List of Russian steam locomotive classes

This List of Russian steam locomotive classes includes those built both before and during the Soviet era. They are to the gauge of 5 ft (1,524 mm) unless otherwise stated. Some locomotives originally used in Poland during the period of the Russian Empire were built to 4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in (1,435 mm) standard gauge and later converted to 5 ft gauge. Class letters are shown in Cyrillic characters, followed by romanized characters in the next column. For more information, see Romanization of Russian. The main source for this list is Fleming and Price.^[1]

Locomotive built before 1925

Class (Cyrillic)	Class (Romanized)	Type	Manufacturer	Quantity	Years built	Notes	Image
—	Cherepanov locomotive.		Yefim Alekseyevich and Miron Yefimovich Cherepanov		1833–1834	The first Russian-built steam locomotive. Track gauge was 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm).[2]
Д	D	B1 1B 2′B			1856–1906	Class for various four-coupled locomotives
Т	T	C 1′C			1857-1915	Class for various six-coupled locomotives
Ъ	"	B2′ 1′B1′ 1′C1′ 2′C 2′C1′ 1′D1′			1864–1914	Class for various passenger tank locomotives
Ф	F	C′C′ n4t	Avonside, Sharp, Stewart and Company, Yorkshire Engine Company, Kolomna	45	1872–1883	Fairlie locomotives
Ч	Ch	D	Mal'cev, Kolomna Locomotive Works|Kolomna]], Briansk, Nevsky, Putilov, Kharkov, Henschel & Sohn		1878–1911	Class for various eight-coupled locomotives
О	O	D n2v, some also h2	Kolomna, Brjansk, Wotkinsk, Newski, Putilow, Sigl, StEG, Henschel, BMAG, Luhansk, Krasnoje Sormowo, Charkow	9129	1890–1928	osnownoi tip (basic type); Variants with different valve gear and wheel diameters
П	P	2′B n4v	SACM, Belfort, South Eastern Railways' Odessa Works, Putilow, Kolomna	169	1891–1905	Four-cylinder tandem compound
Н	N	1′C n2v, some also h2, n2, and h2v	Alexandrow, Kolomna, Union, Brjansk, Luhansk, Krasnoje Sormowo, Newski, Putilow, Wotkinsk, Charkow	1082	1892–1914	[3] Variants with different valve gear and wheel diameters
А	A	2′C n2v	Kolomna, Hannover, Henschel, Krasnoje Sormowo, Luhansk, Charkow, Brjansk	533	1892–1907	Variants with different valve gear
Е^Ф	Ye^F	1′E n4v	Baldwin	2	1895	Four-cylinder Vauclain compound
Х	Kh	1′D n4v	Baldwin	235	1895–1900	Four-cylinder Vauclain compound
В	V	2′C n4v	Baldwin	88	1895–1899	Four-cylinder Vauclain compound
Я	Ya	1′C n2	Newski, Putilow	150	1896–1903
Ц	Ts	1′D n2v	Henschel, Hanomag, Brjansk, Fives-Lille, Société Franco-Belge, SACM-Mühlhausen, Charkow	214	1896–1904
Ж	Zh	2′C n2v	Henschel, Kolomna, Newski, Charkow	210	1896–1909
Р	R	1′D n4v	Brjansk, Putilow, SACM-Mühlhausen, Krasnoje Sormowo, Kolomna	477	1899–1911	Four-cylinder tandem compound
Ѳ	Fita	C′C n4v h4v	Brjansk, Putilow, Kolomna	463	1899–1924	Mallet locomotives
Г	G	2′C n2	Brjansk, Charkow	124	1901–1903
Ш	Sh	1′D n2v	Brjansk, Charkow	161	1901–1907
З	Z	2′C h2	Kolomna	24	1902–1906
І	I	(1′B)B n4v	Kolomna	112	1903–1905	[4] Mallet locomotives
У	U	2′C n4v	Putilow	56	1906–1910
Щ	Shch	1′D n2v, h2 and h2v	Charkow, Brjansk, Luhansk, Newski, Putilow, Krasnoje Sormowo, Kolomna	2028	1906–1924	Variants with different wheel diameter
Б	B	2′C h2	Brjansk, Luhansk	252	1907–1914
К	K	2′C h2	Kolomna, Putilow, Moskau-Kasaner railway workshops	145	1907–1912
Ѵ	Izhitsa	D h2	Kolomna, Brjansk	56	1908–1918
И	I	1′D h2	Kolomna	19	1909–1910
С	S	1′C1 h2	Krasnoje Sormowo, Luhansk, Charkow, Newski	678	1910–1919
Ы	Y	D n2v, h2v and h2	Kolomna, Wotkinsk	372	1910–1920
К^У	K^U	2′C h2	Kolomna	39	1911–1914	K usilenny (larger K)
У^У	U^U	2′C h4v	Putilow	6	1912	U usilenny (larger U)
Э	E	E h2	Luhansk, Krasnoje Sormowo, Charkow, Kolomna, Brjansk, Newski	1528	1912–1925
Ѵ^С originally Ч^ВПс	Y^S originally Ch^VPs	D h2	Krasnoje Sormowo	27	1914–1915	as Standard gauge for the Warsaw–Vienna line.
С^В	S^V	1′C1′ h2	Kolomna	15	1914–1915	Built to standard gauge for Warsaw-Vienna line in 1915. Later converted to 5 ft gauge for Moscow-Kursk line.[5]
Л from 1947: Л^П	L from 1947:>br>L^P	2′C1′ h4	Putilow	66	1914–1926
Е^С	Ye^S	1′E h2	ALCO	106	1915–1916	[6] ^S for Schenectady
Е^Ф	Ye^F	1′E h2	Baldwin	242	1915	^F for Philadelphia; 250 shipped, 8 lost at sea
Е^К	Ye^K	1′E h2	CLC	50	1915–1916	^K for Kingston
Е^Л	Ye^L	1′E h2	ALCO, Baldwin	al least 554	1916–1919	^L for chief engineer A. I. Lipez
Э^Ш	E^Sh	E h2	NoHAB	500	1920–1924	Two with Uniflow steam engine designated Э^МШ (E^MSh)
Э^Г	E^G	E h2	AEG, Borsig, Hanomag, SMF, Henschel, Hohenzollern, Humboldt, Jung, Karlsruhe, Krauss, Krupp, LHW, O&K, Rheinmetall, BMAG, Vulcan, Wolf, Maffei, Esslingen	700	1921–1923	1 rebuilt to condensing locomotive in 1933 and designated Э^ГК (E^GK)
Х^М	Kh^M	1′D
Ф	F	1′E				État Belge type 36
Ь	'	B B1 1B C C1′ C2′ D 1′E1′			to 1957	Class for various goods tank locomotives

