List of current sovereign monarchs

Queen Elizabeth II
Japanese emperor, dressed in a dark suit
Emperor Akihito
Pope Francis

A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies)[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.[6]

Monarchs are distinguished by their titles and styles, which in most cases are defined by tradition, and guaranteed under the state's constitution. A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, "king" and "queen", "prince" and "princess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,[7] have been applied where typical.

In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family.[6][8] Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia.[9] These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics.[10] Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements, where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members of a royal bloodline.[11][12]

Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respective sovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For current claimants to abolished thrones, see pretenders.

Monarchs by country

Legend
Key Description
Monarch Name of monarch, preceded by title, with link to list of predecessors.
Since Date of assumption of throne; coronation date listed in footnotes.
House Name of royal family, with information on bloodline.
Type Form of monarchy, with information on role of the monarch within government.
Succession Method or pattern of succession, with link to current line of succession.
Standard Heraldry attributed to the relevant monarch or monarchy.
N/A Denotes where specific field is not applicable.
— Denotes where data is not available.
Realm Monarch Since House Type Succession Standard Ref(s)
 Principality of Andorra HE Archbishop Joan Enric
HE President François Hollande[fn 1]		 12 May 2003
15 May 2012 		N/A Constitutional Ex officio — [13][14]
 Antigua and Barbuda HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 1 November 1981[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][16]
 Commonwealth of Australia HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 6 February 1952 Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Australia [15][17]
 Commonwealth of the Bahamas HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 10 July 1973[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][18]
 Kingdom of Bahrain HM King Hamad ibn Isa 6 March 1999[fn 5] Al Khalifah[fn 6] Mixed Hereditary Royal Standard of Bahrain [19]
 Barbados HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 30 November 1966[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Barbados [15][21]
 Kingdom of Belgium HM King Philippe 21 July 2013 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary Personal Standard of Philippe, King of the Belgians [25]
 Belize HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 21 September 1981[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][26]
 Kingdom of Bhutan HM King Jigme Khesar Namgyel 14 December 2006[fn 7] Wangchuck Constitutional Hereditary — [28]
 Brunei Darussalam HM Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah 4 October 1967[fn 8] Bolkiah Absolute Hereditary — [29]
 Kingdom of Cambodia HM King Norodom Sihamoni 14 October 2004[fn 9] Norodom[fn 10] Constitutional Hereditary and elective[fn 11] Royal Standard of the King of Cambodia [31]
 Canada HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 6 February 1952 Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Canada [15][34]
 Kingdom of Denmark HM Queen Margrethe II 14 January 1972 Glücksburg[fn 12] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Denmark [36]
 Grenada HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 7 February 1974[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][37]
 Jamaica HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 6 August 1962[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Jamaica [15][38]
 Japan HIM Emperor Akihito[fn 13] 7 January 1989[fn 14] Yamato[fn 15] Constitutional Hereditary Standard of the Japanese Emperor [40]
 Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan HM King Abdullah II 7 February 1999[fn 16] Hāshim Constitutional Hereditary[fn 17] Royal Standard of Jordan [46][47]
 State of Kuwait HH Emir Sabah al-Ahmad 29 January 2006 Al Sabah[fn 6] Constitutional Hereditary and elective[fn 18] — [51]
 Kingdom of Lesotho HM King Letsie III 7 February 1996[fn 19] Moshesh Constitutional Hereditary and elective Royal Standard of Lesotho [52][53]
 Principality of Liechtenstein HSH Prince Hans-Adam II
(Regent: HSH The Hereditary Prince Alois)		 13 November 1989[fn 20] Liechtenstein Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of the Prince of Liechtenstein [55]
