List of heads of government of Russia

Dmitry Medvedev is currently head of government

Approximately 57 people have been head of the Russian government since its establishment in 1726. The chairman of government was a member of the Supreme Privy Council, which was created on 8 (19) February 1726 by Empress Catherine, and from 8 (20) September 1802 ministerial duties were allocated by the Committee of Ministers, which was established on in accordance with the proclamation of Emperor Alexander II. Beginning with Count Aleksandr Romanovich Vorontsov, the eldest of the officers was de facto chairman of the committee. Eight years after the inauguration of the manifest, the first de jure office holder was Count Nikolay Rumyantsev.^[1] The Council of Ministers was unofficially formed in October 1857, as a result of Emperor Alexander II's reforms; its first session began on 19 (31) December 1857. Before the actual formation of that body on 12 (24) November 1861, the Emperor himself was in charge. The Council of Ministers consisted of chairmen of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers, as well as high-ranking officers appointed by the Emperor. The first session ended on 11 (23) December 1882, after the number of files to the Council greatly decreased.^[2][3]

The Committee of Ministers functioned simultaneously with the second session of the Council of Ministers for six more months; Count Sergei Witte participated on both entities until the abolition of the committee on 23 April (5 May) 1906. Following that event, the duties of the committee were left to the Council of Ministers, until the formation of the Small Council in 1909, which also included deputy ministers. By the order of Emperor Nicholas II, the second session of the Council of Ministers began on 19 October (1 November) 1905, following the formation of the State Duma. Shortly after the February Revolution and the inception of the Russian Provisional Government on 2 (15) March 1917, Georgy Lvov from the Constitutional Democratic Party and Alexander Kerensky from the Socialist Revolutionary Party became joint Minister-Chairmen. The provisional Russian Republic was eventually replaced by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the governmental body by the Council of People's Commissars, which was chaired from 1917–24 by Vladimir Lenin. That body was renamed Council of Ministers following a decree of the Supreme Council on 23 March 1946.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin, as the President of the Russian Federation, was automatically appointed as the Head of Government of the Russian Federation in the first two years of his mandate. The latter body took the previous name "Council of Ministers", the chairman of which became Viktor Chernomyrdin from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, replacing acting chairman Yegor Gaidar. According to the new constitution ratified on 25 December 1993, those two entities were separated. Since then, the head of that office takes the formal title "Chairmen of the Government" or colloquially "Prime Minister" (the only actual prime minister was Valentin Pavlov). Chernomyrdin resumed chairing the government, followed up by non-partisans and acting office holders. On 8 May 2008, Vladimir Putin took the office for a second term, now as a member of United Russia. Dmitry Medvedev has been the Chairman of the Government since 8 May 2012.^[4]

The youngest head of government by his accession to office was Count Karl-Fridrikh Golshteyn-Gottorpsky, at age 26, and the oldest Count Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy, at age 81.

List of heads of government

      United Russia       Communist       Constitutional Democrat       Our Home is Russia       Independent / None

