List of leaf vegetables

This is a list of vegetables which are grown primarily for the consumption of their leafy parts, either raw or cooked. Many plants with leaves that are consumed in small quantities as a spice like oregano, or for medicinal purposes like lime, or used in infusions like tea, are not included in this list.

History

Humans have used leaves as food since time immemorial. Different types of leaves, depending from the place and the season, were part of the human diet since prehistoric times. Traces of edible leaves have been found in ancient Egyptian archaeological sites. Some edible leaves were historically documented in ancient Greece, in ancient Rome, in ancient Sri Lanka and in the Middle Ages.^[1] With the passing of the centuries many of those traditional leaf vegetables have been replaced by leaves that are more tender, have a more neutral taste or that are considered more refined. The leaves that were part of ancient traditional diets are still to be found in the wild, sometimes at the edge of cultivated fields, or near abandoned homesteads. Generally they are found not far from inhabited places, indicating that they are the vestiges of ancient cultivated plants.^[2]

There are places, like the Italian region of Liguria, where it is customary to go to the fields in spring to gather different kinds of edible leaves. These are later boiled to prepare preboggion, a local green mixture, that is generally used to stuff ravioli-like pasta. Also in Greece the tradition of eating a great variety of different leafy greens gathered in the fields has been preserved. These are eaten as a dish called horta.

Precautions

Moderate quantities of edible leaf vegetables that are proportionate to amounts in local dishes, according to culture and place, are harmless unless there are allergies to chemicals in the leaves. For example, some people are allergic to celery leaves. At any rate, it is advisable not to eat large quantities of any particular leaf for protracted periods.

Some species, such as spinach and amaranth, contain oxalic acid. They should not be eaten on a regular basis without boiling and discarding the water. Also plants containing oxalic acid should be cooked in a steel pot or pan, not in aluminum pots.^[3]

The fact that a certain leaf is part of the traditional cuisine of a country or an area is no guarantee that it is harmless as food. The leaves of the black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and similar species, contain solanine, an alkaloid. Despite their categorization among poisonous plants, nightshade species are part of the cuisine of certain countries, such as Ethiopia, India and Greece. The leaves are cooked in salty water, which is often boiled and drained more than once.^[4]

Emergency food

Another category comprises edible leaves - from plants such as alfalfa, Ruppia maritima, rice or wheat, and cultivated legumes - that are used as emergency or famine food. They are eaten only during times of famine or in isolated areas when fishing or hunting fails.^[5] Most such leaves are very rough fare as they are often used as fodder in times of plenty. During Holodomor, for instance, desperate Ukrainians ate leaves from bushes and trees when no other food was available.^[6]

Generally, the types of leaves that are eaten during emergency times only are not considered normally consumed leafy greens and have not been included in the list.

List

Key

• Citations marked with Ecoport are from the Ecoport Web site, an ecology portal developed in collaboration with the FAO.^[7]
• Those marked with GRIN are from the GRIN Taxonomy of Food Plants.^[8]
• Sources marked with Duke are from James Duke's book Handbook of Energy Crops.^[9]