 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg HRH Grand Duke Henri 7 October 2000[fn 21] Luxembourg-Nassau[fn 22] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg [57]
 Malaysia HM King Abdul Halim[fn 23] 13 December 2011[fn 24] Kedah Constitutional Hereditary and rotational[fn 25] Royal Standard of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia [64]
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta HMEH Prince and Grand Master Matthew Festing 11 March 2008
 Principality of Monaco HSH Prince Albert II 6 April 2005[fn 26] Grimaldi Constitutional Hereditary Personal Standard of Prince Albert II of Monaco [68]
 Kingdom of Morocco HM King Mohammed VI 23 July 1999[fn 27] Alawi Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Morocco [70]
 Kingdom of the Netherlands HM King Willem-Alexander 30 April 2013 Orange-Nassau[fn 28] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of the Netherlands [73]
New Zealand New Zealand HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 6 February 1952 Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of New Zealand [15][74]
 Kingdom of Norway HM King Harald V 17 January 1991[fn 29] Glücksburg[fn 12] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Norway [75]
 Sultanate of Oman HM Sultan Qaboos bin Said 23 July 1970 Al Said Absolute Hereditary Standard of the Sultan of Oman [76][77]
 Independent State of Papua New Guinea HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 16 September 1975[fn 30] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][78]
 State of Qatar HH Emir Tamim bin Hamad 25 June 2013 Al Thani Absolute[fn 31] Hereditary — [80]
 Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 19 September 1983[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][81]
 Saint Lucia HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 22 February 1979[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][82]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 27 October 1979[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][83]
 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia CTHM King Salman bin Abdul‘aziz 23 January 2015 Al Saud Absolute Hereditary and elective[fn 32] Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia [85]
 Solomon Islands HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 7 July 1978[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][86]
 Kingdom of Spain HM King Felipe VI 19 June 2014 Bourbon Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Spain [87]
 Kingdom of Swaziland HM King Mswati III 25 April 1986 Dlamini Absolute Hereditary and elective[fn 33] Royal Standard of Swaziland [90]
 Kingdom of Sweden HM King Carl XVI Gustaf 15 September 1973[fn 34] Bernadotte Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Sweden [92]
 Kingdom of Thailand HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej[fn 35] 9 June 1946[fn 36] Chakri Constitutional Hereditary Standard of the King of Thailand [97]
 Kingdom of Tonga HM King Tupou VI 18 March 2012 Tupou[fn 37] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Tonga [99]
 Tuvalu HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 1 October 1978[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary — [15][100]
 United Arab Emirates HH President Khalifa bin Zayed 3 November 2004 Al Nahyan[fn 38] Mixed[fn 39] Elective and hereditary[fn 40] Standard of the President of the United Arab Emirates [104]
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] 6 February 1952[fn 41] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland[fn 42] 		[15]
  Vatican City State HH Pope Francis[fn 43] 13 March 2013 N/A Absolute Ex officio [106]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The president of France and the bishop of Urgell each hold the position of co-prince of Andorra, but there is no personal title attached to the role.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Elizabeth II is currently queen regnant of sixteen separate Commonwealth realms (see separate entries), and has previously reigned as queen of sixteen other countries, which have since abolished the monarchy.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Elizabeth II previously reigned over this country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 The royal family of Belgium and the House of Windsor are both lines of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,[22][23] which is a branch of the House of Wettin.[24]
  5. ↑ Hamad ibn Isa reigned as Amir of the State of Bahrain until 14 February 2002, when he assumed the new title of King of Bahrain under a new Constitution.[19]
  6. 1 2 A clan of the Utub tribe.[20]
  7. ↑ Coronation took place 6 November 2008.[27]
  8. ↑ Coronation took place 1 August 1968.[29]
  9. ↑ Coronation took place 29 October 2004.[30]
