffy's visit. The effeminate outfit somehow got a flaw in it from Mike struggling to get it on; making him look like a fool in front of his in-laws.[12] After the visit is over, even Mabel is glad to see her brother and his wife leave the house. Mabel is lying down in the couch all exhausted because she had to keep up with what Abel and Buffy were doing to her house.[13]
Mike Motley | |
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Information | |
Occupation |
Factory worker (earlier strips) Webmaster (later strips) |
In the comic strip Motley's Crew, Michael "Mike" Motley was a middle aged unskilled factory worker (later being promoted to webmaster).[1] He is of Scottish descent; a discovery that he made while on a trip to Europe and coming home to America wearing a traditional Scottish kilt.[14] Unlike his wife, Mike would have wide eyes; depicted by a large hollow ellipse surrounding a simple black dot.
He worked for his employer Mister Drudge and was married to his equally middle aged wife Mabel; who occasionally got to see her husband watching the New York Yankees instead of monitoring the plant on "Take Your Spouse to Work Day.[15]"
Even with his busy schedule of work, family, and bar life, Mike still had time to travel the world. His drinking habits eventually got him in trouble with his doctor; causing Mabel to hide his beer until he returned to a healthy weight.[16] When his son Truman hit hard times at his workplace, Mike was there to lend him a hand and help him recuperate from his losses.[17]
Mike's Rivalries
In the comic strip, Mister Drudge was considered to be an autocratic factory manager.<ref name="[7] He personally ran the fictional corporation Drudge Industries, Inc., which was a company involved in the manufacturing industry. His signature was on every paycheck that Mike Motley and his other subordinates received after working. The coarse nature of his operations is what kept the workplace in perfect working condition. Traditional gender roles reigned supreme in his factory. In addition to all that, Mister Drudge also had an obedient female secretary that was always ready to take orders from him. His last name came from a word that means "labor" or "work." Very rarely did anyone receive a pay raise or a promotion in his manufacturing company.[18]
It was never officially explained when a "friendly rivalry" between Mike, Abel, and Buffy began; a firm example of this rivalry was on an August 28, 1997 episode of the comic strip. The fact remained that any good intentions that Abel and Buffy had were quickly repulsed by Mike Motley at first glance. Mike always realized his hatred for Abel and Buffy when they arrived at a time when he wanted to be with his wife and not have to deal with her relatives on a social trip. Mabel always got him in the mood for all their visits because Abel and Buffy were a part of her family by birth.[12] Mike always complains about either Abel or Buffy doing something wrong to him or his property at the end of their visits.[13] Since Mabel has to be nice to her brother and his wife, she usually took his remarks with a grain of salt and have him look suitable for the occasion.[12]
Mabel's relatives were always a thorn according to her husband Mike; especially Abel and Buffy. He never really like any of her relatives because of their eccentric quirks. Buffy was always too obsessed with being clean while Abel was a frugal handyman.[19][20] Mike was never much for cleanliness and he did not particularly wanted to be a handyman; he was a factory worker by trade and had the pride of a factory worker.
Being the main character of the comic strip meant being exposed to the most gags throughout the series, and this gag would eventually become par for the course throughout the remaining two years of its run.
Abel and Buffy
Abel and Buffy ? | |
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Information | |
Occupation |
Homemaker (Buffy) Handyman (Abel) |
Mabel: 'Mike, what are you thinking of ? Abel and Buffy should be here any second.' / Mike (in his tee shirt and boxer shorts): 'This's as dressed up as I'm getting.' / Mike (in a white tie outfit that looks torn apart in certain places): 'Hi ya Abel Buffy.'— Mike and Mabel Motley before and after Abel and Buffy arrived at their house
Abel and Buffy provided comic relief when Mabel coerced her husband into embarrassing situations. Abel is assumed to have her sister's maiden name (never revealed in the comic strip) while Buffy has a different maiden name (that was also never revealed in the comic strip).
This fact was especially revealed in a comic strip that was published on August 28, 1997. Abel is portrayed in the comic strip as wearing a business suit, white dress shirt and a necktie while Buffy is wearing a black sweater, a long skirt and an elegant white handbag on her body. As a couple, they jointly made their way to Mabel and Mike Motley's house to see their embarrassed brother-in-law Mike Motley completely dazed and confused from events that they did not see. Mike Motley would end up seeing his wife's sister and brother-in-law come into the living room in order to create an elegant experience to their visit. He gave his wife's relatives a score of 2 out of 10 (20%) while Mabel gave her brother and sister-in-law a mathematically illogical score of 12 out of 10 (120%). Buffy had a medium-sized nose and her eyes were constantly hidden by thick eyeglasses. Meanwhile, Abel and his sister Mabel shared a common trait for narrow eyes and blond hair.[12] His nephew Truman would also inherit the blond hair that is a dominant feature for that side of the family.