Species	Common name	Observations
Abutilon theophrasti	China Jute	The taste is good, but since the texture of the leaves is cloth-like and not crisp, it is not very suitable for being eaten raw.[10]
Acacia pennata	Climbing wattle	Cha-om, an important green in Burma and Thailand[11][12][13]
Acmella oleracea	Paracress	Brèdes mafane, sharp-tasting leaves, very popular in Madagascar where they are used to prepare a dish known as romazava[14] In Northern Thailand it is one of the ingredients of the Kaeng khae curry.[15]
Althaea officinalis	Common Marshmallow	It was an esculent vegetable among the Ancient Romans; a dish of Marsh Mallow was one of their delicacies.
Amaranthus cruentus	Purple amaranth	Thai: phak khom daeng. Vietnamese: rau dên. Amaranthus species are edible and have a pleasant taste, but contain a certain proportion of oxalic acid and should preferably be eaten after boiling and disposing of the water[16][17]
Amaranthus retroflexus	Common amaranth	Thai: phak khom. Rougher than other species of Amaranth when uncultivated, but very common as a weed.
Amaranthus spinosus	Prickly amaranth	Thai: phak khom nam
Amaranthus tricolor	Amaranth	Amarant hybrids, often from hydroponic cultivation, are popular in China and other Asian countries. They are usually eaten blanched[18][19]
Amaranthus viridis	Slender amaranth	Malayalam; chiira[20][21]
Apium graveolens	Celery	Generally the stalk is preferred, but the leaves are a staple in many soups. Some people have celery allergy which can cause potentially fatal anaphylactic shock.[22]
Atriplex hortensis	Garden orache	It was cultivated in Southern Europe in ancient times. Presently it is not valued as a leafy vegetable[23][24][25]
Barbarea verna	Bank cress	It is considered a satisfactory substitute for watercress.
Barringtonia acutangula	Chik-nam, Kra don	Shoots and young leaves are eaten raw with Nam phrik. Popular in Isan
Basella alba	Indian spinach	[26][27]
Beta cicla	Chard	One of the cultivated descendants of the Sea Beet
Beta vulgaris maritima	Sea Beet	[28]
Borago officinalis	Common Borage	Widespread as a leaf vegetable in former times. Still valued in some places in Italy and Northern Spain[29]
Brassica carinata	Abyssinian Cabbage	[30][31]
Brassica juncea	Indian mustard	[32][33]
Brassica napus	Rutabaga	Sag, popular in Indian and Nepalese cuisine, usually stir-fried with salt, garlic and spices[34][35]
Brassica napus var. pabularia	Rape Kale	[36][37]
Brassica nigra	Black Mustard	Black mustard is commonly found in neglected gardens, on roadsides, in abandoned fields, and in areas where waste is disposed of. The plant is native to Asia and Europe, but now grows over much of southern Canada and almost all of the United States. This is the chief mustard used in condiments and as such is normally associated with hot-dogs. To make the mustard condiment, the seeds must be ground fine and then mixed with flour and a small portion of water and vinegar. The plant can be cultivated for its young leaves which are used in a salad or as a pot herb.[38]
Brassica oleracea	Wild Cabbage	[39]
Brassica oleracea var. acephala	Kale	Kale is a type of cabbage that has flat or curly leaves and stem colors ranging from dark green to burgundy. Kale contains many nutrients including calcium, iron, and vitamins A, C, and K. Young leaves can be harvested to use fresh in salads or allowed to mature and used as a cooked green. Kale can be found throughout the summer months, but is especially good after a frost.[40]
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra	Kai-lan	Also known as Chinese kale[41]
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	Cauliflower	[42][43]
Brassica oleracea var. capitata	Cabbage	[44][45]
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera	Brussels Sprouts	[46][47]
Brassica oleracea var. italica	Broccoli	[48][49]
Brassica rapa	Turnip	Leaves popular in the southern United States, Galicia, Spain (Grelos)[50][51][52]
Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis	Bok Choi	[53]
Brassica rapa subsp. narinosa	Chinese Savoy	[54]
Brassica rapa subsp. nipposinica	Mizuna	[55]
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis	Napa Cabbage	[56]
Brassica rapa subsp. rapa	Rapini	[57]
Campanula rapunculus	Rampion	It was once widely grown in Europe for its leaves, which were used like spinach[58]
Campanula versicolor	Harebell	Used in Greek cuisine[58]
Capparis spinosa	Caper	Caper leaves are part of the Greek cuisine[59][60]
Celosia argentea var. argentea	Wild Coxcomb	Known as "Lagos spinach", it is one of the main boiled greens in West Africa[61][62]
Centella asiatica	Asian pennywort, Gotukola	Bai bua bok, popular green in Thailand Gotukola Sambola in Sri Lanka
Chenopodium album	Lamb's Quarters	Popular type of Palak in Northern India. Also used to stuff paratha[63][64][65]
Chenopodium ambrosioides	American Wormseed	Chenopodium species are edible, but many species are mediocre as a leaf vegetable.[66]
Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae	Southern Huauzontle	[67][68]
Chenopodium bonus-henricus	Good King Henry	One of the finest Chenopodium species[69][70]
Chenopodium giganteum	Tree Spinach	[71][72]
Chenopodium glaucum	Oak-Leaved Goosefoot	[73]
Chenopodium nuttalliae	Huauzontle	Popular in Mexico[74]
Chenopodium quinoa subsp. quinoa	Quinoa	It has its origin in the Andean region[75][76]
Chenopodium rubrum	Red Goosefoot	[77]
Chrysanthemum coronarium	Garland chrysanthemum	Popular in Korean, Cantonese, Taiwanese, Hong Kong and Japanese cuisine[78]
Cichorium endivia	Endive	[79]
Cichorium endivia var. crispum,	Curly endive	Sometimes called "chicory" in the United States, called chicorée frisée in French[79]
Cichorium endivia var. latifolium,	Broad-leaved endive	Escarole in French[79]
Cichorium intybus	Chicory	Leaves cooked with Fave in Northern Italy[80][81]
Cichorium intybus	Radicchio	Popular in Italy[80]