  10. ↑ A branch of the Varman dynasty. The surname "Norodom" is used by the descendants of Norodom I.[31][32]
  11. ↑ The king is selected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne from amongst the male descendants of kings Ang Duong, Norodom, and Sisowath.[33]
  12. 1 2 Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.[35]
  13. ↑ "Akihito" is the current emperor's given name, but it is not his regnal name, and he is never referred to as this in Japanese. The era of Akihito's reign bears the name "Heisei", and according to custom he will be renamed "Emperor Heisei" following his death.[39]
  14. ↑ Coronation took place 12 November 1990.[40]
  15. ↑ The Japanese emperor does not have a family name.[41][42] The use of the name "Yamato" for the household derives from the ancient Yamato Court.[43] It is used often as a name for the imperial dynasty, but has no official basis.
  16. ↑ Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.[44]
  17. ↑ Succession is based upon primogeniture. However, the reigning king may also select his successor from among eligible princes.[45]
  18. ↑ The heir is appointed by the reigning emir, and the nomination must also be approved by a majority of members in the National Assembly.[48] The throne is also traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family: the Al Salem and Al Jaber.[49][50] The current emir is of the Al Jaber branch.
  19. ↑ Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.[52]
  20. ↑ Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.[54] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.[55] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son Prince Alois as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.[56]
  21. ↑ Prior to formal enthronement, Henri had served as prince regent since 4 March 1998.[57]
  22. ↑ The royal family of Luxembourg are members of the House of Nassau-Weilburg,[58] descended from the House of Nassau and the Parma branch of the House of Bourbon.
  23. ↑ Official title: Yang di-Pertuan Agong. It roughly translates as "Supreme Head of State", and is commonly rendered in English as "King".[59]
  24. ↑ Elected in October 2011. Term of office started on 13 December 2011.[60] Abdul Halim has previously reigned as king from 21 September 1970 to 20 September 1975;[61] he is the first sultan to hold the throne twice.[62]
  25. ↑ The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from amongst the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states, who form the Council of Rulers. The position has to date been, by informal agreement, systematically rotated between the nine; the order was originally based on seniority.[63]
  26. ↑ Albert II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.[65][66] He had previously been serving as regent since 31 March 2005.[67]
  27. ↑ Coronation took place 30 July 1999.[69]
  28. ↑ The Dutch royal family is descended from the Houses of Nassau and Lippe. [71][72]
  29. ↑ Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.[75]
  30. ↑ Elizabeth II previously reigned over Papua New Guinea as Queen of Australia, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
  31. ↑ Monarchy is constitutional by law, but remains absolute in practice.[79]
  32. ↑ Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions.[84]
  33. ↑ Succession is subject to customary law, and does not follow primogeniture. A council of elders selects who among the reigning king's wives will be mother of the next king. This woman will succeed as Ndlovukati upon her son's ascension to throne, and will rule alongside him for the duration of his reign. The king's first two wives are considered ineligible.[88][89]
  34. ↑ Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.[91]
  35. ↑ Name is also written as Phumiphon Adunyadet. He is also styled Rama IX,[93] and is publicly acclaimed "the Great".[94][95] Thais refer to him as "Nai Luang" or "Phra Chao Yu Hua".
  36. ↑ Coronation took place 5 May 1950.[96]
  37. ↑ A line of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.[98][99]
  38. ↑ The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.[101]
  39. ↑ The Prime Minister is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains considerable power.[102]
  40. ↑ According to the Constitution, the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.[102] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Emir of Abu Dhabi (see constituent monarchs), which makes it a de facto hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Emir of Dubai.[103]
  41. ↑ Coronation took place 2 June 1953.[105]
  42. ↑ Lower flag is for use in Scotland only, upper flag is used in England, Northern Ireland and Wales.
  43. ↑ As Sovereign of the Vatican City, by virtue of being Bishop of Rome.

