List of natural disasters by death toll

A natural disaster is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction, lots of collateral damage or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster, it will have profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss.

Ten worst natural disasters

Rank	Death toll (estimate)	Event	Location	Date
1	1,000,000–4,000,000*[1]	1931 China floods	China	July, August, 1931
2	900,000–2,000,000[2]	1887 Yellow River flood	China	September, October, 1887
3	830,000[3]	1556 Shaanxi earthquake	China	January 23, 1556
4	450,000 (242,000–655,000)	1976 Tangshan earthquake	China	July 28, 1976
5	375,000 (250,000–500,000)[1]	1970 Bhola cyclone	East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	November 13, 1970
6	300,000[4]	1839 India cyclone	India	November 25, 1839
7	300,000[5]	1737 Calcutta cyclone	India	October 7, 1737
8	280,000	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami	Indian Ocean	December 26, 2004
9	273,400[6]	1920 Haiyuan earthquake	China	December 16, 1920
10	250,000–300,000[7]	526 Antioch earthquake	Byzantine Empire (now Turkey)	May 526

* Estimate by Nova's sources are close to 4 million and yet Encarta's sources report as few as 1 million. Expert estimates report wide variance.

The list does not include several volcanic eruptions with uncertain death tolls resulting from collateral effects (crop failures, etc.), though these may have numbered in the millions; see List of volcanic eruptions by death toll.

The list does not include the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood, caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).

An alternative listing is given by Peter Hough in his 2008 book Global Security.^[8]

Ten deadliest natural disasters since 1900

Rank	Death toll (estimate)	Event*	Location	Date
1.	1,000,000–4,000,000	1931 China floods	China	July 1931
2.	450,000 (242,000–655,000)	1976 Tangshan earthquake	China	July 1976
3.	375,000 (250,000–500,000)	1970 Bhola cyclone	East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	November 1970
4.	280,000	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami	Indian Ocean	December 26, 2004
5.	273,400	1920 Haiyuan earthquake	China	December 1920
6.	229,000	Typhoon Nina—contributed to Banqiao Dam failure	China	August 7, 1975
7.	160,000[9]	2010 Haiti earthquake	Haiti	January 12, 2010
8.	145,000	1935 Yangtze river flood	China	1935
9.	143,000	1923 Great Kanto earthquake	Japan	September 1923
10.	138,866	1991 Bangladesh cyclone	Bangladesh	April 1991

This list does not include industrial or technological accidents, epidemics, or the 1938 Yellow River flood.

Lists of natural disasters by cause

Ten deadliest avalanches

Rank	Death toll (estimate)	Event	Location	Date
1.	20,000	1970 Huascarán avalanche; triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake[10]	Peru	1970
2.	10,000	Tyrolean Alps Avalanche[11][12]	Italy	1916
3.	4,000	1962 Huascarán avalanche[10]	Peru	1962
4.	310	2015 Afghanistan avalanches	Afghanistan	2015
5.	265	Winter of Terror	Austria-Switzerland	1951
6.	201	2012 Afghanistan avalanches	Afghanistan	2012
7.	172	2010 Salang avalanches	Afghanistan	2010
8.	140	2012 Siachen Glacier avalanche	Pakistan	2012
9.	125	Kolka-Karmadon rock ice slide	Russia	2002
10.	102	2010 Kohistan avalanche	Pakistan	2010

Ten deadliest blizzards

Rank	Death toll (estimate)	Event	Location	Date
1.	4,000	1972 Iran blizzard	Iran	1972
2.	3,000	Carolean Death March	Sweden/Norway	1719
3.	926	2008 Afghanistan blizzard	Afghanistan	2008
4.	400	Great Blizzard of 1888	United States	1888
5.	318	1993 North American Storm Complex	United States	1993
6.	235	Schoolhouse Blizzard	United States	1888
7.	199	Hakko-da Mountains incident	Japan	1902
8.	154	North American blizzard of 1996	United States	1996
9.	144	Armistice Day Blizzard	United States	1940
10.	133	2008 Chinese winter storms	China	2008

