List of North American animals extinct in the Holocene

This is an incomplete list of extinct animals of North America. This list covers only extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geological period that extends from the present day back to about 10,000 radiocarbon years, approximately 11,430 ± 130 calendar years BP (between 9560 and 9300 BC).

Map of North America

Mammals

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)

Common name/scientific name	Extinction date (BC)	Range	Image
American cheetahs Miracinonyx trumani & Miracinonyx inexpectatus	11000	North America
American lion Panthera leo atrox	11000	USA, Canada and Mexico
American mastodon Mammut americanum	8500	USA and Canada
American mountain deer Odocoileus lucasi	10000	USA	--
Aztlanolagus agilis	10000	Southeastern Arizona to Central America
Beautiful armadillo Dasypus bellus	8000	USA to South America	--
Bison antiquus	10000	USA and Canada
Bison occidentalis	5000	Alaska to Minnesota	--
Blunt-toothed giant hutia Amblyrhiza inundata	11000	Northern Lesser Antilles	--
California tapir Tapirus californicus	11000	USA	--
Camelops Camelops spp.	8000	USA and Mexico
Capromeryx Capromeryx minor	11000	USA and Mexico
Caribbean ground sloths	5000	Caribbean Islands
Columbian mammoth Mammuthus columbi	5800	USA and Mexico
Cope's tapir Tapirus copei	11000	USA	--
Dhole Cuon alpinus	11000	North America
Dire wolf Canis dirus	8000	North America
Eurasian cave lion Panthera leo spelaea	11000	Canada and Alaska
Florida spectacled bear Tremarctos floridanus	8000	USA	--
Giant beaver Castoroides leiseyorum & Castoroides ohioensis	11000	Canada and USA
Glyptodon	10000	Central America
Harlan's muskox Bootherium bombifrons	9000	North America
Harrington's mountain goat Oreamnos harringtoni	12000	USA and Mexico
Holmesina septentrionalis	8000	USA
Jefferson's ground sloth Megalonyx spp.	11000	USA and Canada
Mexican horse Equus conversidens	11000	USA and Mexico
Mylohyus M. elmorei, M. floridanus, M. fossilis, M. gidleyi & M. nasutus	9000	North America
Neochoerus Neochoerus aesopi & Neochoerus pinckneyi	11000	Southeast USA to Panama	--
Osborn's key mouse Clidomys osborni	11000	Jamaica	--
Pleistocene North American jaguar Panthera onca augusta	10000	Panama to USA
Panamerican ground sloth Eremotherium eomigrans & Eremotherium laurillardi	11000	USA to Panama
Paramylodon harlani	11000	North America
Plate-toothed giant hutia Elasmodontomys obliquus	11000	Puerto Rico	--
Platygonus P. bicalcaratus, P. brachirostris, P. compressus, P. intermedius, P. narinoensis, P. oregonensis, P. pearcei, P. pollenae & P. vetus	11000	North America
Pygmy mammoth Mammuthus exilis	10800-11300	Channel Islands of California, USA
Saber-tooth cat Smilodon sp.	8000	North America
Saiga antelope Saiga tatarica	10000	North America
Scimitar cats Homotherium sp.	10000	USA, Canada, Mexico
Shasta ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis & Nothrotheriops texanus	11000	USA
Scott's horse Equus scotti	11000	USA and Mexico
Short-faced bear Arctodus simus	8000	North America
Shrub-ox Euceratherium collinum	9500	North America
Stag-moose Cervalces scotti	12000	USA and Canada
Steppe wisent Bison priscus’	11000	Alaska and Yukon
Stilt-legged llama Hemiauchenia sp.	11000	USA and Mexico	--
Stockoceros Stockoceros onusrosagris	11000	Southwestern North America
Stout-legged llama Palaeolama ssp.	11000	USA	--
Tapirus merriami	11000	USA	--
Twisted-toothed mouse Quemisia gravis	11000	Hispaniola	--
Ursus maritimus tyrannus	11000	Arctic
Western horse Equus occidentalis	10000	USA
Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius	2000	Northern USA
Yukon horse Equus lambei	11000	USA and Canada

Recent extinctions (1500 AD to present)

