List of birds of Andhra Pradesh
The Indian state of Andhra Pradesh has about 484 bird species within its political boundary. This following list of birds is based on the taxonomic treatment of Clements's 5th edition but includes recent revisions.[1] The Indian roller is the state bird of Andhra Pradesh.
Grebe
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. There are 20 species worldwide and 5 species which occur in India and 2 in Andhra Pradesh
- Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis
- Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus
Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus
Cormorants
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
- Indian cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
- Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
- Little cormorant, Phalacrocorax niger
Darters
Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae
Darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.
- Oriental darter, Anhinga melanogaster
Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Great frigatebird, Fregata minor
- Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel
Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
- Great white pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus
- Spot-billed pelican, Pelecanus philippensis
Bitterns, herons and egrets
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter-necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. There are 61 species worldwide and 21 species which occur in India and 16 species occur in Andhra Pradesh.
- Grey heron, Ardea cinerea
- Goliath heron, Ardea goliath
- Purple heron, Ardea purpurea
- Eastern great egret, Ardea modesta
- Intermediate egret, Egretta intermedia
- Western reef heron, Egretta gularis
- Little egret, Egretta garzetta
- Indian pond-heron, Ardeola grayii
- Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis coromandus (Treated as a full species Bubulcus coromandus by Rasmussen and Anderton, 2005 and sometimes called the eastern cattle egret)
- Striated heron, Butorides striata
- Black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
- Yellow bittern, Ixobrychus sinensis
- Cinnamon bittern, Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
- Black bittern, Ixobrychus flavicollis
- Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris
Ibises and spoonbills
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
- Black-headed ibis, Threskiornis melanocephalus
- Black ibis, Pseudibis papillosa
- Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
- Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia
Storks
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
- Painted stork, Mycteria leucocephala
- Asian openbill, Anastomus oscitans
- Black stork, Ciconia nigra
- Woolly-necked stork, Ciconia episcopus
- White stork, Ciconia ciconia
- Lesser adjutant, Leptoptilos javanicus
- Black-necked stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
Flamingos
Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae
Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down. There are 6 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in India of which only 2 occur in Andhra Pradesh.
- Greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus
- Lesser flamingo, Phoenicopterus minor
Ducks, geese and swans
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Lesser whistling-duck, Dendrocygna javanica
- Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor
- Bar-headed goose, Anser indicus
- Ruddy shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea
- Common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna
- Knob-billed duck, Sarkidiornis melanotos (also called comb duck)
- Marbled duck, Marmaronetta angustirostris
- Cotton pygmy-goose, Nettapus coromandelianus
- Eurasian wigeon, Anas penelope
- Gadwall, Anas strepera
- Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
- Eurasian teal, Anas crecca
- Spot-billed duck, Anas poecilorhyncha
- Northern pintail, Anas acuta
- Garganey, Anas querquedula
- Northern shoveller, Anas clypeata
- Pink-headed duck, Rhodonessa caryophyllacea
- Red-crested pochard, Netta rufina
- Common pochard, Aythya ferina
- Ferruginous pochard, Aythya nyroca
- Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula
Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The Pandionidae family contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
- Osprey, Pandion haliaetus
Hawks, kites and eagles
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
- Jerdon's baza, Aviceda jerdoni
- Black baza, Aviceda leuphotes
- Crested honey buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus
- Black-winged kite, Elanus caeruleus
- Black kite, Milvus migrans
- Black-eared kite, Milvus migrans
- Brahminy kite, Haliastur indus
- White-bellied sea eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster
- Grey-headed fish-eagle, Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
- Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus
- White-rumped vulture, Gyps bengalensis
- Indian vulture, Gyps indicus
- Griffon vulture, Gyps fulvus
- Cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus
- Red-headed vulture, Sarcogyps calvus
- Short-toed snake eagle, Circaetus gallicus
- Crested serpent eagle, Spilornis cheela
- Western marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus
- Northern harrier, Circus cyaneus (also known as the hen harrier)
- Pallid harrier, Circus macrourus
- Pied harrier, Circus melanoleucos
- Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus
- Crested goshawk, Accipiter trivirgatus
- Shikra, Accipiter badius
- Besra, Accipiter virgatus
- Eurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus
- Japanese sparrowhawk
- White-eyed buzzard, Butastur teesa
- Long-legged buzzard
- Black eagle, Ictinaetus malayensis