Locomotives built after 1925

Class (Cyrillic)	Class (Romanized)	Type	Manufacturer	Quantity	Years built	Notes	Image
С^У	S^U	1′C1′ h2	Brjansk, Krasnoje Sormowo, Kolomna, Luhansk, Charkow	2270	1925–1941	36 with higher axleload designated С^УТ (S^UT); 210 with draught fan designated С^УМ (S^UM)
			Krasnoje Sormowo	411	1947–1951	2 with mechanical stokers designated С^УР (S^UR)
М	M	2′D h3	Luhansk, Putilow	100	1926–1930	Rebuilt from 1932 as 2-cylinder designated М^Р (M^R)
Э^У	E^U	E h2	Kolomna, Luhansk, Krasnoje Sormowo, Brjansk, Charkow	2535	1926–1931
Т^а	T^a	1′E2′ h2	ALCO	5	1931	Experimental locomotives
Т^б	T^b	1′E1′ h2	Baldwin	5	1931	Experimental locomotives
ФД20	FD20	1′E1′ h2	Voroshilovgrad	2927	1931–1940	[7] FD after Felix Dzerzhinsky; 2 Condensing locomotives designated ФД^К (FD^K)
ИС20 from 1962: ФД^П20	IS20 from 1962: FD^P20	1'D2' h2	Kolomna, Voroshilovgrad	638	1932–1941	IS after Joseph Stalin
Э^М	E^M	E h2	Voroshilovgrad, Krasnoje Sormowo, Brjansk, Charkow	2325	1932–1935	18 converted to Condensing locomotives and designated Э^МК (E^MK) between 1937 and 1940
Я	Ya	2′D1′+1′D2′ h2	Beyer, Peacock & Co.	1	1932	[8] Experimental Garratt locomotive – the biggest Garratt locomotive ever built.
Э^Р	E^R	E h2	Murom workshops	(1)	(1933)	[9] Rebuilt from Э^М (E^M)
			Voroshilovgrad, Brjansk	305	1934–1936
			Kolomna	22	1943–1944
			Reșița, MÁVAG, Malaxa, ČKD, Cegielski, Škoda	2716	1946–1955
АА20	AA20	2′G2′ h2	Voroshilovgrad	1	1934	Experimental locomotive; AA after Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev
СО17	SO17	1′E h2	Charkow, Brjansk, Ulan-Ude, Krasnojarsk, Voroshilovgrad	2523	1934–1951	SO after Grigory (Sergo) Ordzhonikidze; 2 condensing locomotives designated СО^К (SO^K)
9П	9P	C t	Kolomna, Novocherkassk, Murom workshops	2688	1935–1957
9П^м	9P	C t	Murom workshops	500	1955–1957
CO19 also СО^К	SO19 also SO^K	1′E h2	Charkow, Brjansk, Ulan-Ude, Voroshilovgrad	1436	1936–1942	Condensing locomotives
В5	V5	B′2′ h2	Kolomna	1	1937	Experimental locomotive with high pressure boiler
2-3-2К	2-3-2K	2′C2′ h2	Kolomna	2	1937–1938	Experimental locomotives
2-3-2В	2-3-2V	2′C2′ h2	Voroshilovgrad	1	1938	Experimental locomotive
СО18 also СО^В	SO18 also SO^V	1′E h2	Charkow, Brjansk, Voroshilovgrad	489	1939–1946
ФД21	FD21	1′E1′ h2	Voroshilovgrad, Ulan-Ude	286	1940–1942	as ФД20 (FD20), with 21 t axleload