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Antillean giant rice rat Megalomys desmarestii[1]	1902	France (Martinique)
Anthony's woodrat Neotoma anthonyi[2]	1926	Mexico (only on Isla Todos Santos)	--
Banks Island wolf Canis lupus bernardi	1920	Canada	--
Barbados raccoon Procyon lotor gloveralleni	1964	Barbados	--
Bunker's woodrat Neotoma bunkeri[3]	1932	Mexico (Coronados Islands)	[4]
California golden bear Ursus arctos californicus	1922	California
Caribbean monk seal Monachus tropicalis[5]	1952	Caribbean Sea
Cascade mountain wolf Canis lupus fuscus	1940	Canada and USA	--
Cuban coney Geocapromys columbianus[6]	1500s	Cuba	--
Eastern cougar Puma concolor couguar	Unknown (declared in 2011)	Eastern Canada and USA
Eastern elk Cervus canadensis canadiensis	1887	Eastern Canada and USA
Goff's pocket gopher Geomys pinetis goffi	1955	Florida	--
Gull Island vole Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus	1897	Gull Island, New York	--
Hispaniolan edible rat Heteropsomys insulans [7]	1500s	Hispaniola	--
Insular cave rat Heteropsomys insulans[8]	1600s	Puerto Rico	--
Imposter hutia Hexolobodon phenax[9]	1500s	Hispaniola	--
Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori[10]	1500s	Jamaica	--
Jamaican rice rat Oryzomys antillarum[11]	1870s	Jamaica
Little Swan Island hutia Geocapromys thoracatus[12]	1955	Swan Islands, Honduras
Marcano's solenodon Solenodon marcanoi[13]	1500s	Hispaniola	--
Merriam's elk Cervus canadensis merriami	1906	Southwestern USA	--
Mexican grizzly bear Ursus arctos nelsoni	1964	Mexico and Southwestern USA
Montane hutia Isolobodon montanus[14]	1500s	Hispaniola	--
Nelson's rice rat Oryzomys nelsoni[15]	1897	María Madre Island, Mexico
Nevis rice rat Pennatomys nivalis[16]	1500s	Netherlands (Sint Eustatius) & Saint Kitts and Nevis	--
Newfoundland wolf Canis lupus beothucu	1911	Newfoundland
Oriente cave rat Boromys offella[17]	1500s	Cuba
Pallid beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus	1959	Florida	--
Puerto Rican hutia Isolobodon portoricensis[18]	1600s	Hispaniola and Puerto Rico	--
Puerto Rican long-nosed bat Monophyllus frater	1600s	Puerto Rico	--
Santa Lucian giant rice rat Megalomys luciae[19]	1852	St. Lucia
Saint Vincent pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys victus[20]	1898	St. Vincent	--
Samana hutia Plagiodontia ipnaeum[21]	1500sbr	Hispaniola	--
San Martín Island woodrat Neotoma martinensis[22]	1950	San Martín Island, Mexico	--
Sea mink Neovison macrodon[23]	1860	Atlantic Canada and New England	--
Smith Island cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus hitchensi	1987(before)	Smith Island, Virginia	--
Southern California kit fox Vulpes macrotis macrotis	1903	Southern California, USA	--
Southern Rocky Mountains wolf Canis lupus youngi	1935	Southern Rocky Mountains, USA	--
Steller's sea cow Hydrodamalis gigas[24]	1768	Commander Islands
Tacoma pocket gopher Thomomys mazama tacomensis	1970	Washington	--
Torre's cave rat Boromys torrei[25]	1500s	Cuba
Tule shrew Sorex ornatus juncensis	1905	Baja California, Mexico	--
West Indies nesophontes Nesophontes sp. Atalaye nesophontes [26] Cuban nesophontes Greater Cuban nesophontes [27] Haitian nesophontes [28] Lesser Cuban nesophontes Puerto Rican nesophontes [29] Saint Michel nesophontes [30] Slender Cuban nesophontes Western Cuban nesophontes [31]	1500s	Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands & United Kingdom (Cayman Islands)

Possibly Extinct

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date (AD)	Range	Image
Dwarf hutia Mesocapromys nanus [32]	1937	Cuba	--
Garrido's hutia Mysateles garridoi [33]	1989	Banco de los Jardins y Jardinillos, Cuba	--
Puebla deer mouse Peromyscus mekisturus [34]	1948	Puebla, Mexico	--
San Quintin kangaroo rat Dipodomys gravipes [35]	1986	Baja California, Mexico	--
San Felipe hutia Mesocapromys sanfelipensis[36]	1978	San Felipe, Cuba	--
Sclater's shrew Sorex sclateri[37]	Unknown	Chiapas, Mexico	--

Birds

Prehistoric extinctions (begin Holocene to 1500 AD)

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Aiolornis incredibilis	Late Pleistocene	North America	--
Antillean cave rail Nesotrochis debooyi	Late Pleistocene	Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands
Californian turkey Meleagris californica	10,000 BC.	USA	--
Cathartornis gracilis	10,000 BC	USA	--
Chendytes lawi	1800 BC.	Western USA Coast
Cuban condor Gymnogyps varonai	Early Holocene	Cuba	--
Daggett's eagle Buteogallus daggetti	13000 BC.	California and Nuevo León, Mexico	--
La Brea stork Ciconia maltha	10000 BC.	Western, Southern USA and Cuba
Saint Croix macaw Ara autocthones	Unknown	St. Croix, Virgin Islands.	--
Teratorns Teratornis merriami & Teratornis woodburnensis	8000 BC.	North America
Woodward's eagle Amplibuteo woodwardi	Late Pleistocene	Caribbean	--

Recent extinctions (1500 AD to present)

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Antiguan burrowing owl Athene cunicularia amaura	late 19th century	Antigua and Barbuda	--
Atitlán grebe Podilymbus gigas	1989	Guatemala
Bahaman barn owl Tyto pollens	c. 16th century	Andros Island, Bahamas
Bermuda flicker Colaptes oceanicus	c. 18th century	United Kingdom (Bermuda)	--
Bermuda hawk Bermuteo avivorus	c. 1603	United Kingdom (Bermuda)	--
Bermuda night heron Nyctanassa carcinocatactes	c. 18th century	United Kingdom (Bermuda)	--
Bermuda saw-whet owl Aegolius gradyi	1600s	United Kingdom (Bermuda)	--
Brace's emerald Chlorostilbon bracei	1870s	Bahamas	--
Carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis	1918	Eastern USA and Canada
Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis bairdii	1987	Cuba
Cuban red macaw Ara tricolor	1860s	Cuba
Dusky seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens	1987	Florida
Gould's emerald Chlorostilbon elegans	Unknown	Bahamas or Jamaica
Grand Cayman thrush Turdus ravidus	1940s	Grand Cayman	--
Great auk Pinguinus impennis	1852	North Atlantic Coast
Guadalupe caracara Caracara lutosa	1900	Guadalupe, Mexico
Guadeloupe burrowing owl Athene cunicularia guadeloupensis	late 19th century	France (Guadeloupe)	--
Guadeloupe parakeet Aratinga labati	c. 18th century	France (Guadeloupe)
Guadeloupe parrot Amazona violacea	1779	France (Guadeloupe)
Heath hen Tympanuchus cupido cupido	1932	New England
Labrador duck Camptorhynchus labradorius	1878	Atlantic Northeast
Lesser Antillean macaw Ara guadeloupensis	1760	France (Guadeloupe)
Martinique parrot Amazona martinicana	1779	France (Martinique)
Mauge's parakeet Aratinga chloroptera maugei	1779	Mona Island, Puerto Rico
New Mexico Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi	1954	United States (Colorado and New Mexico)	--
Passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius	1914	Eastern USA and Canada
Slender-billed grackle Quiscalus palustris	1910	Central Mexico
Spectacled cormorant Phalacrocorax perspicillatus	1850	Komandorski Islands
Socorro elf owl Micrathene whitneyi graysoni	1970	Mexico (Socorro Island)	--
Violet macaw Anodorhynchus purpurascens	Unknown	France (Guadeloupe)