Ten deadliest tropical cyclones

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	375,000 (250,000–500,000)	1970 Bhola cyclone	East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	November 13, 1970
2.	300,000[4]	1839 India Cyclone	India	November 25, 1839
2.	300,000[5]	1737 Calcutta cyclone	India	October 7, 1737
4.	229,000	Super Typhoon Nina—contributed to Banqiao Dam failure	China	August 7, 1975
5.	200,000[13]	Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876	India (now Bangladesh)	October 30, 1876
6.	150,000 (30,000 to 300,000)[14]	1881 Haiphong Typhoon	Vietnam	October 8, 1881
7.	138,866	1991 Bangladesh cyclone	Bangladesh	April 29, 1991
8.	138,366	Cyclone Nargis	Myanmar	May 2, 2008
9.	100,000[15]	1882 Bombay cyclone	India	1882
10.	80,000[16]	1874 Bengal cyclone	India	October 1874

52 deadliest earthquakes

Rank	Death toll (estimate)	Event	Location	Date
1.	830,000	1556 Shaanxi earthquake	China	January 23, 1556
2.	650,000–779,000[17][18][19]	1976 Tangshan earthquake	China	July 28, 1976
3.	280,000	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake	Indonesia	December 26, 2004
4.	273,400[6]	1920 Haiyuan earthquake	China	December 16, 1920
5.	250,000–300,000[7]	526 Antioch earthquake	Byzantine Empire (now Turkey)	May 526
6.	260,000[20]	115 Antioch earthquake	Roman Empire (now Turkey)	December 13, 115
7.	230,000	1138 Aleppo earthquake	Zengid dynasty (now Syria)	October 11, 1138
8.	200,000[21]	1303 Hongdong earthquake	Mongol Empire (now China)	September 17, 1303
9.	200,000	856 Damghan earthquake	Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)	December 22, 856
10.	200,000[22]	1780 Tabriz earthquake	Iran	January 8, 1780
11.	170,000[23]	896 Udaipur earthquake	India	896
12.	160,000[9]	2010 Haiti earthquake	Haiti	January 12, 2010
13.	150,000	893 Ardabil earthquake	Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)	March 23, 893
14.	142,807[24][25]	1923 Great Kanto earthquake	Japan	September 1, 1923
15.	130,000[26]	533 Aleppo earthquake	Byzantine Empire (now Syria)	November 29, 533
16.	123,000[1]	1908 Messina earthquake	Italy	December 28, 1908
17.	110,000	1948 Ashgabat earthquake	Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union (now Turkmenistan)	October 5, 1948
18.	100,000	1290 Chihli earthquake	Mongol Empire (now China)	September 27, 1290
19.	100,000	1970 Ancash earthquake	Peru	May 31, 1970
20.	100,000[27]	2005 Kashmir earthquake	Pakistan (Azad Kashmir)	October 8, 2005
21.	87,587[28][29]	2008 Sichuan earthquake	China	May 12, 2008
22.	80,000[30]	1721 Tabriz earthquake	Iran	April 26, 1721
23.	80,000[31]	458 Antioch earthquake	Byzantine Empire (now Turkey)	September 458
24.	80,000	1667 Shamakhi earthquake	Safavid dynasty (now Azerbaijan)	November 1667
25.	80,000	1854 Great Nankaidō earthquake	Japan	November 1854
26.	80,000[32][33]	1169 Aleppo earthquake	Zengid dynasty (now Syria)	1169
27.	77,000	1727 Tabriz earthquake	Iran	November 18, 1727
28.	73,000[34]	1718 Gansu earthquake	Qing Empire (now China)	June 19, 1718
29.	70,000[35]	1033 Ramala earthquake	Fatimid Caliphate (now West Bank)	December 10, 1033
30.	70,000[36]	847 Damascus earthquake	Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria)	847
31.	70,000[37]	1868 Ecuador earthquakes	Ecuador	August 15, 1868 and August 16, 1868
32.	60,000[38]	587 Antioch earthquake	Byzantine Empire (now Turkey)	September 30, 587
33.	60,000[39]	1101 Khorasan earthquake	Great Seljuq Empire (now Iran)	1101
34.	60,000	1268 Cilicia earthquake	Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (now Turkey)	1268
35.	60,000	1693 Sicily earthquake	Kingdom of Sicily (now Italy)	January 11, 1693
36.	60,000	1935 Quetta earthquake	India (now part of Pakistan)	May 31, 1935
37.	50,000[40]	844 Damascus earthquake	Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria)	September 18, 844
38.	50,000[41]	1042 Tabriz earthquake	Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)	November 4, 1042
39.	50,000	1783 Calabrian earthquakes	Kingdom of Naples (now Italy)	1783
40.	50,000	1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake	Iran	June 21, 1990
41.	40,000–50,000[42]	1755 Lisbon earthquake	Portugal	November 1, 1755
42.	45,000[43]	850 Iran earthquake	Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)	July 15, 850
43.	45,000[44]	856 Corinth earthquake	Byzantine Empire (now Greece)	November 856
44.	45,000[45][46]	856 Tunisia earthquake	Abbasid Caliphate (now Tunisia)	December 3, 856
45.	42,571[47]	1668 Shandong earthquake	Qing Empire (now China)	July 25, 1668
46.	40,900	1927 Gulang earthquake	Gansu, China	May 22, 1927
47.	40,000[48]	342 Antioch earthquake	Roman Empire (now Turkey)	342
48.	40,000[49]	662 Damghan earthquake	Umayyad Caliphate (now Iran)	April 26, 662
49.	40,000[50]	1455 Naples earthquake	Crown of Aragon (now Italy)	December 5, 1455
50.	40,000[51]	1754 Cairo earthquake	Ottoman Empire (now Egypt)	September 2, 1754
51.	40,000[52]	1755 Tabriz earthquake	Iran	June 7, 1755
52.	40,000	1797 Riobamba earthquake	Spanish Empire (now Ecuador)	February 4, 1797