- Indian spotted eagle, Aquila hastata (earlier treated as A. pomarina hastata)
- Greater spotted eagle, Aquila clanga
- Tawny eagle, Aquila rapax
- Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciatus
- Booted eagle, Aquila pennata
- Rufous-bellied eagle, Lophotriorchis kienerii
- Crested hawk-eagle, Nisaetus cirrhatus (Spizaetus restricted to the neotropics by Gjershaug et al., 2008)
Falcons
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni
- Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus
- Amur falcon, Falco amurensis
- Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo
- Red-necked falcon, Falco chiquera
- Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus (includes shaheen falcon also)
- Laggar falcon, Falco jugger
Pheasants and partridges
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Grey francolin, Francolinus pondicerianus
- Painted francolin
- Common quail
- Rain quail, Coturnix coromandelica
- Blue-breasted quail
- Jungle bush-quail, Perdicula asiatica
- Rock bush-quail, Perdicula argoondah
- Painted bush-quail, Perdicula erythrorhyncha
- Red spurfowl, Galloperdix spadicea
- Painted spurfowl, Galloperdix lunulata
- Red junglefowl
- Grey junglefowl, Gallus sonneratii
- Indian peafowl, Pavo cristatus
Cranes
Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".
- sarus crane[2]
- Demoiselle crane, Anthropoides virgo
- Common crane, Grus grus
Rails, crakes, gallinules and coots
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Slaty-legged crake, Rallina eurizonoides
- Slaty-breasted rail, Gallirallus striatus
- Eastern water rail, Rallus indicus
- Brown crake, Amaurornis akool
- White-breasted waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus
- Baillon's crake, Porzana pusilla
- Ruddy-breasted crake, Porzana fusca
- Watercock, Gallicrex cinerea
- Purple swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio (ssp. P. p. poliocephalus raised to species by Rasmussen and Anderton, 2005)
- Common moorhen, Gallinula chloropus
- Eurasian coot, Fulica atra
Finfoot
Order: Gruiformes Family: Heliornithidae
Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots. There are 3 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in India and in Andhra Pradesh.
- Masked finfoot, Heliopais personata
Bustards
Order: Otidiformes Family: Otididae
Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.
- Indian bustard, Ardeotis nigriceps
- Lesser florican, Sypheotides indicus (syn. Eupodotis indica)
Buttonquails
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae
The buttonquails are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.
- Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvaticus
- Yellow-legged buttonquail, Turnix tanki
- Barred buttonquail, Turnix suscitator
Jacanas
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae
The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. There 8 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in India and also in Andhra Pradesh.
- Pheasant-tailed jacana, Hydrophasianus chirurgus
- Bronze-winged jacana, Metopidius indicus
Painted-snipe
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Rostratulidae
Painted-snipe are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured. There are 2 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in India and Andhra Pradesh.
- Greater painted-snipe, Rostratula benghalensis
Crab-plover
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Dromadidae
The crab-plover is related to the waders. It resembles a plover but with very long grey legs and a strong heavy black bill similar to a tern. It has black-and-white plumage, a long neck, partially webbed feet and a bill designed for eating crabs.
- Crab-plover, Dromas ardeola
Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs. There are 11 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in India and Andhra Pradesh.
- Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus
Avocets and stilts
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. There are 9 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in India and Andhra Pradesh.
- Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus
- Pied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta
Thick-knees
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. There are 9 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in India and two species in Andhra Pradesh.
- Eurasian thick-knee, Burhinus oedicnemus
- Great thick-knee, Burhinus recurvirostris
Pratincoles and coursers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long, pointed wings and long, forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. There are 17 species worldwide and 6 species which occur in India and four species occur in Andhra Pradesh.
- Indian courser
- Jerdon's courser Rhinoptilus bitorquatus
- Oriental pratincole, Glareola maldivarum
- Small pratincole, Glareola lactea
Plovers and lapwings
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. There are 66 species worldwide and 20 species which occur in India and 12 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Yellow-wattled lapwing, Vanellus malabaricus
- Grey-headed lapwing, Vanellus cinereus
- Red-wattled lapwing, Vanellus indicus
- River lapwing
- Sociable lapwing
- Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva
- Grey plover, Pluvialis squatarola
- Ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (also known as the common ringed plover)
- Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius
- Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus
- Lesser sandplover, Charadrius mongolus
- Greater sandplover, Charadrius leschenaultii
Sandpipers and allies
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. There are 89 species worldwide and 43 species which occur in India and 26 species occur in Andhra Pradesh.
- Eurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola
- Wood snipe
- Jack snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus
- Pintail snipe, Gallinago stenura
- Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago
- Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa
- Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
- Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata
- Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus
- Common redshank, Tringa totanus
- Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis
- Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia
- Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus
- Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola
- Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus
- Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos
- Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
- Red knot
- Great knot, Calidris tenuirostris
- Sanderling, Calidris alba
- Little stint, Calidris minuta
- Temminck's stint, Calidris temminckii
- Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea
- Dunlin, Calidris alpina
- Ruff, Philomachus pugnax
Gulls
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls and kittiwakes. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. There are 55 species worldwide and around 11 species which occur in India and 5 species occur in Andhra Pradesh.
- Heuglin's gull, Larus heuglini
- Great black-headed gull, Larus ichthyaetus
- Brown-headed gull, Larus brunnicephalus
- Black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus
- Slender-billed gull, Larus genei
Terns
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Sternidae
Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. There are 44 species worldwide and 23 species which occur in India and 10 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
- Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
- River tern, Sterna aurantia
- Common tern, Sterna hirundo
- Little tern, Sterna albifrons
- Black-bellied tern, Sterna acuticauda
- Sooty tern, Sterna fuscata
- Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida
- White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus
- Indian skimmer
Pigeons and doves
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. There are 308 species worldwide and 28 species which occur in India and 13 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse
- Painted sandgrouse
- Rock pigeon, Columba livia
- Pale-capped pigeon, Columba punicaa
- Oriental turtle dove, Streptopelia orientalis
- Red collared-dove
- Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto
- Spotted dove, Streptopelia chinensis
- Laughing dove, Streptopelia senegalensis
- Emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica
- Orange-breasted green pigeon, Treron bicinctus
- Yellow-footed green pigeon, Treron phoenicopterus
- Green imperial pigeon, Ducula aenea
Parrots and allies
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
- Alexandrine parakeet, Psittacula eupatria
- Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri
- Plum-headed parakeet, Psittacula cyanocephala
- Vernal hanging parrot, Loriculus vernalis
Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. Many are brood parasites. There are 138 species worldwide and 21 species which occur in India and 15 species in Andhra Pradesh.
- Pied cuckoo, Clamator jacobinus
- Chestnut-winged cuckoo, Clamator coromandus
- Large hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx sparverioides
- Common hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx varius
- Indian cuckoo, Cuculus micropterus
- Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus
- Lesser cuckoo, Cuculus poliocephalus
- Banded bay cuckoo, Cacomantis sonneratii
- Plaintive cuckoo, Cacomantis merulinus
- Grey-bellied cuckoo, Cacomantis passerinus
- Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo, Surniculus lugubris dicruroides
- Asian koel, Eudynamys scolopaceus
- Blue-faced malkoha, Phaenicophaeus viridirostris
- Sirkeer malkoha, Taccocua leschenaultii
- Greater coucal, Centropus sinensis
Barn owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. There are 16 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in India and in Andhra Pradesh.
- Australasian grass-owl, Tyto longimembris (also known as the eastern grass owl)
- Barn owl, Tyto alba
Typical owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. There are 195 species worldwide and 33 species which occur in India and 11 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Indian scops-owl, Otus bakkamoena
- Oriental scops-owl, Otus sunia
- Rock eagle-owl, Bubo bengalensis
- Spot-bellied eagle-owl, Bubo nipalensis
- Brown fish-owl, Ketupa zeylonensis
- Mottled wood owl, Strix ocellata
- Brown wood owl, Strix leptogrammica
- Jungle owlet, Glaucidium radiatum
- Spotted owlet, Athene brama
- Brown hawk-owl, Ninox scutulata
- Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus
Nightjars
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. There are 86 species worldwide and 9 species which occur in India and 6 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Great eared-nightjar, Eurostopodus macrotis
- Indian jungle nightjar, Caprimulgus indicus
- Large-tailed nightjar
- Jerdon's nightjar, Caprimulgus atripennis
- Indian nightjar, Caprimulgus asiaticus
- Savanna nightjar, Caprimulgus affinis
Swifts
Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. There are 98 species worldwide and 17 species which occur in India and 6 species in Andhra Pradesh.