Possibly Extinct

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Bachman's warbler Vermivora bachmanii	1988	Southeastern USA
Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis	1981	Alaska to Argentina
Guadalupe storm petrel Oceanodroma macrodactyla	1912	Guadalupe, Mexico
Imperial woodpecker Campephilus imperialis	1956	Mexico
Indigo-capped hummingbird Amazilia cyanifrons	Early 1940s	Costa Rica
Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis	1987	Southeastern USA and Cuba
Jamaican petrel Pterodroma caribbaea	1879	Jamaica
Jamaican poorwill Siphonorhis americana [38]	1860	Jamaica
Semper's warbler Leucopeza semperi	1961	St. Lucia

Reptiles

Modern extinctions (1500 AD to present)

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Guadeloupe ameiva Ameiva cineracea[39]	1928	France (Guadeloupe)	--
Jamaica giant galliwasp Celestus occiduus[40]	1840	Jamaica
Martinique giant ameiva Ameiva major[41]	Unknown	France (Martinique)	--
Martinique curly-tailed lizard Leiocephalus herminieri[42]	1830s	France (Martinique)	--
Navassa curly-tailed lizard Leiocephalus eremitus[43]	1917	Navassa Island, USA	--
Navassa Island dwarf boa Tropidophis bucculentus	Late 19th century	Navassa Island, USA	--
Navassa Island iguana Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis[44]	Late 19th century	Navassa Island, USA	--
Saint Croix racer Borikenophis sanctaecrucis[45]	Unknown	St. Croix, US Virgin Islands	--

Possibly Extinct

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Culebra Island giant anole Xiphosurus roosevelti	1978	Culebera Island, Puerto Rico	--

Amphibians

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Ainsworth's salamander Plethodon ainsworthi[46]	1964	USA	--
Craugastor chrysozetetes[47]	Unknown	Honduras	--
Craugastor escoces[48]	1986	Costa Rica	--
Golden toad Bufo periglenes[49]	1989	Costa Rica

Possibly Extinct

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Atoyac minute salamander Thorius infernalis[50]	1980s	Guerrero, Mexico	--
Bigfoot splayfoot salamander Chiropterotriton magnipes[51]	Unknown	San Luis Potosí & Querétaro, Mexico	--
Golden coqui Eleutherodactylus jasperi[52]	1981	Puerto Rico
San Martin pygmy salamander Thorius narismagnus[53]	1980s	Veracruz, Mexico	--
Web-footed coquí Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti[54]	1974	Puerto Rico	--

Fish

Prehistoric extinctions (begin Holocene to 1500 AD)

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Saber-toothed salmon Oncorhynchus rastrosus	Late Pleistocene	Western Coast of Canada and USA

Recent extinctions (1500 AD to present)