Russian Empire

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Head of state
Members of the Supreme Privy Council of the Russian Empire (1726–1730)
			Duke Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673–1729)	8 February 1726	8 September 1727	Catherine I
			Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin (1661–1728)	8 February 1726	10 November 1728	Catherine I
			Count Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (1660–1734)	8 February 1726	6 May 1727	Catherine I
			Count Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (1686–1747)	8 February 1726	6 May 1727	Catherine I
		Knyaz Dmitry Mikhaylovich Golitsyn (1665–1737)	8 February 1726	6 May 1727	Catherine I
			Count Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy (1645–1729)	8 February 1726	6 May 1727	Catherine I
		Count Karl Fridrikh Golshteyn-Gottorpsky (1700–1739)	8 February 1726 (or March 1726)[5]	25 July 1727	Catherine I Peter II
			Knyaz Alexey Grigoryevich Dolgorukov (?–1734)	3 February 1728	4 March 1730	Peter II Anna
			Knyaz Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov (1670–1739)	6 April 1729	4 March 1730	Peter II Anna
			Knyaz Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgorukov (1667–1746)	19 January 1730	4 March 1730	Peter II Anna
			Knyaz Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1675–1730)	19 January 1730	4 March 1730	Peter II Anna
Cabinet ministers of the Russian Empire (1731–1741)
			Count Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (1660–1734)	10 November 1731	20 January 1734	Anna
			Count Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (1686–1747)	20 January 1734	10 November 1740	Anna Ivan VI
			Count Khristofor Antonovich Minikh (1683–1767)	10 November 1740	3 March 1741	Ivan VI
			Count Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (1686–1747) (2nd time)	3 March 1741	25 November 1741	Ivan VI
Conferency ministers at the Highest Court of the Russian Empire (1756–1762)
			Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin (1702–1758)	14 March 1756	1 October 1757	Elizabeth I
			Count Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1688–1760)	14 March 1756	2 October 1757	Elizabeth I
			Knyaz Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1684–1764)	14 March 1756	17 December 1757	Elizabeth I
			Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1693–1768)	14 March 1756	14 February 1758	Elizabeth I
			Count Alexander Borisovich Buturlin (1694–1767)	14 March 1756	17 October 1760	Elizabeth I
			Count Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov (1711–1762)	14 March 1756	4 January 1762	Elizabeth I Peter III
			Count Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov (1714–1767)	14 March 1756	20 January 1762	Elizabeth I Peter III
			Knyaz Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy (1699–1767)	14 March 1756	20 January 1762	Elizabeth I Peter III
			Count Alexander Ivanovich Shuvalov (1710–1771)	14 March 1756	20 January 1762	Elizabeth I Peter III
			Grand Duke Peter Fyodorovich Romanov (subsequently Emperor Peter III) (1728–1762)	14 March 1756	28 January 1762	Elizabeth I Peter III
			Knyaz Yakov Petrovich Shakhovsky (1705–1777)	16 September 1760	25 December 1761	Elizabeth I Peter III
			Ivan Ivanovich Neplyuev (1693–1773)	16 September 1760	20 January 1762	Elizabeth I Peter III
			Count Roman Illarionovich Vorontsov (1707–1783)	28 December 1761	20 January 1762	Peter III
Members of the Imperial Council of the Russian Empire (1762)
			Prince Georg Lyudwig Golshteyn-Gottorpsky (1719–1763)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762	Peter III
			Count Pyotr Avgust Fridrikh Golshteyn-Beksky (1696–1775)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762	Peter III
			Count Khristofor Antonovich Minikh (1683–1767)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762	Peter III
			Knyaz Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy (1699–1767)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762	Peter III
			Count Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov (1714–1767)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762	Peter III
			Aleksandr Nikitich Vilbua (1713–1788)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762	Peter III