- White-rumped needletail, Zoonavena sylvatica [3]
- Asian palm-swift, Cypsiurus balasiensis
- Alpine swift, Tachymarptis melba
- Fork-tailed swift, Apus pacificus
- Little swift, Apus affinis
Treeswifts
Order: Apodiformes Family: Hemiprocnidae
The treeswifts, also called crested swifts, are closely related to the true swifts. They differ from the other swifts in that they have crests, long forked tails and softer plumage. There are 4 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in India and in Andhra Pradesh.
- Crested treeswift, Hemiprocne coronata
Trogons
Order: Trogoniformes Family: Trogonidae
The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colourful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage. There are 33 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in India and only 1 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Malabar trogon, Harpactes fasciatus
Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. There are 93 species worldwide and 13 species which occur in India and 6 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis
- Blue-eared kingfisher, Alcedo meninting
- Stork-billed kingfisher, Pelargopsis capensis
- White-throated kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis
- Black-capped kingfisher, Halcyon pileata
- Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis
Bee-eaters
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. There are 26 species worldwide and 6 species which occur in India and 4 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Blue-bearded bee-eater, Nyctyornis athertoni
- Green bee-eater, Merops orientalis
- Blue-tailed bee-eater, Merops philippinus
- Chestnut-headed bee-eater, Merops leschenaulti
Typical rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. There are 12 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in India and also Andhra Pradesh.
- European roller, Coracias garrulus
- Indian roller, Coracias benghalensis
Hoopoes
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head. There are 2 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in India and in Andhra Pradesh.
- Hoopoe, Upupa epops
Hornbills
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Bucerotidae
Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured. There are 57 species worldwide and 10 species which occur in India and 3 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Indian grey hornbill, Ocyceros birostris
- Malabar pied hornbill, Anthracoceros coronatus
- Oriental pied hornbill, Anthracoceros albirostris
Barbets
Order: Piciformes Family: Megalaimidae
The barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.
- Brown-headed barbet, Psilopogon zeylanicus
- White-cheeked barbet, Psilopogon viridis
- Coppersmith barbet, Psilopogon haemacephalus
Woodpeckers and allies
Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. There are 218 species worldwide and 33 species which occur in India and 15 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla
- Speckled piculet, Picumnus innominatus
- Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker, Dendrocopos nanus (also known as the brown-capped pygmy woodpecker)
- Yellow-crowned woodpecker, Dendrocopos mahrattensis
- Fulvous-breasted woodpecker
- Rufous woodpecker, Celeus brachyurus
- White-bellied woodpecker, Dryocopus javensis
- Lesser yellownape, Picus chlorolophus
- Greater yellownape, Picus flavinucha
- Streak-throated woodpecker, Picus xanthopygaeus
- Himalayan flameback, Dinopium shorii
- Black-rumped flameback, Dinopium benghalense
- White-naped woodpecker, Chrysocolaptes festivus
- Greater flameback, Chrysocolaptes lucidus
- Heart-spotted woodpecker, Hemicircus canente
Pittas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae
Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates. There are 32 species worldwide and 5 species which occur in India and 1 species in India.
- Indian pitta, Pitta brachyura
Larks
Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. There are 91 species worldwide and 22 species which occur in India and 8 species occur in Andhra Pradesh.
- Singing bushlark
- Indian bushlark
- Jerdon's bushlark, Mirafra affinis
- Ashy-crowned sparrow-lark, Eremopterix griseus
- Rufous-tailed lark, Ammomanes phoenicura
- Greater short-toed lark, Calandrella brachydactyla
- Sykes's lark, Galerida deva
- Oriental skylark, Alauda gulgula
Swallows and martins
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. There are 75 species worldwide and 15 species which occur in India and 7 species in Andhra Pradesh.