Common name\scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Alberca silverside Chirostoma bartoni	2006	Lerma River Basin, Mexico	--
Alvord cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki alvordensis	1920s	Alvord Dry Lake, Oregon	--
Ameca shiner Notropis amecae[55]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Amistad gambusia Gambusia amistadensis[56]	Unknown (declared in 1987)	Goodenough Spring, Texas
Ash Meadows killifish Empetrichthys merriami[57]	1948	Ash Meadows, Nevada
Banff longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae smithi	Unknown (declared in 1987)	Banff, Alberta	--
Blackfin cisco Coregonus nigripinnis[58]	1969	Great Lakes, Canada and USA	--
Blue walleye Sander vitreus glaucus	1983	Great Lakes, Canada and USA
Cachorrito de la Trinidad Cyprinodon inmemoriam[59]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Clear Lake splittail Pogonichthys ciscoides'[60]	1970s	Clear Lake, California	--
Deepwater cisco Coregonus johannae[61]	1952	Great Lakes, Canada and USA	--
Durango shiner Notropis aulidion[62]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Graceful priapella Priapella bonita[63]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Grass Valley speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus reliquus	1938	Lander County, Nevada	--
Harelip sucker Moxostoma lacerum[64]	1893	Southeastern USA	--
Independence Valley tui chub Gila bicolor isolata	1970s	Independence Valley, Nevada	--
Las Vegas dace Rhinichthys deaconi[65]	1986	Las Vegas Valley, USA	--
Longjaw cisco Coregonus alpenae[66]	1975	Great Lakes, Canada and USA	--
Maryland darter Etheostoma sellare[67]	1988	Deer Creek, Maryland
Mexican dace Evarra bustamantei[68]Evarra eigenmanni[69] & Evarra tlahuacensis[70]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Pahranagat spinedace Lepidomeda altivelis[71]	1938	Pahranagat Valley, Nevada	--
Phantom shiner Notropis orca[72]	1975	Rio Grande Basin, Mexico and USA	--
Parras characodon Characodon garmani[73]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Perrito de Parras Cyprinodon latifasciatus [74]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Perrito de Sandia Cyprinodon spp. [75]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Raycraft Ranch killifish Empetrichthys latos concavus	Unknown	Raycraft Ranch, Nevada	--
Salado shiner Notropis saladonis[76]	Unknown	Mexico	--
San Marcos gambusia Gambusia georgei[77]	1983	San Marcos Spring, Texas	--
Scioto madtom Noturus trautmani[78]	1957	Big Darby Creek, Ohio	--
Shortnose cisco Coregonus reighardi[79]	1985	Great Lakes, Canada and USA
Silver trout Salvelinus agassizi[80]	1930	Dublin Pond, New Hampshire
Snake River sucker Chasmistes muriei[81]	Unknown	Snake River, Wyoming	--
Stumptooth minnow Stypodon signifer[82]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Tecopa pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae	1979	Majavo Desert Springs, California
Thicktail chub Gila crassicauda[83]	1950s	Central Valley of California
Utah Lake sculpin Cottus echinatus[84]	1928	Utah Lake, Utah	--
Villa Lopez pupfish Cyprinodon ceciliae[85]	Unknown	Mexico	--
Yellowfin cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki macdonald	After 1903	Twin Lakes, Colorado	--

Crustaceans

• Cambarellus alvarezi,^[86] Around 1994, Mexico (Nuevo León)
• Chihuahua dwarf crayfish,^[87] Cambarellus chihuahuae Unknown, Mexico (Chihuahua)
• Florida fairy shrimp ,^[88] Dexteria floridana, Unknown, Florida
• Hemigrapsus estellinensis ,^[89] 1963, Estelline, Texas
• Pasadena freshwater shrimp ,^[90] Syncaris pasadenae, 1933, Los Angeles, California
• Rubious cave amphipod ,^[91] Stygobromus lucifugus, Unknown, Illinois
• Sandhills crayfish ,^[92] Procambarus angustatus, Unknown, Georgia
• Sooty crayfish ,^[93] Pacifastacus nigrescens, late 19th century, San Francisco Bay, California

Insects

The chestnut casebearer moth's larva case

The Rocky Mountain locust

The Sloane's Urania butterfly

The xerces blue

• American chestnut moth,^[94] Ectoedemia castaneae, Unknown, USA
• Antioch Dunes shieldback katydid,^[95] Neduba extincta, Unknown, USA
• Athens caddisfly,^[96] Triaenodes phalacris, Unknown, USA
• Castle Lake caddisfly,^[97] Rhyacophila amabilis, Unknown, USA
• Central Valley grasshopper,^[98] Conozoa hyalina, Unknown, USA
• Chestnut casebearer moth,^[99] Coleophora leucochrysella, 1900, USA
• Chestnut ermine moth,^[100]Argyresthia castaneella, Unknown, USA
• Chestnut clearwing moth,^[101] Coptotriche perplexa, Unknown, USA
• Fort Ross weevil,^[102] Trigonoscuta rossi, Unknown, USA
• Macrancylus linearis,^[103] Unknown, United States and West Indies
• Mono Lake diving beetle,^[104] Hygrotus artus, Unknown, California
• Oeobia sp. Nov,^[105] Unknown, USA
• Phleophagan chestnut moth,^[106] Ectoedemia phleophaga, Unknown, Virginia
• Pecatonica River mayfly,^[107] Acanthometropus pecatonica, Unknown, USA
• Rocky Mountain locust, Melanoplus spretus, 1902, Great Plains, Canada and USA
• Robert's stonefly,^[108] Alloperla roberti, Unknown, USA
• Robust burrowing mayfly,^[109] Pentagenia robusta, Unknown, Ohio River Area
• Three-toothed caddisfly,^[110] Triaenodes tridonata, Unknown, USA
• Sloane's Urania butterfly, Urania sloanus, 1894, Jamaica
• Volutine stoneyian tabanid fly,^[111] Stonemyia volutina, Unknown, USA
• Xerces blue butterfly,^[112] Glaucopsyche xerces, 1943, Sunset District of San Francisco, California
• Yorba Linda weevil,^[113] Trigonoscuta yorbalindae, Unknown, United States

Arachnids

• Caribbean monk seal nasal mite, Halarachne americana, 1952, Caribbean Sea
• Tityus exstinctus, 1884, France (Martinique)