			Knyaz Mikhail Nikitich Volkonsky (1713–1788)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762	Peter III
			Aleksey Petrovich Melgunov (1722–1788)	28 January 1762	28 June 1762	Peter III
Heads of Council Affairs at the Highest Court (Highest Council) of the Russian Empire (1768–1801)
			Stepan Fyodorovich Strekalov (1728–1805)	17 November 1768	1776	Catherine II
			Count Alexander Nikolayevich Samoylov (1744–1814)	1776	1787	Catherine II
			Ivan Andreyevich Veydemeyer (1752–1820)	1787	18 November 1796	Catherine II Paul
			Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin (1743–1816)	18 November 1796	22 November 1796	Catherine II Paul I
			Ivan Andreyevich Veydemeyer (1752–1820) (2nd time)	18 November 1796	26 March 1801	Paul I
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire (1810–1903)
			Count Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev[lower-alpha 1] (1754–1826)	1810	1812	Alexander I
			Count and Knyaz Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (1736–1816)	29 March 1812[6]	9 September 1812 (disputed)[lower-alpha 2] 16 May 1816	Alexander I
			Count Sergey Kuzmich Vyazmitinov (disputed)[lower-alpha 3] (1744–1819)	9 September 1812	15 October 1816	Alexander I
			Knyaz Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin (1753–1827)	25 May 1816[7]	6 April 1827	Alexander I Nicholas I
			Knyaz Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (1768–1834)	29 April 1827[8]	3 June 1834	Nicholas I
			Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev (1761–1838)	11 July 1834[9]	8 April 1838	Nicholas I
			Knyaz Illarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov (1776–1847)	9 April 1838[10]	21 February 1847	Nicholas I
			Count Vasily Vasilyevich Levashov (1783–1848)	31 December 1847[11]	23 September 1848	Nicholas I
			Knyaz Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshyov (1785–1857)	1 December 1848[12]	5 April 1856[12]	Nicholas I Alexander II
			Knyaz Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov (1787–1862)	May 1857[13]	January 1861[14]	Alexander II
			Count Dmitry Nikolayevich Bludov (1785–1864)	12 November 1861	19 February 1864	Alexander II
			Knyaz Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin (1789–1872)	24 February 1864[15]	21 February 1872	Alexander II
			Count Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev (1797–1879)	21 February 1872[16]	20 December 1879[16]	Alexander II
			Count Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev (1815–1890)	25 December 1879[17]	4 October 1881[17]	Alexander II Alexander III
			Count Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern (1820–1890)	4 October 1881[18]	30 December 1886[18]	Alexander III
			Nikolay Khristianovich Bunge (1823–1895)	1 January 1887[19]	3 June 1895[19]	Alexander III Nicholas II
			Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo (1834–1903)	15 October 1895[20]	29 May 1903	Nicholas II
			Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (1849–1915)	16 August 1903[21]	22 April 1906[21]	Nicholas II
Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (1905–1917)
			Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (1849–1915)	24 October 1905[21]	22 April 1906[21]	Nicholas II
			Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (1839–1917) (1st time)	22 April 1906[22]	8 July 1906[22]	Nicholas II
			Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (1862–1911)	8 July 1906[23]	5 September 1911[23]	Nicholas II
			Count Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov (1853–1943) Acting Chairman	2 September 1911[24]	9 September 1911[24]	Nicholas II
			Count Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov (1853–1943)	9 September 1911[25]	30 January 1914[25]	Nicholas II
			Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (1839–1917) (2nd time)	30 January 1914[22]	20 January 1916[22]	Nicholas II
			Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer (1848–1917)	20 January 1916[26]	10 November 1916[26]	Nicholas II
			Alexander Fyodorovich Trepov (1862–1928)	10 November 1916[27]	27 December 1916[27]	Nicholas II
			Knyaz Nikolay Dmitriyevich Golitsyn (1850-1925)	27 December 1916[28]	27 February 1917[28]	Nicholas II