- Grey-throated sand-martin, Riparia chinensis (Usually treated under brown-throated martin, Riparia paludicola)
- Dusky crag-martin, Ptyonoprogne concolor
- Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
- Wire-tailed swallow, Hirundo smithii
- Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica
- Streak-throated swallow, Hirundo fluvicola
- Asian house martin, Delichon dasypus
Wagtails and pipits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. There are 54 species worldwide and 20 species which occur in India and 12 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Forest wagtail, Dendronanthus indicus
- White wagtail, Motacilla alba
- White-browed wagtail, Motacilla maderaspatensis
- Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola
- Yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava
- Grey wagtail, Motacilla cinerea
- Paddy-field pipit, Anthus rufulus (Also known as Oriental pipit)
- Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris
- Blyth's pipit, Anthus godlewskii
- Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi
- Olive-backed pipit, Anthus hodgsoni
- Tree pipit
Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
- Large cuckooshrike, Coracina macei
- Black-headed cuckooshrike, Coracina melanoptera
- Black-winged cuckooshrike
- Ashy minivet, Pericrocotus divaricatus
- Rosy minivet
- Small minivet, Pericrocotus cinnamomeus
- Scarlet minivet, Pericrocotus speciosus
- White-bellied minivet
- Bar-winged flycatcher-shrike, Hemipus picatus
Woodshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Prionopidae
The woodshrikes are similar in build to the shrikes. There are 12 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in India and Andhra Pradesh.
- Large woodshrike, Tephrodornis gularis
- Common woodshrike, Tephrodornis pondicerianus
Monarch flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching. There are 99 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in India and Andhra Pradesh.
- Black-naped monarch, Hypothymis azurea
- Indian paradise flycatcher, Terpsiphone paradisi
Fantails
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhipiduridae
The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders. There are 44 species worldwide and 4 species which occur in India and only 1 in Andhra Pradesh.
- White-browed fantail, Rhipidura aureola
- White-spotted fantail
- White-throated fantail
Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests. There are 130 species worldwide and 19 species which occur in India and 6 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Black-crested bulbul, Pycnonotus flaviventris
- Red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus
- Red-vented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer
- Yellow-throated bulbul, Pycnonotus xantholaemus
- White-browed bulbul, Pycnonotus luteolus
- Yellow-browed bulbul, Iole indica
Ioras
Order: Passeriformes Family: Aegithinidae
The ioras are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, ioras are sexually dimorphic, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens. There are 4 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in India and 2 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Common iora, Aegithina tiphia
- Marshall's iora
Leafbirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Chloropseidae
The leafbirds are small, bulbul-like birds. The males are brightly plumaged, usually in greens and yellows. There are 9 species worldwide and 4 species which occur in India and 2 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Jerdon's leafbird, Chloropsis jerdoni (Split by Rasmussen and Anderton, 2005)
- Golden-fronted leafbird, Chloropsis aurifrons
Shrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. There are 31 species worldwide and 9 species which occur in India and 4 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus (Including Philippine shrike, L. c. lucionensis also)
- Bay-backed shrike, Lanius vittatus
- Long-tailed shrike, Lanius schach
- Southern grey shrike
Thrushes and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. There are 335 species worldwide and 34 species which occur in India and 9 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Blue-capped rock thrush, Monticola cinclorhynchus
- Blue rock thrush, Monticola solitarius
- Pied thrush, Zoothera wardii
- Orange-headed thrush, Zoothera citrina (including the white-throated ground-thrush, Zoothera citrina cyanotus)
- Scaly thrush
- Indian blackbird, Turdus simillimus (Elevated to species by Rasmussen and Anderton, 2005. Include black-capped blackbird T. s. nigropileus)
- Tickell's thrush
- Black-throated thrush
- Malabar whistling thrush, Myophonus horsfieldii
Old World flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. There 274 species worldwide and 89 species which occur in India and 23 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Asian brown flycatcher, Muscicapa dauurica
- Rusty-tailed flycatcher, Muscicapa ruficauda
- Brown-breasted flycatcher, Muscicapa muttui
- Red-breasted flycatcher, Ficedula parva
- Taiga flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla
- Kashmir flycatcher, Ficedula subrubra
- Little pied flycatcher
- Ultramarine flycatcher
- Verditer flycatcher, Eumyias thalassinus
- Blue-throated flycatcher, Cyornis rubeculoides
- Pale-chinned blue flycatcher
- Tickell's blue flycatcher, Cyornis tickelliae
- Grey-headed canary-flycatcher, Culicicapa ceylonensis
- Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica (Includes both nominate and saturatior races)
- Indian blue robin, Luscinia brunnea
- Oriental magpie-robin, Copsychus saularis
- White-rumped shama, Copsychus malabaricus
- Indian robin, Saxicoloides fulicatus
- Black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros
- Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maurus
- Pied bushchat, Saxicola caprata
- Desert wheatear, Oenanthe deserti
- Isabelline wheatear, Oenanthe isabellina
Babblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Timaliidae
The babblers, or timaliids, are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage. There are 270 species worldwide and 117 species which occur in India. India has the largest number of babblers of any country and this represents the largest bird family grouping in any country outside of South America. In Andhra Pradesh, there are only 12 species from this group.