The white underwear that was slightly revealed through the noticeable rip in the formal trousers was an attempt to capitalize America's newly found obsession with underwear oriented humor during that era. Most comic strips (and eventually other forms of popular culture) would eventually incorporate the use of underwear outside its expected role of underneath a person's trousers. This would find a use in humorous situations regardless of the age group being targeted.[21]
Observations
- Mike's vest shared the same white color as his tuxedo shirt. In addition to this, Mike's bow tie was white. Only slight variations in the shades of white (drawn by an expert cartoon drawer) could tell the difference between the vest and the formal shirt.
- Mike was wearing white tie (ultra formal evening attire); this would be considered not to be appropriate for an afternoon visit by his wife's siblings. Morning dress would have been the most appropriate formal outfit for a occasion that started prior to seven o'clock in the evening.
- Mike's delicate formal trousers were ripped in a manner that revealed the top portion of his underwear. His brother-in-law and his sister-in-law both ended up ignoring it and focused completely on the conversation at hand. They realized that trying to make a fool out of Mike with his underwear clearly being shown was completely inappropriate for the visit.
- Even though the rip exposed a significant part of his underwear, the fly of the briefs was never shown. The reason is that the fly of the briefs were not shown is because it allows easier access to the penis for urination. Since it is not considered to be appropriate to show adult content in a family publication, all underwear humor in the comic strip had to be used in a way that was not considered to be sexual.
- It is assumed from his manner of dress (but never actually shown) that Mike was wearing dark-colored dress socks and black dress shoes. The standard form of dress for a white tie outfit (in addition to morning dress) includes dark colored socks and black shoes.
- People with an eye for details should have also noticed that his wife Mabel was wearing a long cocktail dress. The long dress was probably just a typical dress that someone would wear for a summer wedding. Since Mabel couldn't find a suitable black business suit from his closet, she had to get out the white tie outfit for Mike. That was the only way to make him look respectable in front of her family members.
The condition of the formal outfit
The rip on the formal trousers could have been caused by these factors:
- It could have been Mabel's fault because she was not given the time to make her husband put on the formal clothing at a normal pace before Abel and Buffy were to arrive; this could have attributed to the rapid state of disrepair.
- If it was a rental and was not purchased by Mabel sometime prior to the visit by her siblings, a numerous amount of users could have used the formal attire before it was used by Mike Motley. They would have most likely abused it before Mabel eventually found it.
- Another resolution to this query would be that the tailor was unable to mend the formal trousers before it was rented by Mabel (assuming the outfit was rented and not purchased).
- The perfect world solution to this problem would indicate that Mike Motley purchased the formal outfit to wear in his wedding. While the idea was never shown on the comic strip, the formal outfit could have been gathering dust while Mike Motley gained weight waiting for another opportunity to use the outfit. A rip emerged in his black formal trousers and his white briefs are revealed. This rip in the formal trousers were the most prominent within the general condition of the outfit because that is where the weight gain was probably the greatest.
Truman and Tacoma Motley
Truman and Tacoma Motley were second-generation characters created by Ben Templeton and Tom Forman in order to provide the main characters Mike and Mabel Motley with children of their own. They appeared in the American comic strip Motley's Crew.
Truman and Tacoma Motley | |
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Information | |
Occupation |
Accountant (Tacoma) Unknown (Truman) |
Truman Motley (born circa 1971) was the son of Mike and Mabel Motley and the nephew of Abel and Buffy. He shares the same blonde hair as his mother Mabel while his physical appearance resembled a younger version of his father Mike. Despite enduring economic troubles in the mid-1990s and temporarily losing his job, Truman had a secure marriage and a happy life.[17]
Truman sometimes worries about his mother doing things that she shouldn't do; like the time where she got the crazy idea to do her daily gardening in a heavy rainstorm. Even though the rain was providing natural water to the flowers, Mabel had to use water from her garden hose in order to keep up her normal routine.[11] Like his parents, Truman is not a fan of his Aunt Buffy's obsessive habits in the kitchen and questioned her for alphabetizing the pantry.[13]
Tacoma Motley was the wife of Mike and Mabel Motley's son in addition to being the niece-in-law of Abel and Buffy. She married the Motley's son Truman out of her love for him. Some of the comic strips show her with a slight bust line. Tacoma's willingness to have a career and to be a mother at the same time shows the contradictions between the Truman Motley family and the Mike Motley family. As the equivalent of Michael Stivic from the television show All in the Family, Tacoma shared the same liberal values as Gloria Stivic's husband in the TV show.
Their children were born sometime around the year 1988 and were first introduced around August 1998 with the appearance of fraternal male twins.[22] Eventually, they grew up to be children in the early stages of puberty that confuse their grandfather's work clothes for the baggy clothing that was popular among youth in the late 1990s.