Cirsium oleraceum	Cabbage thistle	[82]
Claytonia perfoliata	Miner's lettuce	Used by California Gold Rush miners who ate it to prevent scurvy. Like lettuce but rougher[83]
Claytonia sibirica	Siberian spring beauty	Has beet-flavoured leaves.[84]
Cleome gynandra	African cabbage	Widespread in many tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Its leaves form an important part of diets in Southern Africa.[85]
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius	Chaya or Tree spinach	Traditional food in parts of Central and South America. Leaves must be cooked before being eaten.[86]
Coccinia grandis	Ivy Gourd	Leaves cooked in soups in Thailand.[87][88]
Colocasia esculenta	Taro	Only the young leaves are eaten. Popular in Mauritius.[89][90]
Corchorus olitorius	Jew's mallow	Used in Molokhiya[91][92][93]
Coriandrum sativum	Cilantro, Coriander	Used mainly for garnishing or in small quantities[94]
Crambe maritima	Sea kale	It was popular as a blanched vegetable in the early 19th Century, but its use declined
Crassocephalum crepidioides	Redflower ragleaf	Traditionally eaten as a green in tropical Africa. Possible toxicity not well studied
Cratoxylum formosum	Phak tiu som or Phak tiu daeng	Young leaves are edible. Popular in Laos, Thailand (Isan) and Vietnam
Crithmum maritimum	Samphire	In the 19th century, samphire was being shipped in casks of seawater from the Isle of Wight to market in London at the end of May each year.[95]
Crotalaria longirostrata	Chipilín	A common leafy vegetable in the local cuisines of southern Mexico[96][97]
Cryptotaenia japonica	Mitsuba	Small quantities added to soups, etc.[98][99]
Cyclanthera pedata	Caigua	Traditional green in Central America and South America[100]
Cynara cardunculus	Cardoon	Leaf stems are valued as food[101][102]
Diplazium esculentum	Vegetable fern	Probably the most commonly consumed fern[103][104]
Erythrina fusca	Thong lang	Fresh raw leaves eaten in Thailand in Miang kham.[105]
Eruca sativa	Arugula, Rocket	Especially appreciated in Veneto, Italy[106]
Emex spinosa	Lesser jack	It was formerly used as a leafy vegetable, but not highly valued
Eryngium foetidum	Bhandhanya, Culantro	Eaten as a leafy green in Thailand. Used as seasoning in the Caribbean.
Foeniculum vulgare	Fennel	[107]
Galactites tomentosa	Scarlina	Edible type of thistle [108]
Galinsoga parviflora	Gallant Soldier	Popular in Colombia and Peru in soups and salads[109]
Glechoma hederacea	Ground Ivy	[110]
Glinus lotoides	Lotus sweetjuice	Used as a leaf vegetable in many tropical countries[111]
Gnetum gnemon	Melindjo	Popular in Indonesian cuisine.[112][113]
Gynura crepioides	Okinawan Spinach	Grown commercially as a vegetable in China
Halimione portulacoides	Sea purslane	[114]
Hibiscus sabdariffa	Roselle	Telugu: Gongura. Roselle leaves are edible and have a pleasant taste. This plant is having good medicinal values. In some areas it is used as substitute of Jute.
Hirschfeldia incana	Shortpod mustard	[115]
Honckenya peploides	Sea sandwort	Traditionally used as food by the inhabitants of coastal Subarctic areas[116]
Houttuynia cordata	Fishwort	Popular as a leaf vegetable particularly in Vietnam[117][118]
Hydrophyllum canadense	John's Cabbage	It was used as a leaf vegetable by Native American peoples[119]
Hydrophyllum virginianum	Shawnee Salad	It was used as a leaf vegetable by Native American peoples[120]
Hyoseris radiata		Used in Liguria, Italy, to make preboggion
Hypochaeris maculata	Spotted Cat's-ear	Similar to dandelion but not as tasty
Hypochaeris radicata	Catsear	Young leaves should be harvested before they become too fibrous[121]
Inula crithmoides	Golden samphire	Young leaves may be eaten raw or cooked as a leaf vegetable.[122]
Inula helenium	Elecampane	Leaves are edible, although root is preferred[123]
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.	Water Spinach	Popular leafy green in Southeast Asia[124][125]
Ipomoea batatas var. batatas	Sweet Potato	[126][127]
Kleinhovia hospita		Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable in Malaya, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.[128]
Lablab purpureus	Lablab	The leaves are used as greens, but have to be cooked like spinach and the water has to be discarded.[129]
Lactuca indica	Indian Lettuce	[130][131]
Lactuca perennis		[132]
Lactuca sativa	Lettuce	The wild varieties differ much from the average cultivated salad lettuce.
Lactuca sativa	Celtuce	[133]
Lactuca serriola	Prickly Lettuce	Prickly lettuce is a common edible weed that is native to Europe, but can now be found from coast to coast in the United States. The name comes from the small prickles that can be found on the lower part of the stem and the midrib of the leaves. The plant is found in fields, places of waste, and roadsides. The leaves of the plant reach out towards the sun and for this reason the plant is sometimes called the Compass Plant. Prickly Lettuce can grow to be from two to five feet tall but should be harvested early on when it is a few inches high. The young leaves of the plant are very tender and make an excellent salad green. As a potherb, the plant needs little cooking and is commonly made with a sauce of melted butter or vinegar. Prickly lettuce should be harvested in spring or early summer.[38]
Lagenaria siceraria	Bottle Gourd	In Burma young leaves are boiled and eaten with nga peet spicy sauce[134][135]
Lallemantia iberica	Dragon's head	Cultivated in ancient times. Popular in Iran as green vegetable[136]
Lamium album	White deadnettle	[137]
Lamium amplexicaule	Henbit deadnettle	[138]
Lamium purpureum	Red deadnettle	Leaves of plants are eaten in salads or in stirfry.[139]
Lapsana communis	Nipplewort	Cultivated in Ancient Rome. Presently it is not valued as a leafy vegetable[140]
Launaea sarmentosa	Kuḷḷafila	Used in Maldivian cuisine, usually finely chopped and mixed with Maldive fish and grated coconut in a dish known as mas huni.[141]