ИС21 from 1962: ФД^П21	IS21 frm 1962: FD^P21	1′D2′ h2	Voroshilovgrad	11	1941–1942	as ИС20 (IS20), but with 21 t axleload
TЭ	TE	1'E h2	Various	~2700	1942-1945	Captured Deutsche Reichsbahn Kriegsloks. Some standard gauge, used in the Baltic and border republics. 100 transferred to Hungarian State Railways in 1963.
ФД^Р18	FD^R18	1′E2′ h2	Ulan-Ude	(85)	(1943–1944)	Converted from ФД (FD); 18 t axleload;
Ш^A	Sh^A	1′D h2	ALCO, Baldwin	194	1943	USATC S160 Class; 200 shipped, 6 lost at sea
Е^А	Ye^A	1′E h2	ALCO, Baldwin	1622	1944–1946
Е^М	Ye^M	1′E h2	Baldwin	425	1944–1947	13 with feedwater heater Е^МВ (E^MV)
Л originally П	L originally P	1′E h2	Kolomna, Voroshilovgrad, Brjansk	4199	1945–1955
23 also УУ	23 also UU	1′E2′ h2	Ulan-Ude	1	1949	Experimental locomotive
ОР23	OR23	1′E2′ h4	Voroshilovgrad	1	1949	Experimental locomotive
П34	P34	(1′C)C1′ h4	Kolomna	1	1949	Experimental Mallet locomotive
П36	P36	2′D2′ h2	Kolomna	251	1950–1956
Л^К	L^K	1′E h2	Voroschilovgrad	1	1951	Experimental locomotive
ЛВ originally ОР18	LV originally OR18	1′E1′ h2	Voroschilovgrad	522	1952–1956
ОР21	OR21	1′E1′ h2	Voroschilovgrad	3	1953–1954	Experimental locomotives
П38	P38	(1′D)D2′ h4	Kolomna	4	1954–1955	Experimental Mallet locomotive

Captured locomotives

Class (Cyrillic)	Class (Romanized)	Type	Manufacturer	Quantity	Years built	Notes	Image

Locomotive builders

Reference^[10]

• Kolomna, Moscow, founded 1862
• Nevsky, Saint Petersburg, first locomotive 1870
• Briansk, Moscow, founded 1873
• Kirov Plant (or Putilov), Saint Petersburg, first locomotive 1894
• Kharkov Locomotive Factory, first locomotive 1897
• Sormovo Factory, Nizhny Novgorod, first locomotive 1898

See also

• History of rail transport in Russia
• Rail transport in the Soviet Union

References

• Le Fleming, H. M. & Price, J.H. (1960). Russian Steam Locomotives,. London: John Marshbank Ltd.

1. Le Fleming, H.M. and Price, J.H. Russian Steam Locomotives, John Marshbank Ltd, London, 1960
2. Fleming & Price 1960, p. 23. These are the figures quoted in the reference, although 1670 mm is actually 5 ft 5¾ in.
3. Fleming & Price 1960, p. 27
4. Fleming & Price 1960, p. 29
5. Fleming and Price p 32
6. Fleming and Price pp 41-42
7. Fleming & Price 1960, pp. 53–55
8. Fleming & Price 1960, p. 53
9. Fleming & Price 1960, pp. 48–49
10. Fleming and Price pp 105-107