- Puff-throated babbler, Pellorneum ruficeps
- Abbott's babbler
- Rufous-fronted babbler
- Indian scimitar-babbler, Pomatorhinus horsfieldii
- Tawny-bellied babbler, Dumetia hyperythra
- Yellow-eyed babbler, Chrysomma sinense
- Striped tit-babbler
- Jungle babbler, Turdoides striata
- Large grey babbler
- Common babbler
- Yellow-billed babbler, Turdoides affinis
- Quaker babbler, Alcippe poioicephala (Also known as brown-cheeked fulvetta)
Cisticolas and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. There are 111 species worldwide and 16 species which occur in India and 7 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Zitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis
- Rufescent prinia
- Rufous-fronted prinia
- Grey-breasted prinia, Prinia hodgsonii
- Jungle prinia, Prinia sylvatica
- Ashy prinia, Prinia socialis
- Plain prinia, Prinia inornata
Old World warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae
The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. There are 291 species worldwide and 88 species which occur in India and 22 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Pale-footed bush-warbler
- Grasshopper warbler, Locustella naevia
- Paddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola
- Blyth's reed-warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum
- Clamorous reed-warbler, Acrocephalus stentoreus
- Thick-billed warbler, Iduna aedon[4]
- Booted warbler, Iduna caligata
- Sykes's warbler, Iduna rama
- Common tailorbird, Orthotomus sutorius
- Sulphur-bellied warbler
- Tickell's leaf-warbler, Phylloscopus affinis
- Yellow-browed warbler
- Hume's warbler
- Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides
- Large-billed leaf-warbler, Phylloscopus magnirostris
- Western crowned leaf-warbler, Phylloscopus occipitalis
- Green-crowned warbler
- Bristled grassbird, Chaetornis striatus
- Broad-tailed grassbird, Schoenicola platyura
- Hume's whitethroat, Sylvia althaea
- Lesser whitethroat, Sylvia curruca
- Eastern Orphean warbler, Sylvia crassirostris
Titmice
Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. There are 59 species worldwide and 14 species which occur in India and Andhra Pradesh 2 species.
- Cinereous tit, Parus cinereus (Known earlier as great tit, Parus major.[5])
- Indian yellow tit, Parus aplonotus (Sometimes considered conspecific with the black-lored tit)
- White-naped tit
Nuthatches
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet. There are 24 species worldwide and 7 species which occur in India and 2 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Indian nuthatch, Sitta castanea (Split by Rasmussen & Anderton, 2005)
- Velvet-fronted nuthatch, Sitta frontalis
- Spotted creeper
Sunbirds and spiderhunters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Nectariniidae
The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed. There are 131 species worldwide and 15 species which occur in India and 6 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Ruby-cheeked sunbird
- Purple-rumped sunbird, Leptocoma zeylonica
- Crimson sunbird
- Purple sunbird, Cinnyris asiaticus
- Long-billed sunbird, Cinnyris lotenius (Also known as Loten's sunbird)
- Little spiderhunter, Arachnothera longirostra
Flowerpeckers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicaeidae
The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues. There are 44 species worldwide and 10 species which occur in India and 3 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Thick-billed flowerpecker, Dicaeum agile
- Pale-billed flowerpecker, Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
White-eyes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye. There are 96 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in India and in Andhra Pradesh.
- Oriental white-eye, Zosterops palpebrosus
Old World orioles
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. There are 29 species worldwide and 5 species which occur in India and 3 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Indian golden oriole, Oriolus kundoo (Split suggested from European golden oriole.[6])
- Black-naped oriole, Oriolus chinensis
- Black-hooded oriole, Oriolus xanthornus
Fairy-bluebirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Irenidae
The fairy-bluebirds are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub. The males are dark-blue and the females a duller green. There are 2 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in India and in Andhra Pradesh.