Leichhardtia australis	Bush Banana	Traditional food of the Indigenous Australian people[142]
Leontodon hispidus	Hawkbit	Leontodon species are dandelion-like plants that are generally edible[143]
Leontodon tuberosus		Popular in Crete as a leafy green[143]
Lepidium campestre	Field pepperweed	All Lepidium species are edible. Appreciated for their peppery taste[144]
Lepidium latifolium	Dittander	[145][146]
Lepidium meyenii	Maca	A traditional vegetable of the Andean mountain areas[147][148]
Lepidium sativum	Garden cress	Used in soups, sandwiches and salads for its tangy flavor[149][150]
Lepidium virginicum	Virginia pepperweed	[151]
Leptadenia hastata	Decne	used as vegetable by many African populations[152]
Leucaena leucocephala	Phak kratin	Popular in Laos and Thailand (Isan)
Levisticum officinale	Lovage	Used in salads and soups. Flavor and smell are very similar to celery[153]
Limnocharis flava	Genjer	Used in Southeast Asia, but considered inferior fare in some places[154][155]
Limnophila aromatica	Rice paddy herb, Ngò om	Popular in Vietnamese cuisine as an ingredient in canh chua, a sweet and sour seafood soup[156]
Limnophila indica		[157]
Lysimachia clethroides	Gooseneck Loosestrife	Edible, but considered poor fare[158]
Malva neglecta		All Malva species are edible, but are generally considered poor fare or rough food[159][160]
Malva parviflora	Cheeseweed	[161]
Malva sylvestris	Mallow	[162]
Malva verticillata	Musk Mallow
Malva verticillata var. crispa		[163]
Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta	Cassava	Should be always eaten boiled after disposing of the water. In some countries cassava leaves are regarded as a poor man's food and only eaten when there is nothing else.[164][165][166][167]
Matteuccia struthiopteris	Kogomi	The sprouts are a delicacy in Japanese cuisine[168]
Megacarpaea polyandra	多蕊高河菜 duo rui gao he cai	From the cabbage family. The young leaves are cooked as a vegetable in China[169]
Melanthera biflora	Sea daisy	The leaves and shoots are edible[170] and are eaten cooked in Malaysian cuisine as a leaf vegetable and in Langkawi raw with chilli and shrimp paste sambal.[171][172][173]
Mentha arvensis piperascens	Japanese mint	All Mentha species are edible, but generally used in small quantities as garnishing or in salads
Mentha longifolia	Habek mint	[174]
Mertensia maritima	Sea bluebell	Traditionally used as food after boiling by the Inuit [116]
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum	Ice plant	[175][176]
Mimulus guttatus	Seep monkey flower	The raw or cooked leaves were one of the traditional foods of the Mendocino and Miwok Indians, among other native peoples[177][178]
Mirabilis expansa	Mauka	One of the important food crops of the ancient Inca empire. Leaves were eaten as a leaf vegetable or used raw in salads.[179][180]
Moringa oleifera	Drumstick tree	Leaves are very popular in South Asia for curries and omelettes.[181][182][183]
Moringa ovalifolia	South-west African moringa	Found in northern Namibia and south-western Angola
Moringa stenopetala	Ethiopian moringa	[184]
Mycelis muralis	Wall lettuce	Leaves eaten raw in salads[185][186]
Myrianthus arboreus	Ujuju	Important food source in the Delta and Edo States of Nigeria[187]
Myriophyllum brasiliense	Parrot feather	Used as a leaf vegetable in South America[111]
Myrrhis odorata	Cicely	Young stalks and leaves are eaten in salads[188]
Nasturtium officinale	Watercress	One of the most popular salad greens in certain areas, but watercress crops grown in the presence of animal waste can be a haven for parasites such as the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica.[189]
Neptunia oleracea Loureiro	Phak chet	Widely used in Thailand. Eaten raw with Nam phrik[190]
Nymphaea odorata	Fragrant Water Lily	Young leaves were eaten as a vegetable by Native Americans[191]
Nymphoides indica	Water Snowflake	Young leaves and stems are edible.[192]
Nymphoides peltatum	Yellow floating heart	[193]
Ocimum basilicum	Sweet Basil	Used in soups and sauces.[194]
O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora	Thai basil	Eaten both raw and cooked[195]
Ocimum × citriodorum	Lemon basil	Used throughout Southeast Asia[196]
Oenanthe javanica	Water Celery	Used in Southeast Asia and the Far East[197][198]
Oenothera biennis	Common evening primrose	[199][200]
Oenothera hookeri	Hooker's Evening-primrose	Leaves are cooked as greens[201]
Onoclea sensibilis	Sensitive fern	It was used as a vegetable by the Iroquois[202]
Oroxylum indicum	Pheka	Has edible leaves and stems, eaten especially in Isan (Thailand) and in Laos[203]
Oryza sativa	Rice	[204][205][206]
Osmorhiza aristata		Grows in China and Japan[207][208]
Osmunda cinnamomea	Cinnamon fern	[209]
Osmunda claytoniana	Interrupted fern	[210]
Oxalis acetosella	Common wood sorrel	Oxalis species contain oxalic acid and should not be eaten for long periods in large quantities. If possible, they should be eaten after boiling and disposing of the water[211]
Oxalis corniculata	Creeping woodsorrel	[212]
Oxalis deppei	Iron Cross	Popular as a vegetable in Mexico for its sharp, lemony taste[213]
Oxalis oregana	Redwood sorrel	[214]
Oxalis stricta	Common yellow woodsorrel	[215]
Oxalis tuberosa	Oca	[216][217]
Oxalis violacea		[218]
Oxyria digyna	Mountain sorrel	[219]
Pachira aquatica	Money tree	[220][221]
Pachira insignis		[222]
Paederia foetida		[223]
Parkia biglandulosa
Parkia speciosa	Petai	[224][225]
Parkinsonia florida	Blue Palo Verde
Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa	Parsnip	[226][227]
Patrinia scabiosifolia	Golden lace
Patrinia villosa
Paulownia tomentosa	Empress tree	[228]
Pedalium murex	Burra Gookeroo	Mucilaginous[229]
Peperomia pellucida	Clearweed	[230][231]
Pereskia aculeata	Barbados Gooseberry	[232][233]
Pergularia daemia		[234]
Perilla frutescens	Perilla	[235]
