List of local anesthetics

This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest.

List of local anesthetic agents

Drug	Other common names	First synthesis	Dates of clinical use	Chemical/Structural Class	Duration of Effect
amylocaine	Stovaine	1904 (Ernest Fourneau)
Ambucaine		Ambucaine[1]
articaine	Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine
benzocaine	Anbesol, Orajel			Ester - Aminobenzoic	Short
benzonatate	Tessalon
bupivacaine	Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine	1957 (Ekenstam)	1963 (Widman and Telivuo)	Amide	Moderate
butacaine
butanilicaine
chloroprocaine	Nesacaine			Ester - Aminobenzoic
cinchocaine (dibucaine)	Cincain, Cinchocaine, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine	1925 (Meischer)	1930 (Uhlmann)	Ester - Aminobenzoic
cocaine		1855 (first isolation by Friedrich Gaedcke), 1898 (first synthesis by Richard Willstätter)	1884 (Karl Koller, William Stewart Halsted)	Ester - Benzoic
Cyclomethycaine		Cyclomethycaine[2]		Ester - Benzoic
Dibucaine		Dibucaine[3]
Diperodon		Diperodon[4][5]
Dimethisoquin		Dimethisoquin[6]
dimethocaine (larocaine)		Dimethocaine
Eucaine	α-Eucaine, β-eucaine	α-eucaine β-eucaine 1900. α[7] β[8][9]
etidocaine	Duranest	1971 (Takman)	1972 (Lund)
hexylcaine	Cyclaine, Osmocaine
Hydroxyprocaine		Hydroxyprocaine [10]
Isobucaine		Isobucaine[11]
levobupivacaine	Chirocaine	1990s (Mather and Tucker)	1995
lidocaine[12][13] (lignocaine)	Xylocaine	Lidamidine 1943 (Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundqvist)	1947 (Torsten Gordh)
mepivacaine	Carbocaine, Polocaine	1956 (Ekenstam and Egner)	1957 (Dhuner)
meprylcaine	Epirocain
metabutoxycaine
orthocaine
oxetacaine (oxethazaine)
oxybuprocaine (benoxinate)	Novesine
Paraethoxycaine		Paraethoxycaine.[14]
phenacaine	Holocaine
piperocaine (metycaine)
Piridocaine		Piridocaine[15]
pramocaine (pramoxine)
prilocaine	Citanest	1959 (Nils Löfgren and Egner)	1960 (Wielding)
Primacaine		—
procaine	Novocain, borocaine (procaine borate), ethocaine	1904 (Alfred Einhorn)	1905 (Heinrich Braun)
Procainamide		Procainamide
proparacaine (proxymetacaine)
propoxycaine		doi:10.1021/ja01123a005
Pyrrocaine		Pyrrocaine[16]
quinisocaine (dimethisoquin)
ropivacaine	Naropin	1957 (Ekenstam)	1997
trimecaine	Mesdicain, Mesocain, Mesokain
tetracaine (amethocaine)	Dicaine, Pontocaine	1928 (O. Eisleb)	1931
Tolycaine		Tolycaine[17]
Tropacocaine		doi:10.1039/CT9099501020

See also

• 4-Aminobenzoic acid
• Amino amide
• Amino esters
• Anesthesia
• Anesthetic
• Brachial plexus block
• Dental anesthesia
• Dibucaine number
• Epidural
• Intravenous regional anesthesia
• Local anesthesia
• Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor
• Local anesthetic toxicity
• Methemoglobin
• Sodium channel blocker
• Spinal anesthesia
• Topical anesthesia
• Veterinary anesthesia

References

1. J. Buchi, E. Stunzi, M. Flurg, R. Hirt, P. Labhart, and L. Ragaz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 34, 1002 (1951).
2. S. M. McElvain and T. P. Carney, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 68, 2592 (1946).
3. K. Miescher, Helv. Chim. Acta, 15, 163 (1932).
4. 44. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
5. M. S. Raasch and W. R. Brode, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 64, 1112 (1942).
6. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
7. Harries, C. (1903). "Ueber ein neues p-Menthadiën aus Dihydrocarvylamin". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie 328 (3): 322. doi:10.1002/jlac.19033280303.
8. G. Meiling, Chem. Ber., 6, 173 (1896).
9. H. King, J. Chem. Soc, 125, 41 (1924).
10. W. Grimme and H. Schmitz, Chem. Ber., 84, 734 (1917).
11. J. R. Reasenberg and S. D. Goldberg, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 67, 933 (1945).
12. "Lignocaine - C14H22N2O". ChemSpider. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
13. "Lidocaine". The Merck Index Online. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
14. W. G. Christiansen and S. E. Harris, U. S. Patent 2,404,691 (1946).
15. L. A. Walter and R. J. Fosbinder, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 61, 1713 (1939).
16. N. Lofgren, C. Tegner, and B. Takman, Acta Chem. Scand., 11, 1724 (1957).
17. R. Hiltmann, F. Mietzsch, and W. Wirth, U.S. Patent 2,921,077 (1960).