Ten deadliest floods / landslides

Note: Some of these floods and landslides may be partially caused by humans – for example, by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	1,000,000–4,000,000[53]	1931 China floods	China	1931
2.	900,000–2,000,000	1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	China	1887
3.	229,000[54]	Failure of 62 dams, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, result of Typhoon Nina.	China	1975
4.	145,000	1935 Yangtze river flood	China	1935
5.	more than 100,000	St. Felix's Flood, storm surge	Netherlands	1530
6.	100,000	Hanoi and Red River Delta flood	North Vietnam	1971
7.	up to 100,000	1911 Yangtze River flood	China	1911
8.	50,000–80,000	St. Lucia's flood, storm surge	Netherlands	1287
9.	60,000	North Sea flood, storm surge	Netherlands	1212
10.	36,000	St. Marcellus flood, storm surge	Netherlands	1219

The list does not include the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).

Deadliest heat waves

Measuring the number of deaths caused by a heat wave requires complicated statistical analysis, since heat waves tend to cause large numbers of deaths among people weakened by other conditions. As a result, the number of deaths is only known with any accuracy for heat waves in the modern era in countries with developed healthcare systems.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	70,000	2003 European heat wave	Europe	2003
2.	56,000	2010 Russian heat wave	Russia	2010
3.	5,000–10,000	1988 United States heat wave	United States	1988
4.	3,418	2006 European heat wave	Europe	2006[55]
5.	2,541	1998 India heat wave	India	1998[55]
6.	2,500	2015 Indian heat wave	India	2015
6.	2,500	2015 Pakistan heat wave	Pakistan	2015
8.	1,700–5,000	1980 United States heat wave	United States	1980
9.	1,718	2010 Japanese heat wave	Japan	2010[56]
10.	1,693	1936 North American heat wave	North America	1936[55]

Deadliest limnic eruptions

(Only 2 recorded cases.)

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	1,744	Lake Nyos	Cameroon	1986
2.	37	Lake Monoun	Cameroon	1984

10 deadliest storms (non-cyclones)

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	15,100	Vargas tragedy	Venezuela	1999
2.	903	Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides	Brazil	2011
3.	500	Lofoten, Heavy storm	Norway	1849
4.	250	Great Lakes Storm of 1913	United States and Canada (Great Lakes region)	1913
5.	242	1996 Amarnath Yatra tragedy	India	1996
6.	210	Trøndelag, storm ("Follastormen")	Norway	1625
7.	189	Eyemouth, Scotland, storm ("Black Friday")	United Kingdom	1881
8.	156	1972 Rainstorm Disasters	Hong Kong	1972
9.	140	Trøndelag, storm ("Titran disaster")	Norway	1899
10.	128	2008 Santa Catarina floods and mudslides	Brazil	2008