Persicaria hydropiper	Water pepper	The leaves of a cultivar of this plant are eaten in Japan[236]
Persicaria vulgaris
Petasites frigidus	Arctic butterbur	[237]
Petroselinum crispum	Parsley	Only eaten as garnish, not in large quantities [238]
Peucedanum ostruthium		[239]
Phaseolus coccineus	Runner Bean	[240][241]
Phaseolus lunatus	Lima Bean	[242][243]
Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean	[244][245][246]
Phragmites australis	Common Reed	[247][248]
Phyla scaberrima	Rough fogfruit
Phyllanthus acidus	Star Gooseberry
Phyllanthus emblica	Myrobalan	[249]
Phyteuma orbiculare	Round-headed rampion
Phytolacca acinosa	Indian Pokeberry	[250]
Phytolacca acinosa var. esculenta
Phytolacca americana	American Pokeweed	[251][252]
Phytolacca dioica	Bella Sombra	[253]
Phytolacca rivinoides	Deer calalu	[254][255][256]
Pimpinella anisum	Aniseed	[257][258]
Pimpinella saxifraga	Burnet Saxifrage	[259]
Pinus densiflora	Japanese Red Pine	[260][261]
Piper auritum	Mexican Pepperleaf	Known as Hoja santa (Holy Leaf). Aromatic herb with a heart-shaped, velvety leaf often used in Mexican cuisine for tamales and sauces.[262]
Piper guineense	West African Pepper	[263]
Piper sarmentosum	Cha-phlu	Popular in Thailand in Miang kham[264]
Pipturus argenteus	Queensland grass-cloth plant	[265]
Pisonia grandis	Tree lettuce	The leaves are traditionally used as a leaf vegetable in some countries.[266] Traditionally eaten by Maldivians in Mas huni.[141]
Pistacia chinensis	Chinese Pistache	[267][268]
Pistacia terebinthus	Terebinth	[269][270]
Pistia stratiotes	Water Lettuce	[271]
Pisum sativum	Garden Pea	[272][273]
Plantago coronopus	Buckshorn plantain	Some people may be allergic to this plant.[274][275]
Plantago lanceolata	Long-leaved Plantain	[276]
Plantago major	Broad-leaved Plantain	[277]
Plantago maritima		[278]
Pluchea indica		[279]
Podophyllum hexandrum	Himalayan mayapple	[280]
Poliomintha incana		[281]
Polygonum aviculare	Knotweed	[282]
Polygonum bistorta	Bistort	[283]
Polygonum bistortoides	American Bistort	[284]
Polygonum punctatum
Polygonum viviparum	Alpine bistort	[285]
Poncirus trifoliata	Trifoliate orange	[286]
Pontederia cordata		[287]
Portulaca oleracea	Common purslane	Popular in Greek cuisine[288][289]
Portulaca pilosa
Portulacaria afra	Elephant Bush
Primula veris	Cowslip	[290][291]
Primula vulgaris	Primrose	[292]
Pringlea antiscorbutica	Kerguelen cabbage	Its leaves contain a Vitamin C-rich oil, a fact which, in the days of sailing ships, made it very attractive to British sailors suffering from scurvy[293]
Prosopis spicegera
Prunella vulgaris		[294]
Psoralea esculenta	Prairie turnip	The prairie turnip is a legume that was often used by American Indians located in the Great Plains. Roots of the legumes provide a valuable source of protein, minerals, and carbohydrates. Most turnips have white skin and the portion of the plant that is seen above the ground is purple, red, or green in color. The root below the surface is known as the taproot and is usually around 5-20 centimeters in diameter.[295]
Pteris ensiformis
Ptychosperma elegans
Pulicaria odora
Pulmonaria officinalis	Lungwort	[296]
Puya caerulea
Puya chilensis		[297]
Pyrus betulaefolia	Birch-Leaved Pear
Ranunculus ficaria	Lesser celandine	[298]
Raphanus raphanistrum	Wild radish	[299]
Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. landra
Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. maritimus
Raphanus sativus	Radish	[300][301]
Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus	Chinese radish
Raphia hookeri	Raffia palm	[302][303]
Reichardia picroides	French Scorzonera	[304]
Rhamnus dahurica
Rheum rhabarbarum
Rheum tataricum
Rhexia virginica	Meadow beauty	[305]
Rhodiola rosea	Roseroot	[306]
Rhododendron arboreum		[307]
Rhopalostylis sapida	Nikau
Ribes cereum		[308]
Ribes divaricatum		[309]
Ribes nigrum	Blackcurrant	[310][311]
Ribes odoratum		[312]
Rorippa indica		[313]
Rorippa islandica
Rosa multiflora	Seven Sisters Rose	[314]
Roystonea elata
Roystonea oleracea
Rubus rosaefolius		[315]
Rumex acetosa	Sorrel	Many species of Rumex are edible, but they contain a relatively high proportion of oxalic acid. Raw leaves should be eaten sparingly and leaves should preferably be used after boiling and disposing of the water.[316][317]
Salicornia europaea	Glasswort	Glasswort is a leafless plant with jointed stems that are a light green color in the summer and a red color in the fall. There are very small flowers within the segmented portions of the plant. The plant is found in costal salt marshes and alkaline soils within south Nova Scotia and Eastern and central North America. The stems have a salty flavor and can be harvested to be used in salads, as a puree, or as a pickled condiment.[318]
Salix babylonica	Weeping Willow	[319]
Salix daphnoides		[320]
Salix gracilistyla	Rosegold pussy willow
Salsola kali	Saltwort	[321][322]
Salsola komarovii	Land Seaweed
Salsola soda	Opposite leaved saltwort	[323]
Salvadora persica	Toothbrush tree	[324]
Sambucus javanica		[325]
Sambucus sieboldiana		[326]
Sanguisorba canadensis		[327]
Sanguisorba minor	Salad Burnet	[328]
Sanguisorba officinalis	Great Burnet
Sassafras albidum	Sassafras	[329]
Sauropus androgynus	Katuk	A traditional vegetable in some tropical countries that should be consumed in moderate quantities due to the presence of papaverine[330][331][332]
Saxifraga pensylvanica	Eastern Swamp Saxifrage	The Cherokee traditionally ate the leaves raw as greens[333][334]
Saxifraga stolonifera	Creeping Rockfoil	Occasionally used fresh or cooked in Japanese cuisine[335]
Schleichera oleosa		[336][337]
Scolymus hispanicus	Tagarnina	Edible thistle. Popular in Southern Spanish cuisine [338]
Scolymus maculatus	Spotted golden thistle	[338]
Scorzonera hispanica	Scorzonera	[339][340]
Scutellaria baicalensis	Baikal Skullcap	[341]
Sechium edule	Chayote	[342][343]