Mollusks

The Cahaba pebblesnail

Corded purg

Little flat-top snail

The shoal sprite

Umbilicate pebblesnail

• Acorn pearly mussel,^[114] Epioblasma haysiana, Unknown, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
• Acorn ramshell,^[115] Planorbella multivolvis, Unknown, Michigan
• Agate rocksnail,^[116]Leptoxis clipeata, Unknown, Alabama
• Alabama clubhsell,^[117] Pleurobema troschelianum, Unknown, Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee
• Alabama pigtoe,^[118] Pleurobema johannis, Unknown, Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee
• Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis,^[119] Unknown, France (Guadeloupe)
• Angled riffleshell,^[120] Epioblasma biemarginata, After 1967, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
• Arc-form pearly mussel,^[121] Epioblasma arcaeformis, 1940, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
• Arcuate pearly mussel,^[122] Epioblasma flexuosa, Unknown, United States
• Bigmouth rocksnail,^[123] Leptoxis occultata, Unknown, Alabama
• Boulder snail,^[124] Athearnia crassa, Unknown, Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia
• Brown pigtoe,^[125] Pleurobema hagleri, Unknown, United States
• Cahaba pebblesnail,^[126] Clappia cahabensis, 1965, Cahaba River, Alabama
• Carolina elktoe,^[127] Alasmidonta robusta, Unknown, the Carolinas
• Channeled pebblesnail,^[128] Somatogyrus wheeleri, Unknown, Arkansas
• Closed elimia,^[129] Elimia clausa, After 1967, Alabama
• Cobble elimia,^[130] Elimia vanuxemiana, Unknown, Alabama
• Constricted elimia,^[131] Elimia impressa, Unknown, Alabama
• Coosa elktoe,^[132] Alasmidonta mccordi, Unknown, Alabama
• Coosa pigtoe,^[133] Pleurobema murrayense, Unknown, USA
• Coosa rocksnail,^[134] Leptoxis showalterii, Unknown, USA
• Corded purg,^[135] Pyrgulopsis nevadensis, Unknown, Nevada
• Eelgrass limpet,^[136] Lottia alveus, 1920s, Labrador to New York
• Elimia gibbera,^[137] Unknown, Alabama
• Elimia macglameriana,^[138] Unknown, Alabama & Georgia
• Excised slitshell,^[139] Gyrotoma excisa, Unknown, Alabama
• Fine-rayed pearly mussel,^[140] Epioblasma personata, Early 20th century, Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio & Tennessee
• Fish Lake physa,^[141] Gyrotoma excisa, Unknown, Alabama
• Fusiform elimia,^[142] Elimia fusiformis, Unknown, Alabama
• Green-blossom pearly mussel,^[143] Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum,1980s, Tennessee River
• Hazel pigtoe,^[144] Pleurobema avellanum, Unknown, United States
• Hearty elimia,^[145] Elimia jonesi, Unknown, Alabama
• Highnut,^[146] Pleurobema altum, Unknown, United States
• High-spired elimia,^[147] Elimia hartmaniana, Unknown, USA
• Incerticyclus cinereus,^[148] Unknown, Martinique
• Incerticyclus martinicensis,^[149] Unknown, Martinique
• Lewis pearly mussel,^[150] Epioblasma lewisii, Unknown, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
• Leptoxis torrefacta,^[151] Unknown, United States
• Little flat-top snail,^[152] Neoplanorbis tantillus Unknown, Alabama
• Lined pocketbook,^[153] Lampsilis binominata, Unknown, USA
• Longnut,^[154] Pleurobema nucleopsis, Unknown, United States
• Lyrate rocksnail,^[155] Leptoxis lirata, Unknown, Alabama
• Maiden rocksnail,^[156] Leptoxis formosa, Unknown, Alabama & Georgia
• Nearby pearly mussel,^[157] Epioblasma propinqua, 1901, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
• Neoplanorbis carinatus,^[158] Unknown, United States
• Neoplanorbis smithi,^[159] Unknown, United States
• Neoplanorbis umbilicatus,^[160] Unknown, United States
• Oachita pebblesnail,^[161] Somatogyrus amnicoloides, Unknown, Arkansas
• Ochlockonee arcmussel,^[162] Alasmidonta wrightiana, Unknown, Florida
• Oleacina guadeloupensis,^[163] Unknown, Guadeloupe
• Olive marstonia,^[164] Marstonia olivacea, 1940, Alabama
• Pagoda slitshell,^[165] Gyrotoma pagoda, Unknown, Alabama
• Pleurodonte desidens,^[166] 1834, Martinique
• Pupa elimia,^[167] Elimia pupaeformis, Unknown, Alabama
• Pygmy elimia,^[168] Elimia pygmaea, Unknown, Alabama
• Pyramid slitshell,^[169] Gyrotoma pyramidata, Unknown, Alabama
• Reverse pebblesnail,^[170] Somatogyrus alcoviensis, Unknown, Georgia
• Ribbed elimia,^[171] Elimia laeta, Unknown, Alabama
• Ribbed slitshell,^[172] Gyrotoma pumila, Unknown, Alabama
• Rotund rocksnail,^[173] Leptoxis ligata, Unknown, Alabama
• Rough-lined elimia,^[174] Elimia pilsbryi, Unknown, Alabama
• Round slitshell,^[175] Gyrotoma walkeri, Unknown, Alabama
• Sampson's pearly mussel,^[176] Epioblasma sampsonii, Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky
• Scioto pigtoe,^[177] Pleurobema bournianum, Unknown, United States
• Shoal sprite,^[178] Amphigyra alabamensis, Unknown, USA
• Short-spired elimia,^[179] Elimia brevis, Unknown, Alabama
• Steward's pearly mussel,^[180]Epioblasma stewardsonii, Unknown, USA
• Stone's pearly mussel,^[181] Epioblasma lenior, After 1965, Alabama and Tennessee
• Striate slitshell,^[182] Gyrotoma lewisii, Unknown, USA
• Striped rocksnail,^[183] Leptoxis vittata, Unknown, United States
• Thick-lipped pebblesnail,^[184] Somatogyrus crassilabris, Unknown, Arkansas
• Tombigbee moccasinshell,^[185] Medionidus mcglameriae, Unknown, United States
• True pigtoe,^[186] Pleurobema verum,Unknown, Alabama
• Tubercled-blossom pearly mussel,^[187] Epioblasma torulosa torulosa, Unknown, Canada Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee & West Virginia
• Turgid-blossom pearly mussel,^[188] Epioblasma turgidula, Unknown, USA
• Umbilicate pebblesnail,^[189] Clappia umbilicata, 1928, Alabama
• Yellow pigtoe,^[190] Pleurobema flavidulum, Unknown, United States

See also

• List of extinct animals
• List of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands
• List of extinct birds
• Extinct in the Wild
• Lazarus taxon
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

References

• IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on February 10, 2007.

1. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Megalomys desmarestii (Antillean Giant Rice Rat, Desmarest’s Pilorie)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
2. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. & Castro-Arellano, I. (2008). "Neotoma anthonyi (Anthony's Woodrat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
3. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T., Castro-Arellano, I. & Lacher, T. (2008). "Neotoma bunkeri (Bunker's Woodrat, Bunkers Woodrat, Coronados Island Woodrat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
4. ARKive species - Bunkers woodrat (Neotoma bunkeri)
5. Kovacs, K. (2008). "Monachus tropicalis (Caribbean Monk Seal, West Indian Monk Seal, West Indian Seal)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
6. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Geocapromys columbianus (Cuban Coney)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
7. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). Brotomys voratus (Hispaniolan Edible Rat). In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
8. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Heteropsomys insulans (Insular Cave Rat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
9. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Hexolobodon phenax (Imposter Hutia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
10. MacPhee, R. & Hoffmann, M. (2008). "Xenothrix mcgregori (Jamaican Monkey)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
11. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Oryzomys antillarum (Jamaican Rice Rat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
12. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Geocapromys thoracatus (Little Swan Island Hutia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
13. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Solenodon marcanoi (Marcano's Solenodon)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
14. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Isolobodon montanus (Montane Hutia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
15. Timm, R., Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. & Lacher, T. (2008). "Oryzomys nelsoni (Nelson's Rice Rat, Tres Marias Island Rice Rat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
16. Turvey, S.T. & Collen, B. (2008). "Pennatomys nivalis (Nevis Rice Rat, St. Eustatius Rice Rat, St. Kitts Rice Rat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
17. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Boromys offella (Oriente Cave Rat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
18. Turvey, S. & Dávalos, L. (2008). "Isolobodon portoricensis (Puerto Rican Hutia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
19. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Megalomys luciae (Santa Lucia Giant Rice Rat, Santa Lucian Pilorie)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
20. Turvey, S. & Dávalos, L. (2008). "Oligoryzomys victus (St Vincent Pygmy Rice Rat, St. Vincent Pygmy Rice Rat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
21. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Plagiodontia ipnaeum (Samana Hutia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
22. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T., Castro-Arellano, I. & Lacher, T. (2008). "Neotoma martinensis (San Martin Island Woodrat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
23. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Neovison macrodon (Sea Mink)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
24. Domning, D., Anderson, P.K. & Turvey, S. (2008). "Hydrodamalis gigas (Steller's Sea Cow)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
25. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Boromys torrei (Torre's Cave Rat, Torre’s Cave Rat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
26. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Nesophontes hypomicrus (Atalaye Nesophontes)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
27. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Nesophontes major". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
28. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). Nesophontes zamicrus (Haitian Nesophontes). In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
29. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Nesophontes edithae (Edith's Island-shrew, Edith's Nesophont, Puerto Rican Nesophontes)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
30. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Nesophontes paramicrus (St. Michel Nesophontes)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
31. Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Nesophontes micrus (Western Cuban Nesophontes)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
32. Soy, J. & Silva, G. (1996). "Mesocapromys nanus (Dwarf Hutia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
33. Soy, J. & Silva, G. (1996). "Mysateles garridoi (Garrido's Hutia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
34. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. & Castro-Arellano, I. (1996). "Peromyscus mekisturus (Puebla Deer Mouse)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
35. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T., Castro-Arellano, I. & Lacher, T. (1996). "Dipodomys gravipes (San Quintin Kangaroo Rat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
36. Soy, J. & Silva, G. (1996). "Mesocapromys sanfelipensis (Little Earth Hutia, San Felipe Hutia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
37. Cuarón, A.D. & de Grammont, P.C. (1996). "Sorex sclateri (Sclater's Shrew)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
38. BirdLife International (2012). "Siphonorhis americana (Jamaican Paraque, Jamaican Pauraque, Jamaican Poorwill)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
39. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Ameiva cineracea (Guadeloupe Ameiva)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
40. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Celestus occiduus (Jamaica Giant Galliwasp, Sinking Galliwasp)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
41. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Ameiva major (Martinique Ameiva, Martinique Giant Ameiva)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
42. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Leiocephalus herminieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
43. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Leiocephalus eremitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
44. Powell, R. (2011). "Cyclura onchiopsis (Navassa Iguana, Navassa Island Iguana, Navassa Rhinoceros Iguana, Navassa Rock Iguana)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
45. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Borikenophis sanctaecrucis (Saint Croix Racer)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
46. Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). "Plethodon ainsworthi (Ainsworth's Salamander)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
47. Gustavo Cruz, Larry David Wilson, Randy McCranie (2004). "Craugastor chrysozetetes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
48. Bolaños, F. & Chaves, G. (2008). "Craugastor escoces". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
49. Alan Pounds, Jay Savage, Federico Bolaños (2004). "Incilius periglenes (Golden Toad)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
50. Gabriela Parra-Olea, David Wake, Mario García-París, James Hanken (2008). "Thorius infernalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
51. Gabriela Parra-Olea, David Wake, James Hanken (2008). "Chiropterotriton magnipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
52. Ariadne Angulo (2010). "Eleutherodactylus jasperi (Golden Coqui, Golden Coqui Frog)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
53. Gabriela Parra-Olea, David Wake, Mario García-París, James Hanken (2008). "Thorius narismagnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
54. Blair Hedges, Rafael Joglar, Richard Thomas (2010). "Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti (Stream Coqui, Webbed-footed Coqui)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
55. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Notropis amecae (Ameca Shiner)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
56. NatureServe (2013). "Gambusia amistadensis (Amistad Gambusia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
57. NatureServe (2013). "Empetrichthys merriami (Ash Meadows Killifish, Ash Meadows Poolfish)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
58. Gimenez Dixon, M. (1996). "Coregonus nigripinnis (Blackfin Cisco)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
59. Contreras-Balderas, S. & Almada-Villela, P. (1996). "Cyprinodon inmemoriam (Cachorrito de la Trinidad, Charco Azul Pupfish)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
60. NatureServee (2013). "Pogonichthys ciscoides (Clear Lake Splittail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
61. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Coregonus johannae (Deepwater Cisco)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
62. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Notropis aulidion (Durango Shiner)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
63. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Priapella bonita (Graceful Priapella)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
64. Nature Serve (2013). "Moxostoma lacerum (Harelip Sucker)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
65. NatureServe (2013). "Rhinichthys deaconi (Las Vegas Dace)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
66. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Coregonus alpenae (Longjaw Cisco)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
67. NatureServe (2013). "Etheostoma sellare (Maryland Darter)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
68. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Evarra bustamantei (Mexican Dace)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
69. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Evarra eigenmanni (Mexican Dace)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
70. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Evarra tlahuacensis (Mexican Dace)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
71. NatureServe (2013). "Lepidomeda altivelis (Pahranagat Spinedace)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
72. NatureServe (2013). "Notropis orca (Phantom Shiner)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
73. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Characodon garmani (Parras Characodon)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
74. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cyprinodon latifasciatus (Parras Pupfish, Perrito de Parras)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
75. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cyprinodon spp. (Perritos De Sandia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
76. Contreras-Balderas, S. & Almada-Villela, P. (1996). "Notropis saladonis (Salado Shiner)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
77. NatureServe (2013). "Gambusia georgei (San Marcos Gambusia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
78. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Noturus trautmani (Scioto Madtom)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
79. Gimenez Dixon, M. (1996). "Coregonus reighardi (Shortnose Cisco)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
80. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Salvelinus agassizii (Silver Trout)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
81. NatureServe (2013). "Chasmistes muriei (Snake River Sucker)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
82. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Stypodon signifer (Stumptooth Minnow)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
83. NatureServe (2013). "Gila crassicauda (Thicktail Chub)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
84. NatureServe (2013). "Cottus echinatus (Utah Lake Sculpin)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
85. Contreras-Balderas, S. & Almada-Villela, P. (1996). "Cyprinodon ceciliae (Villa Lopez Pupfish)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
86. Alvarez, F., López-Mejía, M. & Pedraza Lara, C. (2010). "Cambarellus alvarezi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
87. Alvarez, F., López-Mejía, M. & Pedraza Lara, C. (2010). "Cambarellus chihuahuae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
88. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Dexteria floridana (Florida Fairy Shrimp)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
89. Gordon C. Creel (1964). "Hemigrapsus estellinensis: a new grapsoid crab from North Texas". The Southwestern Naturalist 8 (4): 236–241. JSTOR 3669636.
90. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Syncaris pasadenae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
91. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Stygobromus lucifugus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
92. R. F. Thoma, J. Cordeiro & T. Jones (2010). "Procambarus angustatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
93. G. A. Schuster, C. A. Taylor & J. Cordeiro (2010). "Pacifastacus nigrescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
94. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Ectodemia castaneae (American Chestnut Moth)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
95. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Neduba extincta (Antioch Dunes Shieldback Katydid)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
96. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Triaenodes phalacris (Athens Caddisfly)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
97. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Rhyacophila amabilis (Castle Lake Caddisfly)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
98. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Conozoa hyalina (Central Valley Grasshopper)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
99. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Coleophora leucochrysella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
100. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Argyresthia castaneela (Chestnut Ermine Moth)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
101. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Tischeria perplexa (Chestnut Clearwing Moth)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
102. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Trigonoscuta rossi (Fort Ross Weevil)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
103. Lyal, C. (2014). "Macrancylus linearis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
104. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Hygrotus artus (Mono Lake Diving Beetle)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
105. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Oeobia sp. Nov". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
106. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Ectodemia phleophaga (Phleophagan Chestnut Moth)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
107. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Acanthametropus pecatonica (Pecatonica River Mayfly)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
108. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Alloperla roberti (Robert's Stonefly)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
109. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Pentagenia robusta (Robust Burrowing Mayfly, Robust Pentagenian Burrowing Mayfly)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
110. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Triaenodes tridonata (Three-tooth Caddisfly)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
111. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Stonemyia volutina (Volutine Stoneyian Tabanid Fly)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
112. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Glaucopsyche xerces (Xerces Blue)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
113. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Trigonoscuta yorbalindae (Yorba Linda Weevil)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
114. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma haysiana (Acorn Pearly Mussel, Acornshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
115. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Planorbella multivolvis (Acorn Ramshorn)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
116. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis clipeata (Agate Rocksnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
117. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Pleurobema troschelianum (Alabama Clubshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
118. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema johannis (Alabama Pigtoe)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
119. Bouchet, P. (1996). "Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
120. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma biemarginata (Angled Riffleshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
121. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma arcaeformis (Arc-form Pearly Mussel, Sugarspoon)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
122. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma flexuosa (Arcuate Pearly Mussel, Leafshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
123. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis occultata (Bigmouth Rocksnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
124. Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Athearnia crassa (Boulder Snail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
125. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema hagleri (Brown Pigtoe)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
126. Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Clappia cahabensis (Cahaba Pebblesnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
127. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Alasmidonta robusta (Carolina Elktoe)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
128. Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Somatogyrus wheeleri (Channeled Pebblesnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
129. Cordeiro, J., Perez, K. & Bogan, A. (2012). "Elimia clausa (Closed Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
130. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Elimia vanuxemiana (Cobble Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
131. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia impressa (Constricted Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
132. Cummings, K. & Cordeiro, J. (2011). "Alasmidonta mccordi (Coosa Elktoe)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
133. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema murrayense (Coosa Pigtoe)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
134. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis showalterii (Coosa Rocksnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
135. Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Corded Purg)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
136. Bouchet, P. (1996). "Lottia alveus (Eelgrass Limpet)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
137. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia gibbera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
138. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia macglameriana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
139. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma excisa (Excised Slitshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
140. Cummings, K. & Cordeiro, J. (2011). "Epioblasma personata (Fine-rayed Pearlymussel, Fine-rayed Pearly Mussel, Round Combshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
141. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Physella microstriata (Fish Lake Physa)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
142. Cordeiro, J. & Perez, K. (2012). "Elimia fusiformis (Fusiform Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
143. Bogan, A.E.(Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma torulosa ssp. gubernaculum (Green-blossom, Green-blossom Naiad, Green-blossom Pearly Mussel, Green Riffle Shell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
144. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema avellanum (Hazel Pigtoe)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
145. Cordeiro, J. & Perez, K. (2012). "Elimia jonesi (Hearty Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
146. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema altum (Highnut)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
147. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia hartmaniana (High-spired Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
148. Bouchet, P. (1996). "Incerticyclus cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
149. Bouchet, P. (1996). "Incerticyclus martinicensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
150. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma lewisii (Forkshell, Lewis Pearly Mussel)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
151. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis torrefacta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
152. Cordeiro, J. & Perez, K. (2012). "Neoplanorbis tantillus (Little Flat-top Snail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
153. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Lampsilis binominata (Lined Pocketbook)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
154. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema nucleopsis (Longnut)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
155. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis lirata (Lyrate Rocksnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
156. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis formosa (Maiden Rocksnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
157. Cummings, K. & Cordeiro, J. (2011). "Epioblasma propinqua (Nearby Pearlymussel, Nearby Pearly Mussel, Tennessee Riffleshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
158. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Neoplanorbis carinatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
159. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Neoplanorbis smithi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
160. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Neoplanorbis umbilicatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
161. Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Somatogyrus amnicoloides (Oachita Pebblesnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
162. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Alasmidonta wrightiana (Ochlockonee Arcmussel)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
163. Bouchet, P. (1996). "Oleacina guadeloupensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
164. Cordeiro, J. & Perez, K. (2011). "Marstonia olivacea (Olive Marstonia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
165. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma pagoda (Pagoda Slitshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
166. Bouchet, P. (2000). "Pleurodonte desidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
167. Bogan, A.E. & Seddon, M.B. (Mollusc Red List Authority) (2000). "Elimia pupaeformis (Pupa Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
168. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Elimia pygmaea (Pygmy Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
169. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma pyramidata (Pyramid Slitshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
170. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Somatogyrus alcoviensis (Reverse Pebblesnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
171. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia laeta (Ribbed Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
172. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma pumila (Ribbed Slitshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
173. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis ligata (Rotund Rocksnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
174. Cordeiro, J. & Perez, K. (2012). "Elimia pilsbryi (Rough-lined Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
175. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma walkeri (Round Slitshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
176. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma sampsonii (Sampson's Naiad, Sampson's Pearly Mussel, Sampson's Riffleshell, Wabash Riffleshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
177. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema bournianum (Scioto Pigtoe)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
178. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Amphigyra alabamensis (Shoal Sprite)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
179. Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia brevis (Short-spired Elimia)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
180. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma stewardsonii (Cumberland Leafshell, Steward's Pearly Mussel)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
181. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma lenior (Narrow Catspaw, Stone's Pearly Mussel)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
182. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma lewisii (Striate Slitshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
183. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis vittata (Striped Rocksnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
184. Cordeiro, J. & Perez, K. (2011). "Somatogyrus crassilabris (Thick-lipped Pebblesnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
185. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Medionidus mcglameriae (Tombigbee Moccasinshell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
186. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema verum (True Pigtoe)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
187. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma torulosa ssp. torulosa (Tubercled Blossom, Tubercled-blossom Pearly Mussel, Turberculed Riffle Shell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
188. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma turgidula (Turgid-blossom, Turgid-blossom Naiad, Turgid-blossom Pearly Mussel, Turgid Riffle Shell)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
189. Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Clappia umbilicata (Umbilicate Pebblesnail)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
190. Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). flavidulum (Yellow Pigtoe) "Pleurobema flavidulum (Yellow Pigtoe)" Check |url= value (help). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved January 3, 2014.

Notes