List of female scientists before the 20th century

See also: List of female scientists in the 20th century and List of 21st-century women scientists

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period when women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Antiquity

Marble herm in the Vatican Museums inscribed with Aspasia's name at the base. Discovered in 1777, this marble herm is a Roman copy of a 5th-century BC original and may represent Aspasia's funerary stele.
Hypatia by Julia Cameron.

Middle Ages

Herrad of Landsbert

16th century

17th century

Margaret Cavendish

18th century

Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville.
Portrait of Émilie du Châtelet by Maurice Quentin de La Tour.

19th century

Anthropology

Archeology

Astronomy

Biology or natural history

Mary Anning

Chemistry

Engineers

Geology

Inventors

Mathematics

Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (Ada Lovelace)
  • Dorothy Vaughan (1910–2008), American mathematician, worked at NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory

Microbiology

Medicine

Nuclear physics

  • Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics

Psychology

Science education

Sociology


Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Yount 2007
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963439.
  3. 1 2 Ogilvie 1986
  4. ↑ Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. pp. 19–24.
  5. ↑ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.81-84. Irby-Massie , 'Women in Ancient Science', in Woman's power, man's game: essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K. King, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1993. p.366
  6. ↑ Gabriele Kass-Simon, Patricia Farnes, Deborah Nash, eds. (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780253208132.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Walsh 1911
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Howard 2006
  9. ↑ Alic 1986
  10. ↑ "Sarah Whiting". CWP.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001
  12. ↑ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World 6 (3): 56–59.

References

  • Alic, Margaret (1986). Hypatia's heritage : a history of women in science from antiquity through the nineteenth century. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807067314. 
  • Byers, Nina. "Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics". UCLA. Retrieved 24 October 2013. 
  • Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). Women scientists from antiquity to the present : an index : an international reference listing and biographical directory of some notable women scientists from ancient to modern times. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press. ISBN 0-933951-01-9. 
  • Howard, Sethanne (2006). The hidden giants. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1430300762. 
  • Howes, Ruth H.; Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1999). Their day in the sun : women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. ISBN 1-56639-719-7. 
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3. print. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X. 
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2003). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963422. 
  • Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2001). Women in chemistry : their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0941901277. 
  • Stevens, Gwendolyn; Gardner, Sheldon (1982). The women of psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman. ISBN 9780870734434. 
  • Walsh, James J. (2014). "VIII. Medieval Women Physicians". Old-Time Makers of Medicine The Students and Teachers of Medicine During the Middle Ages. Auckland: The Floating Press. pp. 150–169. ISBN 9781776530236. 
  • Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math (Rev. ed.). New York: Infobase Pub. ISBN 9781438107950. 

External links

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