Russian Provisional Government

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Head of state	Political party
Minister-Chairmen of the Russian Provisional Government (1917)
		Knyaz Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (1861–1925)	2 March 1917	8 July 1917	Lvov	Constitutional Democrat
		Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (1881–1970)	8 July 1917	26 October 1917	Kerensky	Socialist Revolutionary - Trudovik

Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Head of state	Political party	Cabinet
Chairmen of the Council of Peoples' Commissars of the Russian SFSR (1917–1946)
		Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924)	27 October (OS) 1917[29]	21 January 1924	Kamenev Sverdlov Vladimirsky Kalinin	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
			Alexey Ivanovich Rykov (1881–1938)	2 February 1924	18 May 1929	Kalinin	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
		Sergei Ivanovich Syrtsov (1893–1937)	18 May 1929	3 November 1930	Kalinin	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
		Daniil Yegorovich Sulimov (1890–1937)	3 November 1930	22 July 1937	Kalinin	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
			Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bulganin (1895–1975)	22 July 1937	17 September 1938	Kalinin Zhdanov Badayev	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
		Vasiliy Vasilyevich Vakhrushev (1902–1947)	29 July 1939	2 June 1940	Badayev	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
		Ivan Sergeyevich Khokhlov (1895–1973)	2 June 1940	23 June 1943	Badayev Vlasov (acting)	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
		Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin (1904–1980)	23 June 1943	23 March 1946	Vlasov Shvernik	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR (1946–1991)
		Mikhail Ivanovich Rodionov (1907–1950)	23 March 1946	9 March 1949	Shvernik Vlasov	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
		Boris Nikolayevich Chernousov (1908–1978)	9 March 1949	20 October 1952	Vlasov Tarasov	Communist (Bolsheviks)	—
		Alexander Mikhailovich Puzanov (1906–1998)	20 October 1952	24 January 1956	Tarasov	Communist	—
		Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov (1906–1991)	24 January 1956	19 December 1957	Tarasov	Communist	—
		Frol Romanovich Kozlov (1908–1965)	19 December 1957	31 March 1958	Tarasov	Communist	—
		Dmitry Stepanovich Polyansky (1917–2001)	31 March 1958	23 November 1962	Tarasov Ignatov Organov	Communist	—
		Gennady Ivanovich Voronov (1910–1994)	23 November 1962	23 July 1971	Organov Ignatov Yasnov	Communist	—
		Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev (1913–2008)	28 July 1971	24 June 1983	Yasnov	Communist	—
		Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov (1926–2012)	24 June 1983	3 October 1988	Yasnov Orlov	Communist	—
			Alexander Vladimirovich Vlasov (1932–2002)	3 October 1988	15 June 1990	Vorotnikov Yeltsin	Communist	—
			Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (1930–)	16 June 1990	26 September 1991	Yeltsin	Communist	1st Silayev (15 June 1990 – 11 July 1991) 2nd Silayev (12 July 1991 – 6 November 1991)
		Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (1937–) Acting Chairman[lower-alpha 4]	26 September 1991	6 November 1991	Yeltsin	Communist (RSFSR)	2nd Silayev (12 July 1991 – 6 November 1991)
Head of Government of the Russian SFSR as President of the Russian SFSR (1991)
			Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (1931–2007)	6 November 1991	25 December 1991	Yeltsin	Independent	Yeltsin–Gaydar (6 November 1991 – 14 December 1992)

Russian Federation

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Head of state	Political party	Cabinet
Head of Government of the Russian Federation as President of the Russian Federation (1991–1992)
			Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (1931–2007)	25 December 1991	15 June 1992	Yeltsin	Independent	Yeltsin–Gaidar (6 November 1991 – 14 December 1992)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers – Government of the Russian Federation (1992–1993)
			Yegor Timurovich Gaidar (1956–2009) Acting Prime Minister[lower-alpha 5]	15 June 1992	14 December 1992	Yeltsin	Independent	Yeltsin–Gaidar (6 November 1991 – 14 December 1992)
			Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (1938–2010)	14 December 1992	25 December 1993	Yeltsin	Independent	1st Chernomyrdin (14 December 1992 – 9 August 1996)
Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation (1993–present)
			Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (1938–2010)	25 December 1993	April 1995	Yeltsin	Independent	1st Chernomyrdin (14 December 1992 – 9 August 1996) 2nd Chernomyrdin (10 August 1996 – 23 March 1998)
				April 1995	23 March 1998		Our Home is Russia
			Sergei Vladilenovich Kiriyenko (1962–)	23 March 1998	23 August 1998	Yeltsin	Independent	Kiriyenko (24 April 1998 – 23 August 1998)
			Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (1938–2010) Acting Prime Minister[lower-alpha 6]	23 August 1998	11 September 1998	Yeltsin	Our Home is Russia	—
			Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov (1929–2015)	11 September 1998	12 May 1999	Yeltsin	Fatherland – All Russia	Primakov (11 September 1998 – 12 May 1999)
			Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (1952–)	12 May 1999	9 August 1999	Yeltsin	Independent	Stepashin (19 May 1999 – 9 August 1999)
			Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (1952–) (1st time)	9 August 1999	7 May 2000	Yeltsin Putin (acting)	Unity	1st Putin (16 August 1999 – 7 May 2000)
			Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov (1957–)	7 May 2000	24 February 2004	Putin	Independent	Kasyanov (17 May 2000 – 24 February 2004)
			Viktor Borisovich Khristenko (1957–) Acting Prime Minister[lower-alpha 7]	24 February 2004	5 March 2004	Putin	Independent	—
			Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (1950–)	5 March 2004	14 September 2007	Putin	Independent	1st Fradkov (5 March 2004 – 7 May 2004) 2nd Fradkov (12 May 2004 – 12 September 2007)
			Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov (1941–)	14 September 2007	8 May 2008	Putin	United Russia	Zubkov (14 October 2007 – 7 May 2008)
			Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (1952–) (2nd time)	8 May 2008	7 May 2012	Medvedev	United Russia	2nd Putin (8 May 2008 – 7 May 2012)
			Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (1965–)	8 May 2012	Incumbent	Putin	United Russia	Medvedev (from 8 May 2012)