10 deadliest tornadoes

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	1,300	The Daulatpur-Salturia Tornado	Manikganj, Bangladesh	1989
2.	923	1969 East Pakistan Tornado	East Pakistan, Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	1969
3.	695	The Tri-State Tornado	United States (Missouri–Illinois–Indiana)	1925
4.	681	1973 Dhaka Tornado	Bangladesh	1973
5.	600	The Valletta, Malta Tornado	Malta	1551
6.	500	The Sicily Tornadoes	Sicily, Two Sicilies (now Italy)	1851
7.	500	The Narail-Magura Tornadoes	Jessore, East Pakistan, Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	1964
8.	500	The Comoro Tornado	Comoro	1951
9.	440	The Tangail Tornado	Bangladesh	1988
10.	400	The Ivanovo-Yaroslavl, Russia, Tornado	Soviet Union (now Russia)	1984

10 deadliest tsunamis

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	300,000-500,000 (est.)	365 Crete earthquake	Greece	July 21, 365
2.	280,000	2004 Indian Ocean tsunami	Indian Ocean	December 26, 2004
3.	123,000[1]	1908 Messina earthquake	Italy	December 28, 1908
4.	36,417–120,000	1883 eruption of Krakatoa	Indonesia	August 26, 1883
5.	40,000–50,000[42]	1755 Lisbon earthquake	Portugal	November 1, 1755
6.	30,000-100,000 (est.)	Minoan Eruption	Greece	2nd Millennium BC
7.	31,000	1498 Meiō Nankaidō earthquake	Japan	September 20, 1498
8.	30,000	1707 Hōei earthquake	Japan	October 28, 1707
9.	27,122[57]	1896 Sanriku earthquake	Japan	June 15, 1896
10.	25,674	1868 Arica earthquake	Chile	August 13, 1868

A 1782 possible tsunami causing about 40,000 deaths in the Taiwan Strait area may have been of "meteorological" origin (a cyclone)^[58]

10 deadliest volcanic eruptions

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	92,000	1815 eruption of Mount Tambora (see also Year Without a Summer)	Indonesia	April 10, 1815
2.	36,000	1883 eruption of Krakatoa	Krakatoa, Indonesia	August 26–27, 1883
3.	33,000	Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79	Mount Vesuvius, Pompeii and Herculaneum, Italy	August 24, 79 A.D.
4.	29,000	Mount Pelée	Martinique	May 7 or May 8, 1902
5.	23,000	Armero tragedy	Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia	November 13, 1985
6.	15,000	1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami	Japan	1792
7.	12,000	Mayon Volcano	Philippines	1814
8.	10,000	Mount Kelud	Indonesia	1586
9.	9,350 (25% of population of Iceland)	Laki	Iceland	June 8, 1783
10.	6,000	Santa Maria	Guatemala	1902

10 deadliest wildfires / bushfires

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	1,200–2,500	Peshtigo Fire, Wisconsin	United States	October 8, 1871
2.	1,200	Kursha-2 Fire	Soviet Union	August 3, 1936
3.	453	Cloquet Fire, Minnesota	United States	October 12, 1918
4.	418	Great Hinckley Fire, Minnesota	United States	September 1, 1894
5.	282	Thumb Fire, Michigan	United States	September 5, 1881
6.	273	Matheson Fire, Ontario	Canada	July 29, 1916
7.	240	Sumatra and Kalimantan Fires	Indonesia	1997
8.	213	Black Dragon Fire	China	May 1987
9.	173	Black Saturday bushfires	Australia	February 7 – March 14, 2009
10.	160	Miramichi Fire	Canada	October 1825

See also

• List of countries by natural disaster risk
• List of all known deadly earthquakes since 1900
• List of natural disasters in Haiti
• List of natural disasters in the United States
• Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
• Global catastrophic risk
• List of epidemics
• List of famines
• List of natural disasters in Great Britain and Ireland

Other lists organized by death toll

• List of wars and disasters by death toll
• List of accidents and disasters by death toll
• List of battles and other violent events by death toll
• List of disasters in Australia by death toll
• List of Canadian disasters by death toll
• List of New Zealand disasters by death toll
• List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll
• List of United States disasters by death toll
• Tsunamis in the United Kingdom

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58. Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea

External links

• Natural Hazards Data from NOAA National Geophysical Data Center
• "When Nature Attacks" from Newsweek
• World's worst natural disasters since 1900
• USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
• EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database managed by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
• Disasters Database Report from Emergency Management Australia