Sedum anacampseros	Love-restorer	All stonecrops (Sedum) are edible, but are generally mediocre food.[344]
Sedum divergens	Spreading stonecrop	Traditional salad vegetable of the Haida and the Nisga'a people of Northwest British Columbia.[345]
Sedum reflexum	Jenny's stonecrop	Occasionally used as a salad leaf or herb in Europe.[346]
Sedum rhodanthum	Rose crown	[347]
Sedum telephium	Livelong	[348]
Senna occidentalis	Digutiyara	Traditionally eaten in the Maldives in Mas huni. Leaves are finely chopped.[141]
Senna siamea	Cassod Tree	Used in Thai cuisine in a curry named Kaeng khilek. Leaves are boiled and strained and the water discarded.[349]
Sesamum alatum	Sésame de gazelle	Eaten in dry regions of Africa like Chad as a vegetable. Considered as famine food in some areas[350][351][352]
Sesamum indicum	Sesame	[353][354]
Sesamum radiatum	Benniseed	Fresh leaves and young shoots are a popular leafy vegetable in Africa[355][356][357]
Sesbania grandiflora	West Indian pea	[358][359][360]
Sesbania sesban	Sesban	[361]
Sesuvium portulacastrum	Sea Purselane	[362]
Setaria palmifolia	Palm-grass	[363][364]
Sicyos angulatus		[365]
Sida rhombifolia	Arrowleaf sida
Sidalcea neomexicana
Silaum silaus	Pepper saxifrage	Despite the name, it is neither a saxifrage nor peppery in taste[366]
Silene acaulis	Moss campion	[367]
Silene vulgaris	Bladder Campion	Collejas; a traditional green in Manchego cuisine, Spain[368][369]
Silybum marianum	Blessed milk thistle	[370]
Sinapis alba	White Mustard	[371][372]
Sinapis arvensis	Charlock	[373]
Sisymbrium altissimum		[374]
Sisymbrium crassifolium		[375]
Sisymbrium irio	London rocket
Sisymbrium officinale	Hedge mustard	[376]
Sium cicutaefolium
Smyrnium olusatrum	Alexanders	[377]
Solenostemon rotundifolius	Chinese potato	[378][379]
Solidago missouriensis		[380]
Sonchus arvensis	Field sow-thistle	[381]
Sonchus asper	Spiny-leaved sow thistle	[382]
Sonchus oleraceus	Sow Thistle	Leaves are eaten as salad greens or cooked like spinach. This is one of the species used in Chinese cuisine as kŭcài (菜; lit. bitter vegetable).[383]
Sophora japonica	Pagoda-tree	[384]
Spathiphyllum phryniifolium
Sphenoclea zeylanica		[385]
Sphenostylis stenocarpa		[386][387]
Spilanthes acmella	Toothache Plant
Spinacia oleracea	Spinach	Spinach contains a certain proportion of oxalic acid. Raw leaves should be eaten sparingly. In dishes that include large quantities, leaves should preferably be used after boiling and disposing of the water.[388][389]
Spirodela polyrhiza	Greater Duck-weed	[390]
Spondias dulcis	Otaheite Apple	[391][392]
Spondias mombin	Yellow mombin	[393][394]
Spondias purpurea	Jocote	[395][396]
Stanleya pinnatifida
Stellaria media	Common Chickweed	[397][398]
Stenochlaena palustris
Sterculia foetida		[399]
Sterculia tragacantha
Strychnos spinosa	Natal orange	[400][401]
Suaeda maritima	Sea Blite	[402]
Symphytum officinale		[403]
Symphytum uplandicum
Synedrella nodiflora		[404]
Syzygium malaccense	Malay apple	[405][406]
Syzygium polycephalum		[407]
Talinum paniculatum	Jewels of Opar
Talinum portulacifolium		[408]
Talinum triangulare		[409]
Tanacetum vulgare	Tansy	[410]
Taraxacum albidum
Taraxacum officinale	Dandelion	[411][412]
‘‘Telfairia occidentalis’‘	Fluted gourd	[413][414]
Telosma cordata
Tetracarpidium conophorum
Tetragonia decumbens
Tetragonia implexicoma		[415]
Tetragonia tetragonioides	New Zealand Spinach	[416][417]
Thalia geniculata
Thespesia populnea	Portia tree	[418]
Thlaspi arvense	Pennycress	[419]
Thymus vulgaris	Common Thyme	[420]
Tiliacora triandra
Toddalia asiatica		[421]
Toona sinensis	Chinese Mahogany
Tordylium apulum		[422]
Trachycarpus fortunei	Windmill Palm	[423]
Tradescantia virginiana		[424]
Tragopogon dubius	Western salsify	[425]
Tragopogon porrifolius	Salsify	[426][427]
Tragopogon pratensis	Goat's Beard	[428]
Trianthema portulacastrum		[429]
Trichodesma zeylanicum
Trifolium hybridum	Alsike Clover	Clover leaves are edible, but should be dipped in salt water before eating or preparation to aid in digestion[430][431]
Trifolium pratense	Red Clover	[432][433]
Trifolium repens	White Clover	[434]
Trigonella caerulea	Sweet Trefoil	[435]
Trigonella corniculata		[436][437]
Trillium erectum	Wake-robin	[438]
Trillium grandiflorum	White trillium	[439]
Trillium sessile
Trillium undulatum	Painted trillium	[440]
Tropaeolum majus	Garden Nasturtium	[441][442]
Tropaeolum minus	Dwarf Nasturtium	[443][444]
Tropaeolum tuberosum	Mashua	[445][446]
Tulbaghia alliacea		[447]
Tussilago farfara	Coltsfoot	[448]
Typha capensis
Typha elephantina		[449]
Ullucus tuberosus	Ulluco	[450][451]
Ulmus pumila	Siberian elm	[452]
Urena lobata	Rose Mallow	[453]
Urtica dioica	Stinging Nettle	A good pot herb. Often also used as famine food[454]
Urtica urens	Annual Nettle	[455]
Valerianella eriocarpa	Italian Corn Salad	[456][457]
Valerianella locusta	Corn Salad	[458][459]
Vallaris heynei
Verbena officinalis	European Verbena	[460]
Vernonia amygdalina	Bitter leaf	[461][462]
Veronica anagallis-aquatica	Water Speedwell	[463]
Veronica beccabunga	Brooklime	[464]
Veronicastrum sibiricum
Viola adunca		[465]
Viola canadensis	Canada Violet	[466]
Viola odorata	Sweet Violet	[467]
Viola papilionacea
Viola pedata	Bird's Foot Violet	[468]
Viola sororia	Common blue violet
Viola x wittrockiana
Vitex doniana		[469]
Vitis amurensis	Amur grape	[470]
Vitis californica	California wild grape	[471]
Vitis coignetiae
Vitis labrusca	Northern Fox Grape	[472][473]
Vitis munsoniana
Vitis shuttleworthii
Vitis vinifera	Grape	[474][475][476]
Wasabia japonica	Wasabi	Fresh leaves can be eaten, having the spicy flavor of wasabi roots
Wisteria floribunda	Japanese wisteria	[477]
Wolffia arrhiza		[478]
Xanthoceras sorbifolium	Yellowhorn
Xanthosoma atrovirens
Xanthosoma brasiliense		[479][480]
Xanthosoma sagittifolium		[481][482]
Xanthosoma violaceum		[483][484]
Ximenia americana		[485][486]
Zanthoxylum piperitum
Zanthoxylum planispinum
Zingiber zerumbet	Awapuhi	[487]