Living former Prime Ministers

As of May 2016, there are seven living former Prime Ministers. The most recent death of a former Prime Minister was that of Yevgeny Primakov (1998–1999) on June 26, 2015, aged 85. Pictured in order of service:

• 

  Ivan Silayev
  (1990–1991)
  October 21, 1930
• 

  Sergei Kirienko
  (1998)
  July 21, 1962
• 

  Sergei Stepashin
  (1999)
  March 2, 1952
• 

  Vladimir Putin
  (1999–2000 and 2008–2012)
  October 7, 1952
• 

  Mikhail Kasyanov
  (2000–2004)
  December 8, 1957
• 

  Mikhail Fradkov
  (2004–2007)
  September 1, 1950
• 

  Viktor Zubkov
  (2007–2008)
  September 15, 1941

Timeline

See also

• Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
• Politics of Russia
• Government of Russia
• Premier of the Soviet Union
• Bald–hairy

Footnotes

1. De facto (unofficial) Chairman of the Committee of Ministers from 8 September 1802 to 1809 was Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov
2. Sources which list Vyazmitinov as Saltykov's successor state a date of 9 September 1812; other sources assert that Saltykov was in office until his death
3. Some sources (such as the Large Soviet Encyclopedia) list Vyazmitinov as committee minister, while other (such as the History of the Fatherland encyclopedia) don't mention him at all and instead list Lopukhin as the successor of Saltykov
4. On 26 September 1991, Lobov became acting chairman until the governmental reforms of 6 November abolished the Council of Ministers office^[30]
5. On 15 June 1992, Yeltsin supported the new post of Yegor Gaidar, but Gaidar gained no support at the VII Congress of People's Deputies of Russia on 9 December 1991.^[31]
6. On 23 August 1998, at the order of President Yeltsin, Kiriyenko and his cabinet resigned; the new acting head of government became Chernomyrdin, although not gaining support from the State Duma^[32]
7. On 24 February 2004, Khristenko became acting chairmаn after resignation of Kasyanov