References

  1. ↑ "Monarch". CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  2. ↑ Herb, Michael (1999). All in the family: absolutism, revolution, and democracy in the Middle East. New York: SUNY Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7914-4168-8.
  3. ↑ Spellman, W. M. (2001). Monarchies 1000–2000. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-86189-087-0.
  4. ↑ Harris, Nathanial (2009). Systems of Government: Monarchy. London: Evans Brothers. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-237-53932-0.
  5. ↑ "Regent". CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 22 September 2012. line feed character in |publisher= at position 80 (help)
  6. 1 2 Hindley, Geoffrey (2000). The Royal Families of Europe. London: Constable & Robinson. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-0-7867-0828-4.
  7. ↑ Merriam-Webster's manual for writers and editors. Springfield, United States: Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1998. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-87779-622-0.
  8. ↑ Forty, Sandra; Millidge, Judith; Riley, Ed (2009). World Royal Families. United States: Book Sales, Inc. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7858-2530-2.
  9. ↑ Constitution of Malaysia, Art. 32, Sec. 3.
  10. ↑ Bouvier, John; Rawle, Francis (1914). Bouvier's Law Dictionary and Concise Encyclopedia 2 (3rd ed.). Vernon Law Book Company. pp. 2237–2238.
  11. ↑ Shawcross, William (1994). Cambodia's new deal: a report. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-87003-051-2.
  12. ↑ Garner, James Wilford (1910). Introduction to Political Science: A Treatise on the Origin, Nature, Functions, and Organization of the State. American Book Company. pp. 169–178. ISBN 978-1-115-59599-5.
  13. ↑ Government of Andorra (23 December 2009). "Recepció de Nadal del copríncep episcopal Joan-Enric Vives". Portal web del Govern d’Andorra (in Catalan). Government of Andorra. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  14. ↑ Constitution of Andorra, Ch. 3.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Government of the United Kingdom. "The Queen and the Commonwealth". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  16. ↑ Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, Art. 68.
  17. ↑ Constitution of Australia, Art. 61.
  18. ↑ Constitution of the Bahamas, Art. 71.
  19. 1 2 "The Kingdom of Bahrain: The Constitutional Changes". The Estimate (The International Estimate, Inc.). 22 February 2002. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  20. ↑ Alghanim, Salwa (1998). The reign of Mubarak al-Sabah: Shaikh of Kuwait, 1896-1915. I.B.Tauris. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-86064-350-7.
  21. ↑ Constitution of Barbados, Art. 63.
  22. ↑ "The Belgian Monarchy" (PDF). Government of Belgium, Chancellery of the Prime Minister. p. 11. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  23. ↑ Government of the United Kingdom. "The House of Windsor". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  24. ↑ Herzogliche Hauptverwaltung. "The House of Wettin". Das Herzogliche Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha. The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's Family Foundation. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  25. ↑ Government of Belgium. "King Philippe". The Belgian Monarchy. Federal Public Service; Chancery of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  26. ↑ Constitution of Belize, Art. 36.
  27. ↑ Denyer, Simon (7 November 2008). "Bhutan's Dragon King shows he is man of the people". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  28. ↑ Staff writers (15 December 2006). "Bhutanese king steps down early". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  29. 1 2 Government of Brunei. "Prime Minister". The Royal Ark. Office of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  30. ↑ Chandara, L., Samean, Y., Vachonn, M., Plaut, E., Botumroath, L. and Soenthrith, S. (October 2004). "King Norodom Sihamoni's coronation: a special supplement to the Cambodia Daily". The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  31. 1 2 Government of Cambodia. "The Monarchy" (PDF). Royal Embassy of Cambodia in the United Kingdom. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  32. ↑ Corfield, Justin J. (2009). The history of Cambodia. ABC-CLIO. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-313-35722-0.
  33. ↑ Constitution of Cambodia, Art. 14.
  34. ↑ Constitution of Canada, Art. 9.
  35. ↑ Adams Woods, Frederick (2009). Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-115-33425-9.
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  37. ↑ Constitution of Grenada, Art. 57.
  38. ↑ Constitution of Jamaica, Art. 68.
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  40. 1 2 Government of Japan. "Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress". Imperial Household Agency. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  41. ↑ Skya, Walter (2009). Japan's holy war: the ideology of radical Shintō ultranationalism. Duke University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8223-4423-0.
  42. ↑ National Committee of Japanese Historians (1990). Historical studies in Japan VII. Brill Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 978-4-634-65040-4.
  43. ↑ Seagrave, Sterling; Seagrave, Peggy (2001). The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family. Broadway Books. pp. 4–10. ISBN 978-0-7679-0497-1.
  44. ↑ MEDEA Institute. "Abdullah II (Jordan)". Retrieved 12 November 2011.
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  46. ↑ Government of Jordan. "His Majesty King Abdullah II". Abdullah II Official Website. The Royal Hashemite Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
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  48. ↑ Constitution of Kuwait, Art. 4.
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  51. ↑ Government of Kuwait. "H.H. Amir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah". Diwan of the Almiri Court. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
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  78. ↑ Constitution of Papua New Guinea, Art. 82.
  79. ↑ World and Its Peoples: Arabian Peninsula. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2.
  80. ↑ Government of Qatar. "H.H. The Amir's Biography". Diwan of the Amiri Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  81. ↑ Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Art. 51.
  82. ↑ Constitution of Saint Lucia, Art. 59.
  83. ↑ Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Art. 50.
  84. ↑ Cordesman, Anthony H (2009). Saudi Arabia: national security in a troubled region. ABC-CLIO. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-313-38076-1.: "In October 2006, King Abdullah issued a new succession law that amended the 1992 Basic Law and formalized the process by creating the Allegiance Commission. The new law both defines how a king will choose among possible candidates and provides a formal way for developing a consensus to choose the king's successor. The Allegiance Commission will select a king and crown prince upon the death or incapacitation of either. This commission expands the role of the ruling family in the selection process. ... It is composed of some 35 sons and grandsons of the late founder of the Kingdom, Abd al-Aziz al-Saud, who will vote in secret ballots on who could and could not be eligible to be future kings and crown princes."
  85. ↑ "Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies". BBC News. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  86. ↑ Constitution of Solomon Islands, Art. 1.
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  100. ↑ Constitution of Tuvalu, Art. 48.
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  102. 1 2 Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, Art. 51 & 54.
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