At least one of the grandsons had been informally called "Junior" throughout the late 1990s running of the comic strip; implying that he had been named Mike Motley, Jr. after his grandfather.[23]
Earl and Abigail Bird
Earl and Abigail Bird | |
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Information | |
Occupation |
Homemaker (Abigail) Factory worker (Earl) |
Earl Bird was the African-American next-door neighbor of Mike and Mabel Motley and a fellow worker at Drudge Industries and they were seen working side by side.[1] Earl usually had a cigar in his mouth and was the most incompetent person in the comic strip; once confusing a microwave for a television set. When he was captured and forced to steer the ship, he took command of the ship until it collided with land in the middle of Kansas. The humor behind that scenario was that ships cannot land in Kansas; Earl was clearly an incompetent sailor and no clear explanation was given about the reason of giving him command of an entire ship.
During the earlier years of the comic strip, Earl complained about the white flight from metropolitan cities into more suburban areas due to rising crime in the inner sections of North American cities.[24] Humor was added when Earl talked about the things that suburban people had (swimming pools, shade trees, lawns) and complained about not being able to afford to move out of an inner city environment to enjoy them.[24]
Abigail Bird (maiden name: unknown) was Earl's wife who had suffered for a long time with him. She played a similar role to the late Maude Flanders on The Simpsons, Gladys Kravitz on Bewitched, and Louise Jefferson on All in the Family and The Jeffersons.
Mister Drudge
Mister Drudge | |
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Information | |
Occupation | Factory manager[7] |
In the comic strip, Mister Drudge was considered to be an autocratic factory manager.[7]
He personally ran the fictional corporation Drudge Industries, Inc., which was a construction company. Very rarely did anyone receive a pay raise or a promotion in his construction company.[18] Never on a first name basis with anyone, Mister Drudge insisted that his first name was "Mister."
Mister Drudge was considered to be a very young person, with red hair, very young skin, and a white bow tie.[7][25] He also appeared content in his successful life running a major corporation at his age.[7] Some of his clichéd adventures involved being marooned on a desert island while hallucinating about his riches and his hired lawyers.[26] Through some form or another, he always got rescued from the island but not before being surrounded by sharks, the golden sands of the island, and a meager palm tree. This tragic event would happen to Mister Drudge exactly four times in the course of two years.[27]
Cronin
Cronin | |
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Information | |
Occupation | Factory worker |
In the comic strip, Cronin made infrequent appearances; usually as comic relief within Mike Motley's workplace.
He is usually drunk and hanging out at the same neighborhood bar as Mike Motley; occasionally drinking beer alongside him. When Cronin gets drunk, Earl usually has to drive his friend Mike home and faces the consequences for the various stunts that he fulfills while he is inebriated. Cronin became the laughing stock of the entire workplace when God claimed that "only people who wear their underwear on the outside can go to Heaven." Even the other workers have fun at Cronin's expense at work the next day when he does crazy stuff. He usually hangs out of the bus stop; indicating that Cronin's lifestyle doesn't allow him to maintain an automobile. Cronin also carries a lunch box with him most of the time.
Unlike his friend Mike Motley, Cronin was the swinging bachelor who desperately looked for girlfriends of ill repute. He used the payphone at the local bar in order to contact the "women of his dreams.[28]"
Yuri Litnov
Yuri Litnov | |
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Information | |
Occupation |
Worker (earlier strips) Casino owner[29] (early-mid 1990s) Unemployed (later strips) |
Nationality | Soviet Union |
Yuri Litnov was Mike Motley's friend from Russia (which was part of the Soviet Union during most of the comic strip's production).
He provided Cold War humor from the perspective of what Americans were conditioned to believe to be the "enemy" during the Cold War years. This character was used the most often during the Mikhail Gorbachev administration. While Yuri was visited by his friend Mike Motley in the then-current Soviet Union, Yuri rarely traveled to America. The reason for Yuri's lack of visits to the United States was that financial and security reasons prevented citizens from the Soviet Union from entering Western Bloc countries during that time. During the 1980s when the Soviets were warming relations with the United States, Mike (representing the United States of America and his capitalist employer) had fewer financial and security restrictions upon entering the Soviet Union.