Notes

1. "Комитет министров". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes). St. Petersburg. 1890–1907.
2. "Совет министров". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes). St. Petersburg. 1890–1907.
3. "Ministers’ Council established in Russia". Presidential Library Named After Boris Yeltsin. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
4. "The Russian Government – Dmitry Medvedev". Government of the Russia Federation. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
5. "Верховный тайный совет". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes). St. Petersburg. 1890–1907.
6. Салтыков, князь Николай Иванович [Knyaz Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov] (in Russian). Retrieved 7 April 2014.
7. Неизвестная Фемида : документы, события, люди [The Unknown Themis: Documents, Events, People] (in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. 2003. p. 93. ISBN 978-5-224-04224-1.
8. Кочубей, князь Виктор Павлович [Knyaz Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey] (in Russian). Retrieved 8 April 2014.
9. B. V. Ananych, ed. (2008). Управленческая элита Российской империи: история министерств, 1802–1917 [Ruling Elite of the Russian Empire: History of Ministries, 1802–1917] (in Russian). "Лики России".
10. Васильчиков Илларион Васильевич — Биографический указатель [Illarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov – Biography] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
11. Vladimir Nikolayevich Balyazin; Voldemar Nikolayevich Balyazin (2008). Царский декамерон: От Николая I до Николая II. Исторические книги В.Н. Балязина (Historical Books by V. N. Balyazin) (in Russian) 2. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 49. ISBN 978-5-373-01976-7.
12. Александр Иванович Чернышев — Биографический указатель [Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshov] (in Russian). Retrieved 5 April 2014.
13. Землевладельцы Панинского района. Князь Орлов Алексей Фёдорович [Landowners of the Panin Rayon. Knyaz Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov] (in Russian). Retrieved 9 April 2014.
14. Орлов князь Алексей Федорович [Knyaz Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
15. Павел Павлович Гагарин [Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
16. Игнатьев Павел Николаевич [Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
17. Валуев Петр Александрович [Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
18. Рейтерн Михаил Христофорович [Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
19. Бунге Николай Христианович [Nikolay Khristianovich Bunge] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
20. Дурново Иван Николаевич [Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
21. "Витте Сергей Юлиевич (sic!)" [Sergey Yuliyevich (sic!) Witte] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
22. Горемыкин Иван Логгинович [Ivan Logginovich Goremykin] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
23. Столыпин Петр Аркадьевич [Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
24. Коковцов Владимир Николаевич [Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
25. Коковцов Владимир Николаевич [Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
26. Штюрмер Борис Владимирович [Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
27. Трепов Александр Федорович [Alexander Fyodorovich Trepov] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
28. Голицын Николай Дмитриевич [Nikolay Dmitriyevich Golitsyn] (in Russian). Russian Empire. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
29. РСФСР: Главы правительства: 1917–1991 [RSFSR: Heads of Government, 1917–1991] (in Russian). Retrieved 26 June 2014.
30. Россия: Правительство РФ: 1991-1992 [Russia: Government of the Russian Federation: 1991–1992] (in Russian). Rulers of Russia and the Soviet Union. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
31. Биография: Гайдар Егор Тимурович [Biography: Yegor Timurovich Gaydar] (in Russian). Rulers of Russia and the Soviet Union. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
32. Биография: Черномырдин Виктор Степанович [Biography: Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin] (in Russian). Rulers of Russia and the Soviet Union. Retrieved 7 September 2014.

References

• S. M. Seredonin, ed. (1902). Т. 1 : Комитет министров в царствование императора Александра Первого (1802 г. сентября 8 – 1825 г. ноября 19). – 1902. [Vol. 1: Committee of Ministers During the Reign of Emperor Aleksandr the First (8 September 1802 – 19 November 1825). – 1902] (in Russian) 1. Government Public Historical Library of Russia.
• B. Yu. Ivanov, B. M. Karev, E. I. Kuksina, A. S. Oreshnikov, O. V. Sukhareva, eds. (1999). История отечества [History of the Fatherland] (in Russian). Moscow: Большая Российская энциклопедия (Large Russian Encyclopedia). pp. 554–576.
• K. K. Arsenyev, ed. (1911–1916). Новый энциклопедический словарь [New Encyclopedic Dictionary] (in Russian) 1–29. Saint Petersburg: F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron.
• A. A. Polovtsov, ed. (1896–1918). Русский биографический словарь (Russian Biographical Dictionary) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Russian Imperatorial Historical Society of Saint Petersburg

External links

• Heads of State and Government of the Soviet Union (1922–1991)