- Asian fairy-bluebird, Irena puella
Drongos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicruridae
The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground. There are 24 species worldwide and 9 species which occur in India and 6 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Black drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus
- Ashy drongo, Dicrurus leucophaeus
- White-bellied drongo, Dicrurus caerulescens
- Bronzed drongo, Dicrurus aeneus
- Hair-crested drongo, Dicrurus hottentottus
- Greater racket-tailed drongo, Dicrurus paradiseus
Woodswallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Artamidae
The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings. There are 11 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in India and 1 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Ashy woodswallow, Artamus fuscus
Crows, jays, ravens and magpies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. There are 120 species worldwide and 22 species which occur in India and 5 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Grey treepie
- Rufous treepie, Dendrocitta vagabunda
- White-bellied treepie, Dendrocitta leucogastra
- House crow, Corvus splendens
- Indian jungle crow, Corvus culminatus
Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. There are 125 species worldwide and 18 species which occur in India and 9 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Common hill myna, Gracula religiosa
- Jungle myna, Acridotheres fuscus
- Common myna, Acridotheres tristis
- Bank myna
- Chestnut-tailed starling, Sturnia malabarica
- Brahminy starling, Sturnia pagodarum
- Asian pied starling
- Common starling
- Rosy starling, Sturnus roseus
Weavers and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae
The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season. There are 116 species worldwide and 4 species which occur in India and 3 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Streaked weaver, Ploceus manyar
- Baya weaver, Ploceus philippinus
- Black-breasted weaver
Waxbills and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. There are 141 species worldwide and 9 species which occur in India and 6 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Red avadavat, Amandava amandava
- Green avadavat
- White-throated munia, Euodice malabarica
- White-rumped munia, Lonchura striata
- Black-throated munia, Lonchura kelaarti
- Scaly-breasted munia, Lonchura punctulata
- Tricoloured munia, Lonchura malacca
Buntings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae
The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. There are 275 species worldwide and 18 species which occur in India and 3 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Grey-hooded bunting, Emberiza buchanani (Also known as Grey-necked bunting)
- Black-headed bunting, Emberiza melanocephala
- Red-headed bunting, Emberiza bruniceps
Siskins, crossbills and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. There are 137 species worldwide and 44 species which occur in India and just 1 in Andhra Pradesh.
- Common rosefinch, Carpodacus erythrinus
Sparrows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. There are 35 species worldwide and 12 species which occur in India and 3 in Andhra Pradesh.
- House sparrow, Passer domesticus
- Eurasian tree sparrow
- Yellow-throated sparrow, Petronia xanthocollis
Notes
- ↑ Pittie, A. (2012). "A Checklist of Birds of Andhra Pradesh" (PDF).
- ↑ Rao, K.M. (2007). "Sighting of Sarus Crane Grus antigone near Telineelapuram, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh". Indian Birds 3 (1): 32.
- ↑ Kalinadhabhatla, A (2013). "Indian White-rumped Spinetail from Maredumilli, Andhra Pradesh". Indian Birds 8 (6): 165.
- ↑ Silke Fregin, Martin Haase, Urban Olsson, Per Alström (2009). "Multi-locus phylogeny of the family Acrocephalidae (Aves: Passeriformes) – The traditional taxonomy overthrown". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52 (3): 866–878. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.006. PMID 19393746.
- ↑ Packert, Martin; Jochen Martens, Siegfried Eck, Alexander A Nazarenko, Olga P. Valchuk, Bernd Petri, Michael Veith (2005) The great tit (Parus major) – a misclassified ring species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 86(2):153-174
- ↑ Jønsson, K.A., Bowie, R.C.K., Moyle, R.G., Irestedt, M., Christidis, L., Norman, J.A. & Fjeldså, J. (2010). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes)" (PDF). Ecography 33: 232–241. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Birds of Andhra Pradesh. |
- E. Haring, K. Kvaløy, J.-O. Gjershaug, N. Røv and A. Gamauf (2007). "Convergent evolution and paraphyly of the hawk-eagles of the genus Spizaetus (Aves, Accipitridae) – phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers". J.Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 45 (4): 353–365. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00410.x.
- Rasmussen, Pamela C.; J. C. Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
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