Yuri was fortunately enough to become a casino owner in Moscow, Russia as of March 28, 1994; effectively becoming one of the Russian oligarchs who financially dominated Russia during the 1990s.[30] However, he would lose everything to a divorce; forcing himself to be shipped via a cargo crate to America.[31] Ben Templeton has a strong interest in the former Soviet Union and has made a novel about the country called The Last Decathlon; which is a thriller novel that takes place in the 1980s.[29]
Politics and conservatism
Despite other comic strips changing completely with the times to suit a younger audience, older fans of the comic strip wanted to keep traditional gender roles present in the comic strip as much as possible. Therefore, any changes to the main characters were seen as temporary and made to look as foolish as possible in order to create a laughter effect. Like the other suburban residents, Mike owned a car in which he used to travel to work and play. In addition to factories, houses, and office buildings, the neighborhood also had a bar, a health clinic, a church, a beach, and other fine places where Mike, his friends and family all worked and played at. Humor was found in the least expected places like a reception area in a hospital being confused for a place where footballs are caught in an American football field for a touchdown.
Rarely were any of the characters were seen walking, jogging, or using any form of mass transit on Motley's Crew as the characters never saw anything else but automobile travel as a priority for the characters. Environmentalists were still seen as the "potential destroyers of the country" because Mike didn't want to fix his faucet for $30 ($86.16 in today's money) instead of buying a new one for $10 ($28.72 in today's money).[32] After establishing its core audience in the 1970s and 1980s, the comic strip started to deal with issues that they deal with. Middle aged people and the elderly were considered to be the target demographic for this comic strip throughout its entire run.
Home computers and microprocessors were dealt with as processors of bills and income (as opposed to electronic video games) in a comic strip back in 1982.[33] Political issues (such as the mistakes made by the Department of Defense in the late 1980s) were dealt with in a conservative but humorous manner.[34] Conservatism could also be seen with stereotypical images of young people graduating from college. The newly graduated student joins the real world with his philosophy degree and ends up becoming a shepherd.[35] At the end of that comic strip, the sheep were thinking "How come we always get stuck with the philosophy majors?[35]"
See also
Comics
Television series
References
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Complete summary of Motley's Crew". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2011-02-04.
- 1 2 3 "Tom Forman's obituary w/ comic strip information". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
- 1 2 3 "Comic strip poll results". New York Daily News. 1997-03-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
- 1 2 "Artist information". Lambiek. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- 1 2 "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 2000-01-01. p. 34. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll to the left for this comic strip.)
- 1 2 3 "Motley's Crew". Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1999-12-28. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll down and to the right for this comic strip.)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Templeton, Ben; Tom Forman (1995-06-20). "Motley's Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. pp. D–5. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ↑ "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1996-02-26. p. 8. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll to the left for this comic strip.)
- ↑ "Mike and Mabel Motley's Smoke Free House". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Google News Archives). 1995-07-12. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
- ↑ "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1995-08-01. p. 20. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll down and to the left for this comic strip.)
- 1 2 "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1995-08-21. p. 13. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll down and to the left for this comic strip.)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1997-08-28. p. 19. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll down for this comic strip.)
- 1 2 3 "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1997-08-29. p. 24. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll right for this comic strip.)
- ↑ "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1996-10-04. p. 27. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll down and to the left for this comic strip.)
- ↑ "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1995-07-21. p. 19. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll up and to the left for this comic strip.)
- ↑ "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1996-12-05. p. 18. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll slightly down and to the left for this comic strip.)
- 1 2 "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1996-08-28. p. 20. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll slightly up and to the right for this comic strip.)
- 1 2 "Mike Motley's Raise Attempt". Comic Art Fans. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ↑ "All About Buffy". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Google News Archives). 1997-08-26. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
- ↑ "All About Abel". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Google News Archives). 1997-08-27. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
- ↑ "Motleys Crew". The Daily Gazette (Schenectady, NY). 1997-07-11. pp. D15. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll down for this comic strip.)
- ↑ "Introduction of the Grandsons". Google Groups. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
- ↑ "Mike Motley, Jr. Helping Old Ladies Across the Street". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- 1 2 "Self and the Community in the City - Chapter 1.5: Symbolic History and Self". Brooklyn Sociology. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
- ↑ "Mister Drudge Information". The Daily Gazette. 1995-02-08. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
- ↑ "Mister Drudge Marooned on an Island". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1996-07-04. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
- ↑ "Mister Drudge Rescued from the Island". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1996-07-05. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
- ↑ "Motleys Crew". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 1996-06-26. p. 26. Retrieved 11 March 2013. (Scroll to the left for this comic strip.)
- 1 2 "Yuri's 1994 appearance". Editor & Publisher. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
- ↑ "Yuri and his Casino". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1994-03-28. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
- ↑ "Yuri Loses his Casino". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1996-08-12. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
- ↑ "$30 Faucet Repair vs $10 New Faucet". Reading Eagle. 1980-09-23. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
- ↑ "The Impact of the Microprocessor". Malted Media. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
- ↑ Fairhall, James (1987). "The case of the $435 Hammer". FindArticles.com. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
- 1 2 "The Philosophy Graduate and the Sheep". Rabbi Fleischmann. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
External links
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