See also

• List of vegetables
• List of foods
• List of vegetable dishes

References

1. Thurstan Shaw et al., The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, One World Archaeology, Routlege, 1994
2. Plants for a future - Nipplewort Archived July 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
3. "Chenopodium giganteum". Retrieved 2010-11-03.
4. "African Nightshade Infonet-Biovision". Cd3wd.com. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
5. "Famine foods - Asteraceae". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-21. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
6. "Stalin's Forced Famine 1932-33". The History Place. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
7. "Ecoport". Retrieved 2006-10-30.
8. "Taxonomy of Food Plants". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
9. James E. Duke (1983). Handbook of Energy Crops. Purdue University Center for New Crops. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
10. "Abutilon theophrasti". PFAF. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
11. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
12. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
13. "Mansfield's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops". Retrieved 2010-05-08.
14. Romazava aux bredes mafane
15. "Kaeng Khae Kai (Katurai Chilli Soup with Chicken)". Youtube.com. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
16. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
17. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
18. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
19. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
20. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
21. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
22. Celestin J, Heiner DC (June 1993). "Food-induced anaphylaxis". The Western Journal of Medicine 158 (6): 610–1. PMC 1311786. PMID 8337856.
23. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
24. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
25. "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1997-12-29. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
26. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
27. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2001-08-09. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
28. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
29. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2003-08-22. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
30. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
31. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2002-01-29. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
32. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
33. "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1997-12-30. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
34. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
35. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
36. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
37. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
38. Medsger, Oliver Perry (1972). Edible Wild Plants. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 116–118. ISBN 978-0-02-080910-4.
39. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
40. Iannotti, Marie. "Kale - Growing Kale in the Home Vegetable Garden". gardening.about.com. New York City, NY, USA: The New York Times Company. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
41. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
42. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
43. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
44. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
45. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
46. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
47. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
48. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
49. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
50. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
51. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
52. "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1997-12-30. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
53. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
54. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
55. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
56. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
57. "Broccoli Raab Nutrition Facts". Healthaliciousness.com. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
58.  Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Rampion". Encyclopedia Americana.
59. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
60. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2003-05-31. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
61. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
62. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
63. "Lambs Quarter - Chenopodium". Grannyearth.com. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
64. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
65. Ecoport
66. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
67. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
68. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
69. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
70. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2000-11-13. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
71. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
72. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
73. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
74. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
75. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
76. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
77. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
78. "Chrysanthemums". Botanical-online.com. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
79. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
80. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
81. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2001-08-08. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
82. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
83. "Jepson Flora Project: ''Claytonia perfoliata''". Ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
84. "Perennial Vegetables". Zone5.org. 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
85. Plantzafrica - Cleome gynandra
86. "Meatless Mondays – Chaya: Food or Medicine?". Tasteofplayadelcarmen.wordpress.com. 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
87. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
88. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2001-10-02. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
89. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
90. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2005-02-24. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
91. Leafy Vegetables MolokhiyaGRIN
92. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
93. "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1996-07-08. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
94. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2000-10-23. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
95. Grigson, Geoffrey (1958). The Englishman's Flora. London: The Readers' Union, Phoenix House.
96. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
97. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
98. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
99. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2004-03-25. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
100. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
101. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
102. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2001-10-08. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
103. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
104. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
105. ทองหลาง
106. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
107. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2000-03-29. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
108. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
109. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
110. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
111. Stephen Facciola (1990). Plant species with leaves that have reportedly been eaten by people
112. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
113. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
114. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
115. "PFAF ''Hirschfeldia incana''". Pfaf.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
116. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
117. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
118. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
119. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
120. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
121. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
122. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
123. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2000-07-18. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
124. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
125. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
126. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
127. "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-07. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
128. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
129. "''Lablab purpureus''". PFAF. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
130. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
131. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
132. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
133. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
134. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
135. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
136. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
137. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
138. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
139. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
140. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
141. Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom, Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5
142. "Leichhardtia australis, bush banana, leaves - Food". Aminoz.com.au. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
143. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
144. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
145. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
146. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
147. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
148. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
149. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
150. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
151. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
152. Aliero, A. A.; Wara, S. H. (June 30, 2009). "Validating the medicinal potential of Leptadenia hastata" (PDF). African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (Academic Journals) 3 (6): 235–8. ISSN 1996-0816. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
153. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2000-07-13. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
154. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
155. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
156. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
157. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
158. "Lysimachia clethroides - Duby. -PAF". Pfaf.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
159. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
160. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
161. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
162. John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
163. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
164. PA Lancaster & JE Brooks, Cassava leaves as human food - 1983
165. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
166. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
167. "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-07. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
168. LaPointe, Rick (21 April 2002). "Let us go fiddlehead foragin', but carefully". The Japan Times (Tokyo). Retrieved 13 March 2011.
169. "Flora of China". Efloras.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
170. Melanthera biflora - Useful Tropical Plants
171. Globinmed - Wedelia biflora
172. Ecoport
173. "Hagonoi / Wedelia Biflora". Philippine Medicinal Plants. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
174. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
175. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
176. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
177. "Montana Plant Life". Montana Plant Life. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
178. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
179. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
180. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2001-09-27. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
181. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
182. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
183. "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-07. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
184. "Zemede Asfaw, "Conservation and use of traditional vegetables in Ethiopia"". Bioversityinternational.org. 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
185. "PAF - Mycelis muralis - (L.)Dumort". Pfaf.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
186. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
187. "PROTA Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv". Database.prota.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
188. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
189. "CDC Parasites & Health: Fascioliasis". Dpd.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
190. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
191. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
192. Aquaflora Nymphoides indica
193. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
194. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2004-03-04. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
195. Frances Hutchinson, Garden Herbs (The Gardener's Handbook), Fog City Press, 2003, page 237
196. "Kemangi". Delicious Indonesia. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
197. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
198. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
199. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2000-03-31. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
200. "Additions to the list of wild edible plants preservable by the deep freeze method". Springerlink.com. 1968-10-01. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
201. ISU Archived May 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
202. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
203. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
204. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
205. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
206. "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-07. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
207. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
208. [Osmorhiza aristata - (Thunb.)Makino.&Yabe. PFAF - Osmorhiza aristata (Thunb.)Makino.&Yabe.]
209. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
210. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
211. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2010-05-17. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
212. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
213. "Oxalis deppei". PFAF. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
214. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
215. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
216. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
217. "Ecoport". Ecoport. 2001-09-03. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
218. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
219. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
220. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
221. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
222. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
223. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
224. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
225. "Ecoport". Ecoport. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
226. John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
227. Ecoport
228. Ecoport
229. Pedalium Murex - Food resource
230. GRIN
231. Ecoport
232. GRIN
233. Ecoport
234. Ecoport
235. Ecoport
236. Ecoport
237. Ecoport
238. Ecoport
239. Ecoport
240. GRIN
241. Ecoport
242. GRIN
243. Ecoport
244. GRIN
245. Ecoport
246. Duke
247. Ecoport
248. Duke
249. GRIN
250. Ecoport
251. GRIN
252. Ecoport
253. Ecoport
254. GRIN
255. Ecoport
256. Phytolacca rivinoides - Plant Information Sheet, Food Plants
257. GRIN
258. Ecoport
259. Ecoport
260. GRIN
261. Ecoport
262. Ask Zarela: Hoja Santa (Piper sanctum or Piper auritum) | Zarela | For Lovers of Mexican Food & Culture
263. Ecoport
264. Pictures of the Miang kam preparation process
265. Ecoport
266. Capricornia Cuisine: Bush Tucker in Central Queensland
267. GRIN
268. Ecoport
269. GRIN
270. Ecoport
271. Ecoport
272. GRIN
273. Ecoport
274. Buckshorn plantain (Plantago coronopus)
275. Ecoport
276. Ecoport
277. Ecoport
278. Ecoport
279. Ecoport
280. Ecoport
281. Ecoport
282. Ecoport
283. Ecoport
284. Ecoport
285. Ecoport
286. Ecoport
287. Ecoport
288. GRIN
289. Ecoport
290. GRIN
291. Ecoport
292. Ecoport
293. "Kerguelen cabbage". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29.
294. Ecoport
295. Stahnke, April, Michelle Hayes, Karen Meyer, Karla Witt, Jeanna Weideman, Anne Fernando, Rhoda Burrows, and Reese Neil. (2008). "Prairie Turnip". Native Plants Journal (Indiana University Press) 9 (1).
296. Ecoport
297. Ecoport
298. Ecoport
299. Ecoport
300. GRIN
301. Ecoport
302. GRIN
303. Ecoport
304. Ecoport
305. Ecoport
306. Ecoport
307. Ecoport
308. Ecoport
309. Ecoport
310. GRIN
311. Ecoport
312. Ecoport
313. Ecoport
314. Ecoport
315. Ecoport
316. GRIN
317. Ecoport
318. Peterson, Lee (1977). Edible Wild Plants. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 146. ISBN 0-395-31870-X. Google preview of alternate edition 978-0-395-92622-2
319. Ecoport
320. Ecoport
321. Ecoport
322. Duke
323. Ecoport
324. Ecoport
325. Ecoport
326. Ecoport
327. Ecoport
328. Ecoport
329. Ecoport
330. Nutritive value of Sauropus androgynus leaves
331. GRIN
332. Ecoport
333. Daniel E. Moerman, Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary
334. Ecoport
335. Ecoport
336. GRIN
337. Ecoport
338. Ecoport
339. GRIN
340. Ecoport
341. Ecoport
342. GRIN
343. Ecoport
344. Sedum Anacampseros, Evergreen Orpine - Food Resource
345. Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy (2004). "Plants of Coastal British Columbia, including Washington, Oregon, & Alaska". ecoport.org. p. 156.
346. "Sedum rupestre - L. Crooked Yellow Stonecrop". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
347. Rosecrown - Sedum rhodanthum
348. Ecoport
349. แกงขี้เหล็ก - Kaeng khilek
350. G. J. H. Grubben, Vegetables, Plant Resources of Tropical Africa
351. GRIN
352. Ecoport
353. GRIN
354. Ecoport
355. GRIN
356. Ecoport
357. PROTA
358. GRIN
359. Ecoport
360. Duke
361. Ecoport
362. Ecoport
363. GRIN
364. Ecoport
365. Ecoport
366. "Silaum silaus – Pepper Saxifrage". Emorsgate Seeds. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
367. Ecoport
368. GRIN
369. Ecoport
370. Ecoport
371. Ecoport
372. Duke
373. Ecoport
374. Ecoport
375. Ecoport
376. Ecoport
377. Ecoport
378. GRIN
379. Ecoport
380. Ecoport
381. Ecoport
382. Ecoport
383. "Kucai". Baidu Encyclopedia (苦菜_百度百科) (in Chinese). baike.baidu.com. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
384. Ecoport
385. Ecoport
386. GRIN
387. Ecoport
388. GRIN
389. Ecoport
390. Ecoport
391. GRIN
392. Ecoport
393. GRIN
394. Ecoport
395. GRIN
396. Ecoport
397. GRIN
398. Ecoport
399. Ecoport
400. GRIN
401. Ecoport
402. Ecoport
403. Ecoport
404. Ecoport
405. GRIN
406. Ecoport
407. Ecoport
408. Ecoport
409. Ecoport
410. Ecoport
411. GRIN
412. Ecoport
413. GRIN
414. Ecoport
415. Ecoport
416. GRIN
417. Ecoport
418. Ecoport
419. Ecoport
420. Ecoport
421. Ecoport
422. Ecoport
423. Ecoport
424. Ecoport
425. Ecoport
426. GRIN
427. Ecoport
428. Ecoport
429. Ecoport
430. Wild Plants
431. Ecoport
432. Ecoport
433. Duke
434. Ecoport
435. Ecoport
436. GRIN
437. Ecoport
438. Ecoport
439. Ecoport
440. Ecoport
441. GRIN
442. Ecoport
443. GRIN
444. Ecoport
445. GRIN
446. Ecoport
447. Ecoport
448. Ecoport
449. Ecoport
450. GRIN
451. Ecoport
452. Ecoport
453. Ecoport
454. Ecoport
455. Ecoport
456. GRIN
457. Ecoport
458. GRIN
459. Ecoport
460. Ecoport
461. GRIN
462. Ecoport
463. Ecoport
464. Ecoport
465. Ecoport
466. Ecoport
467. Ecoport
468. Ecoport
469. Ecoport
470. Ecoport
471. Ecoport
472. GRIN
473. Ecoport
474. GRIN
475. Ecoport
476. Duke
477. Ecoport
478. Ecoport
479. GRIN
480. Ecoport
481. GRIN
482. Ecoport
483. GRIN
484. Ecoport
485. GRIN
486. Ecoport
487. Ecoport

External links